Tobacco Advertising Research Articles

YOUTH WORK PRACTICE THROUGH ADVERTISING: A MULTIMODAL CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

This article aims to examine the discourse on the practice of youth workers in Indonesia, constructed by commercial advertisements for A-mild cigarettes on television and social media, using semiotics multimodal critical discourse analysis research method. This article will analyze the ability of advertising communication to criticize several influential parties in young people's work practices. The commercial advertisement produced by A-mild shows how the younger generation works and how the relationship between young workers and their seniors; the result is that there are three views about the work practices of young people, namely (1) young workers are a multitasking generation, (2) productivity of young workers will be optimal if under the supervision and appreciation of experienced professionals, and (3) senior distrust of the abilities of young people is because they prioritize interpersonal relationships that have been established.

Prevalence and Sociodemographic Disparities in Exposure to Tobacco Advertising and Imagery Among Youths in the United States

Prevalence and Sociodemographic Disparities in Exposure to Tobacco Advertising and Imagery Among Youths in the United States

Tobacco-Derived Nicotine Pouch Brands and Marketing Messages on Internet and Traditional Media: Content Analysis.

Nicotine pouches and lozenges are increasingly available in the United States, and sales are growing. The brands of nicotine pouch products with the largest market share are produced by tobacco companies. The aim of this study is to examine the marketing of 5 oral nicotine products sold by tobacco companies. Internet, radio, television, print, and web-based display advertisements between January 2019 and March 2020 for 6 brands of nicotine pouches and lozenges were identified through commercially available marketing surveillance systems supplemented by a manual search of trade press and a review of brand websites. A total of 711 advertisements (122 unique) were analyzed to identify characteristics, themes, marketing strategies, and target audiences, and qualitatively compared by brand. All 5 brand websites were also analyzed. Coders examined the entirety of each advertisement or website for products, marketing claims, and features and recorded the presence or absence of 27 marketing claims and lifestyle elements. All 6 brands of nicotine pouch products spent a total of US $11.2 million on advertising in 2019, with the most (US $10.7 million) spent by the brand Velo, and 86.1% (n=105) of the unique advertisements were web-based. Of the 711 total nicotine pouch advertisements run in 2019, the 2 brands Velo (n=407, 57%) and ZYN (n=303, 42%) dominated. These brands also made the greatest number of advertising claims in general. These claims focused on novelty, modernity, and use in a variety of contexts, including urban contexts, workplaces, transportation, and leisure activities. Of the 122 unique advertisements, ZYN's most common claims were to be "tobacco-free," featuring many flavors or varieties, and modern. Velo was the only brand to include urban contexts (n=14, 38.9% of advertisements) or freedom (n=8, 22.2%); Velo advertisements portrayed use in the workplace (n=15, 41.7%), bars or clubs (n=5, 13.9%), leisure activities (n=4, 11.1%), transportation (n=4, 11.1%), sports (n=3, 8.3%), cooking (n=2, 5.6%), and with alcohol (n=1, 2.8%). Velo and ZYN also included most of the images of people, including women and people of color. The 36 Velo ads included people in advertising in 77.8% (n=28) of advertisements, and of those advertisements with identifiable people, 40% (n=4) were young adults and 50% (n=5) were middle-aged. About one-third (n=11, 35.5%) of the 31 unique ZYN advertisements included people, and most identifiable models appeared to be young adults. Brands such as Rogue, Revel, Dryft, and on! focused mainly on product features. All nicotine pouch products made either tobacco-free, smoke-free, spit-free, or vape-free claims. The most common claim overall was "tobacco-free," found in advertisements from Rogue (1/1, 100%), ZYN (30/31, 96.8%), Velo (19/36, 52.8%), and Dryft (1/3, 33.3%), but not Revel. Nicotine pouches and lozenges may expand the nicotine market as tobacco-free claims alleviate concerns about health harms and advertising features a greater diversity of people and contexts than typical smokeless tobacco advertising. The market leaders and highest-spending brands, ZYN and Velo, included more lifestyle claims. Surveillance of nicotine pouch marketing and uptake, including influence on tobacco use behaviors, is necessary.

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 2030-A Program to Accelerate the Implementation of World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation.

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) 2030 Program (2017-2021) was launched to accelerate World Health Organization (WHO) FCTC implementation in 15 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We evaluated the Program in six domains: Governance; Smoke-Free Policies; Taxation; Packaging and Health Warnings; Tobacco Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship (TAPS) bans; and International and Regional Cooperation. Following a mixed-methods design, we surveyed (June-September 2020) FCTC focal persons in 14 of the 15 countries, to understand the Program's financial and technical inputs and progress made in each of the six domains. The data were coded in terms of inputs (financial = 1, technical = 1, or both = 2) and progress (none = 1, some = 2, partial = 3, or strong = 4) and a correlation was computed between the inputs and progress scores for each domain. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in five countries. We triangulated between the survey and interview findings. FCTC 2030 offered substantial financial and technical inputs, responsive to country needs, across all six domains. There was a high positive correlation between technical inputs and progress in five of the six domains, ranging from r = 0.61 for taxation (p < .05) to r = 0.91 and for smoke-free policies (p < .001). The interviews indicated that the Program provided timely and relevant evidence and created opportunities for influencing tobacco control debates. The FCTC 2030 Program might have led to variable, but significant progress in advancing FCTC implementation in the 15 countries. As expected, much of the progress was in augmenting existing structures and resources for FCTC implementation. The resulting advances are likely to lead to further progress in FCTC policy implementation. What this study adds: In many LMICs, WHO FCTC policies are not in place; and even when enshrined in law, they are poorly enforced. It is not clear how financial and technical assistance to high tobacco-burden LMICs can most effectively accelerate the implementation of WHO FCTC policies and offer value for money. Bespoke and responsive assistance, both financial and technical, to LMICs aimed at accelerating the implementation of WHO FCTC policies are likely to lead to progress in tobacco control.

Victorian Literary Culture and Ancient Egypt, edited by Eleanor Dobson

Reviewed by: Victorian Literary Culture and Ancient Egypt ed. by Eleanor Dobson Marilyn Booth (bio) Victorian Literary Culture and Ancient Egypt, edited by Eleanor Dobson; pp. xiv + 226. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020, £85.00. In the first Arabic-language magazine targeting female readers and written by women, an 1893 article on women in history proclaimed that in ancient Egypt, men and women “shared . . . all positions and all kinds of work.” This article contrasted ancient Egypt’s (period undefined) gender regime with that of “the barbarians of the North.” Ancient Egyptian women enjoyed “freedom, culture and civilisation,” and “acquired intellectual and moral knowledge, since education was compulsory for every girl to the age of eighteen” (“Misr wa-Baghdad wa-Qurtuba wa-Urubba,” 1893, translated in Marilyn Booth, Classes of Ladies of Cloistered Spaces: Writing Feminist History through Biography in Fin-de-siècle Egypt [Edinburgh University Press, 2015], 22). Reading nineteenth-century women’s aspirations through an imagined local past, the article claimed ancient Egyptian women as standards for contemporary women defining an Indigenous modernity. The article drew on, and challenged, the terms of European thinkers’ civilizational ladder, whereby societies’ progress was defined by perceptions of women’s status; the assumed trajectory more typically marched from Greece to Britain. “Egypt, Baghdad, Cordoba, Europe” (the article’s translated title) summed up its findings: “Most of European women’s customs and clothing were adopted from those of the ancient Egyptian women” (Booth, Classes, 23). As urban Egyptians were becoming familiar with their ancient past—schoolboys were reported as taking field trips to the pyramids, the Egyptian Museum opened, and histories and guidebooks on ancient Egypt appeared in Arabic—they voiced pride in ancient Egypt’s contributions to modern garb and hygiene products. In 1873, the school magazine Rawdat al-madaris (1870–7) featured a scientific article on cosmetic treatments, authored by a male chemistry professor at the Khedival Engineering Institute. He noted that amongst important ancient sources was a treatise by Cleopatra VII: “As beautiful as she was, she did not neglect beautification in her medical writings” (Mansur Efendi Ahmad, “al-Muzayyanat al-muhassina,” Rawdat al-madaris, vol. 4, no. 12 [1873], 3). Two decades later, an Arabic-language biographical [End Page 684] dictionary of world women noted that Cleopatra’s writings on cosmetic practices were “well-known in the medical profession” (“Kliyubatrah malikat Misr,” 1894–5, translated in Booth, Classes, 332). Proud of this heritage, Egyptians and Ottoman Syrians resident in Egypt were conscious of Europeans’ intense interest in Egypt’s ancient past—and their appropriations of it, physically and discursively. Victorian Britain, as Victorian Literary Culture and Ancient Egypt argues, was saturated in Egyptological wonder. Excavation reports, mummy fiction, theatrical spectacle, and advertisements for Egyptian Deities cigarettes assailed British readers. Editor Eleanor Dobson, a scholar of English literary engagements with ancient Egypt’s texts and artifacts, has assembled studies on a wide range of media and cultural genres, with thematic emphases on visual and performance culture; ancient Egypt as a resource for rethinking religious belief; and consumption practices (as in Dobson’s chapter on the marketing of perfume, cigarettes, and novels). Dobson tries to carve out a distinct niche for this volume by arguing that the diverse array of sites and sources demonstrates, in a way that discrete studies of particular genres cannot, that ancient Egypt “permeated Victorian culture” (3). The variety of foci means also that this volume is a useful window into the vigorous field of ancient Egyptian reception studies. Victorian Egyptiana correlated strongly with the increasing reach, ambition, and barely disguised greed of Britain’s and other European powers’ imperialist invasions in Asia and Africa. Britain’s occupation of Egypt in 1882 brought heightened scrutiny; increasing opportunities for tourism had brought familiarity of a different sort. Both sustained the already existing Egyptological fascination, but British imperial politics also drew criticism, as Molly Youngkin notes in her chapter on stage Cleopatras. An 1889 poem in Punch (1841–1992) remarked that H. Rider Haggard’s novel of that year, Cleopatra: Being an Account of the Fall and Vengeance of Harmachis (1889), was “just as ‘dull’ and ‘stale’ as the Egyptian Question” (123). But the era’s writers, artists, entrepreneurs...

The impact of cigarette prices on smoking onset and cessation: evidence from Vietnam

BackgroundVietnam is a country with very high smoking rates among men. According to a Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted in 2015, the daily smoking prevalence among Vietnamese men was...

Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship ban adoption: A pilot study of the reporting challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries.

The WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) Secretariat has identified issues with Article 13 (Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship) Party policy progress reporting, whilst some researchers remain skeptical of the completeness and accuracy of the data collected as part of the required reporting questionnaire. Gaining a deeper understanding of the challenges encountered when completing these questionnaires could provide insights to improve WHO FCTC progress reporting. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and June 2021, with nine national tobacco control focal point (NFP) individuals (designates who report on WHO FCTC implementation on the Party's behalf) from low- and middle-income countries. The study analysis used a thematic framework approach involving data familiarization, thematic framework construction, indexing and refining, mapping and interpretation of the results. The analysis generated four themes: 1) use of different resources, 2) presence of compounding complexities, 3) use of supporting mechanisms employed for tackling the challenges, and 4) recommendations for refinements within the questionnaire and for those completing it. The WHO FCTC reporting questionnaire needs improvements that could be piloted and discussed between the Convention Secretariat and the Parties prior to wide scale implementation.

Generational Endgame (GEG)

Tobacco use especially among Malaysian adolescents remains as a significant threat to public health. A local survey in 2017 reported 13.8% of adolescents between 13 to 17 years old were smokers. While this problem is growing in the country, we estimate the underage initiation of tobacco use and present evidence supporting policy measures like banning the purchase and use from the current 17 years old individuals, the country backed with effective implementation of tobacco control efforts to significantly reduce future tobacco burden. Disallowing access, sale, purchase, and use of tobacco from current 17 years old individuals onwards via the Generational Endgame (GEG) should significantly reduce youth initiation and taper down the overall adult tobacco use prevalence over the long run in Malaysia. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. Hence, effective tobacco control strategies need to be enforced to safeguard our children and adolescents from becoming life-long nicotine addicts from combustible cigarettes, e-cigs or other products. The GEG along with other approaches outlined by the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and the MPOWER strategies; including expanding smokefree areas, reducing tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship as well as increasing the price of cigarettes and all tobacco products through effective taxation measures. Enforcement is key and all parties must work together in order to thwart tobacco industry’s interference in order to achieve the Tobacco Endgame 2040. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2023 Page: S7

Semiotic Study on Cigarette Advertisements

Semiotic is study of sign. The signs deliver communicative message through verbal (gestures and utterance) or non-verbal information (body language) that leads viewers comprehend the message well. Based on the type, sign divided into three, they are icon, index and symbol. This research analyzes three types of sign, icon, index, symbol on cigarette advertisement. The data of this research are cigarette advertisements which consist of 2 different cigarette brands from two biggest cigarette companies in Indonesia Djarum and Gudang Garam. Those data are then classified into sign (icon, symbol and index). This research applied descriptive qualitative method. To classify the type of sign, the researcher used Pierce theory (Coleman, 2017). Based on the analysis on cigarettes advertisement, each advertisement contains own icon, index, symbol meaning. The icons in the cigarettes advertisement consisted of pictures of human, things and cigarettes product’s logos. While the indexes found in television cigarettes advertisement were mostly the pictures of the human attitude, things, and slogan or the cigarettes brands. From the icon, index, symbol, it can be seen the male characters as their theme. The men's characters used as the theme of cigarettes advertisement are brave, tough, masculine, fond of challenges and strong.

Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) in Ethiopia: a scoping review and narrative synthesis

Background Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) has been shown to increase tobacco use in both adults and young people. In Ethiopia, TAPS is recognised as a top priority for the government, and all tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship forms are prohibited. There is recognition that there are gaps in the evidence needed to inform policy and practice on TAPS, but the extent and nature of these gaps have not been explored. This review was aimed at understanding the extent and nature of the evidence gaps on TAPS in Ethiopia and identifying primary research priorities to inform future research direction. Methods Systematic searches were conducted in February 2022 in the following research databases: Medline, EMBASE, and PsycInfo. Two reviewers independently screened the study reports for eligibility and extracted data from the eligible studies. The extracted data was collated and summarised descriptively and policy, practice, and research recommendations were drawn. Research topics on TAPS in Ethiopia that stakeholders perceived to be priorities for primary research were identified through a consultation workshop. Results 579 research reports were identified, and only six studies were included in the scoping review. The included studies explored the following topics: the use of tobacco imagery in movies/films (two studies); the association between mass media exposure or home internet access and tobacco use (two studies), watching of televised football and tobacco smoking in adolescents (one study), exposure to point-of-sale advertising of tobacco products and daily occurrence of smoking or second-hand smoke exposure in the home among women (one study), and exposure to anti-smoking messages through mass media and disparities in risk perceptions across socio-economic and urban-rural subgroups (one study). None of the included studies investigated tobacco-related sponsorship. The top research priority topics identified by stakeholders in Ethiopia were: 1) barriers and facilitators to TAPS policy implementation, enforcement, and compliance monitoring; and 2) developing and testing effective, low-cost, and scalable strategies for TAPS enforcement and compliance monitoring. Conclusions There is a need for research evidence to inform policy and practice on TAPS in Ethiopia, particularly on barriers and facilitators to TAPS policy implementation, enforcement, compliance monitoring, and effective, low-cost, and scalable strategies for TAPS enforcement and compliance monitoring.

Comparative assessment of implementation of Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act in three States of India: A pre-post study.

The Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) limits the sale of tobacco products, promotion and advertising and packaging of tobacco products in India. Periodic monitoring of the level of compliance with all sections of COTPA is obligatory to assess the effectiveness of the act. This pre-post study aimed to assess the change in the level of compliance with different sections of COTPA in selected States. A total of 3849 and 2176 samples were assessed during the study in November 2020 and October 2021, respectively; using the EpiData Software. Average compliance with section 4 of COTPA was highest in Puducherry during baseline [51.88%, prevalence ratio (PR)=0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51-1.02] and in Telangana during endline assessment (66.1%, PR=0.6, 95% CI: 0.48-0.74). A visible change with section 5 of COTPA was observed in Telangana (40.08 to 93.12%, PR=0.04, 95% CI: 0.02-0.07). Compliance with section 6a of COTPA decreased in Puducherry (81.34 to 71.83%, PR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.14-2.95) and increased for Meghalaya and Telangana. The average compliance with sections 7, 8 and 9 (for Puducherry 51.09 vs . 48.8%, Meghalaya 54.94 vs . 46.18% and Telangana 73 vs . 51.91%, respectively) decreased in all States. An increase in average compliance was observed with sections 4 and 5 ( P =0.19 and 0.11, respectively) and a decrease with sections 7, 8 and 9 ( P =0.02) of COTPA in all three States. For sections 6a ( P =0.06) and 6b ( P =0.01), a mixed response was noted. The findings of this study suggest that the level of compliance with sections 4 and 5 of COTPA increased because they are strictly monitored compared to sections 7-9, which are less enforced by the States. There is a need to monitor sections 7-9 (pack warning) to fulfill the objectives related to the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Exposure to tobacco advertisements, promotions, and sponsorships among in-school adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: A cross-sectional study.

The Nigerian government implemented the National Tobacco Control Act (NTCA) in 2015, which prohibits tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) exposure to children under 18 years of age. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of attitudes and exposure to TAPS among in-school adolescents in Lagos State, Nigeria, 5 years after the implementation of the Act and to identify the factors associated with TAPS exposure among the adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 968 in-school adolescents selected through multistage random sampling. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires adapted from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Overall, 77% had been exposed to at least one form of TAPS in the past 30 days. The most frequently reported channel of exposure was through product placements, with 62% reporting exposure in films, TV, and videos. Up to 15.2% and 12.6% were exposed to TAPS through promotional activities and sponsorships, respectively. The majority (82.3%) had pro-tobacco attitudes, while about a third (33.1%) had pro-TAPS attitudes. Factors associated with TAPS exposure were having pro-TAPS attitudes (odds ratio [OR]: 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3-5.3), being female (OR: 2, 95% CI: 1.4-2.7), and residing in a rural area (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.3). Five years after implementing the NTCA, more than two-thirds of the adolescents reported exposure to TAPS, mainly through films, TV, and videos. This suggests that the NTCA is poorly enforced. Efforts to ensure the effective implementation of comprehensive TAPS bans are warranted. Gender-sensitive strategies that target adolescents' attitudes and school-level factors should be emphasized.

Debunking Claims and Prioritizing Public Health: India's Bold Stand against Tobacco Imagery on OTT Platforms.

India has taken a ground-breaking step in public health by mandating anti-tobacco warnings and disclaimers on over-the-top (OTT) platforms. Concerns over the prevalence of tobacco imagery in media, including OTT platforms, prompted this decision due to its role in normalizing and glamorizing smoking, particularly among the youth. The Indian government aims to comprehensively address this issue and protect public health. This article reviews recent news articles on the developments in the 2023 amendments to Cigarette and other tobacco products act COTPA 2004 and relevant studies on the ill effects of tobacco imagery to form the viewpoint. To effectively implement the new order, clear guidelines, and standards need to be established. Additionally, comprehensive awareness and education campaigns should be launched, while strict monitoring and enforcement mechanisms must be implemented. Supporting research initiatives should evaluate the impact of the warnings, and multiple stakeholders should be involved in the decision-making process. India's commitment to protecting public health and curbing tobacco advertisements on OTT platforms necessitates clear guidelines, awareness campaigns, monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, research initiatives, and stakeholder engagement. This government order aligns with international public health frameworks and can serve as a precedent for other countries. By implementing these measures, we can counter the normalization and glamorization of tobacco use and create a healthier future.

Lifestyle Ambiguity: The Visuals of Cigarette Advertisements in the Dutch East Indes Era

The focuses of this research are the visual style reconstruction of cigarette advertisements published in magazines during the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies and the expressions of lifestyle recorded in them. This study examines the visualization and visual style of cigarette advertisements published in magazines in Indonesia from 1925 to 2000. This study also aims to reconstruct the lifestyle in the visual representation of cigarette advertisements as a reflection of the process of social change in Indonesian society during the colonial to the post-colonial period (1925 - 2000). This research employed descriptive analytical methodology, with the main theory of the social history of Art and David Chaney’s lifestyle theory. The visual style of Oriental Modern Eclecticism captures the Indies’ hybrid lifestyle expression, namely: a pseudo-modernity lifestyle as a result of the integration among the colonized communities which were spread across the Dutch East Indies (1925-1942). The cigarette advertisements of that era presented an imaginary world that depicted the harmonious social interactions of various social layers which is contrary to the social reality of the segregated colonial life.

REPRESENTATION OF MEN'S MASCULINITY IN THE "NEW SPIRIT" VERSION OF DJARUM SUPER CIGARETTE ADVERTISEMENT (2021)

This study aims to determine how male masculinity is represented in the cigarette advertisement of Djarum Super New Spirit. Representation is a process of constructing social reality around and how society interprets it. Masculinity itself is a gender character that is socially attached to a person by society.The research was conducted using qualitative research, using the semiotic theory of Roland Barthes. Roland Barthes' semiotics is an approach used to find meaning from audio and visual elements that are displayed by focusing on denotative meanings, connotative meanings, and myths. Connotative meaning is the actual meaning or visible meaning, denotative meaning is the meaning behind signs, and myth is what is in people's minds because of the influence of something. Data collection techniques used in this research are Observation, Documentation, and Literature Study.The results of this study indicate that in the 2021 Djarum Super New Spirit advertisement, masculinity can be seen from the actors, the sports displayed, the tools used, as well as verbal and non-verbal elements. Men or men are represented by traditional masculinity, namely masculinity before the 1980s where this type of masculinity is characterized by courage, leadership, strength, and being a dominator.

Tobacco advertising exposure and product use among young adults: An ecological momentary assessment approach

IntroductionTobacco-related content is prevalent on social media, yet many methods of measuring exposure are inadequate due to the personalized nature of online marketing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between exposure to pro-tobacco messages (both industry-sponsored and user-generated) and the use of tobacco products, as reported via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). MethodsYoung adults (n = 175) were instructed to record all sightings of marketing (both in-person and online) related to tobacco for 28 days. Tobacco product use and recall of message encounters were assessed daily using app-initiated EMA. ResultsParticipants who reported exposure to tobacco messages were significantly more likely to report using tobacco, adjusting for gender, age, race/ethnicity, baseline use of any tobacco product, and having friends who use tobacco and e-cigarettes (p <.001). For each industry-sponsored message viewed, the odds of using tobacco or e-cigarettes in a given day increased by a factor of 1.77 (95 % CI = 1.41, 2.23). For each user-generated message viewed, the odds of using tobacco or e-cigarettes in a given day increased by a factor of 1.52 (95 % CI = 1.27, 1.83). DiscussionTo our knowledge, this is the first study to specifically examine the association between exposure to user-generated messages and daily tobacco use. The findings suggests that there is a unique element to user-generated messages that distinguishes them from both traditional marketing and from simple peer influence.

Determinan Perilaku Merokok Pada Sopir Lintas Barat Di Satuan Pelayanan Terminal Tipe A Kota Banda Aceh Tahun 2022

Smoking behavior can cause disease that can lead to death. Tobacco consumption is one of the health challenges in Indonesia, where the number of adult males who smoke is 62.9%. Aceh Province is ranked 13th with a smoking percentage reaching 28.30%, this figure is high which is close to the national smoking rate of 28.96%. This study aims to determine the determinants of smoking behavior in western cross-country drivers at the Type A Terminal Service Unit in Banda Aceh City in 2022. This research is descriptive analytic with cross sectional design. The population in this study were all western transboundary drivers who were in the Type A Terminal Service Unit of Banda Aceh City, totaling 294 drivers. Sampling of 76 drivers using proportional random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out from 1-5 March 2022 using a questionnaire through interviews. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the chi square test with the Stata computer program. Univariate analysis showed that 51.32% of drivers with heavy smoking behavior, 53.95% of drivers who have good knowledge, 56.58% of drivers who influence cigarette advertisements, 68.42% of drivers whose social environment is supportive, 64.47% of drivers who experience stress. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a relationship between cigarette advertising (p value 0.042) and stress levels (p value 0.003), whereas knowledge (p value 0.566) and social environment (p value 0.102) had no relationship with smoking behavior among drivers.

The impact of exposure to cigarette advertising and promotion on youth smoking behavior in Malang Regency (Indonesia) during the COVID- 19 Pandemic.

The prevalence of teen smokers has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Smoking behavior occurs due to exposure to advertising and the promotion of cigarettes. This quantitative research was conducted using cross-sectional approach. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between advertising exposure and cigarette promotion on adolescent smoking behavior in Malang Regency during the pandemic using the chi-square test. Random sampling on students from several high schools or equal degree in the Kepanjen District was done with a total of 145 respondents. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between age, types of cigarette advertising media at the point of sale, outdoor media, social media, internet, and newspapers or magazines by adolescent smoking behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic (p-value > 0.05). Exposure to cigarette advertisements on television, total exposure to cigarette advertisements, cigarette promotion, and gender had a significant relationship with adolescent smoking behavior during the pandemic (p value < 0.05). Adolescents are quite highly exposed to the various types of advertisements and promotions of cigarettes that can influence increased smoking behavior during the pandemic.

MEANING OF VERBAL AND NONVERBAL SIGN IN CIGARETTE ADVERTISEMENTS

Abstract&#x0D; This study entitled “The Meaning Of Verbal And Non Verbal Sign In Cigarette Advertisements". Advertisements usually contains signs both verbal and non-verbal signs. This study found there are signs contained in advertisement of verbal and non-verbal signs. These advertisements are depicted from the words, pictures and utterances that appear. By using theory purposed by Saussure (1983) and by using Roland Barthes theory (1967), in this study to discuss and analyzes verbal and non-verbal visual sign in cigarette advertisements. The data source of this study is the cigarette advertisements of Esse, Marlboro, Surya, LA Bold, Camel, GG Mild, Gudang Garam Signature, and Lucky Strike. This study used observation method to collect the data that both verbal and non-verbal sign cigarette advertisements contain hidden message.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: advertisement, verbal, non-verbal, sign, cigarette

Factors associated with smoking behaviour among Indonesian students: Analysis of the 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey

Background and purpose: The smoking prevalence in youths aged 10-18 years in Indonesia increased from 7.2% in 2013 to 9.1% in 2018. The aim of this study was to assess factors related to smoking behavior among students in Indonesia. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Indonesia data. The sampling technique used was two-stage cluster sampling, classified by schools and classes. The samples included in this analysis were all students aged 13-15 years who participated in the survey and have complete data, accounted for 9,789 respondents. The data were analysed with the Chi-Square Test and Logistic Regression with a 95% confidence interval and p value of 0.05. Results: A total of 3,595 students (36.72%) had smoked. The number of respondents was the most in the age group of 13-15 years (51.43%). The number of male respondents was 44.01% and women 55.99%. Most students (90.29%) had seen cigarette advertisements, 55.88% of them saw people smoking in school areas and 46.88% saw teachers smoking at schools. The results of a multivariate analysis found factors affected smoking behaviour in students were the friend's offer to smoke (AOR=10.69; 95%CI: 7.37-15.50), male gender (AOR=13.94; 95%CI: 11.56–16.81) and presence of people smoking in the house (AOR=2.15; 95%CI: 1.88-2.45). Conclusion: Environmental cues and peer pressure are associated with smoking among students. Optimizing smoke free and health education about the dangers of cigarettes is essential to counteract the extensive exposure to environmental influence to smoking.