To-morrow Series Research Articles

The Complex Politics and Rhetoric of John Marsden’s “Tomorrow” Series

Maybe my eyes had needed all this time to get used to the light. Or maybe it was like one of those ambiguous pictures, where you're staring at it for ages and all you can see is the young woman's body and then your vision adjusts and all you can see is the old woman's face.-John Marsden, The Dead of Night ( 1994), 129WE HAVE ALL SEEN THE FASCINATING SKETCHES BY M. C. EsCHER. In THE QUOTATION above from John Marsden's The Dead of Night, his narrating character refers to a sketch that could be of a young lady but could instead-or, more likely, also-be of a much older woman, depending upon how one looked at the picture. Perhaps the most well-known Escher sketch is the one that is swimming fish at one moment, soaring birds the next. What you see depends on how you look, with the two views-the two readings, if you will-seemingly existing together.In this essay, I wish to suggest that John Marsden's popular, multiple award- winning Tomorrow series of seven books-primarily but certainly not exclusively for young readers-has this very Escher-like quality. They possess a double-voicedness much in the spirit of what Bakhtin suggests in his study of Dostoevsky, offering a- much in John Schilb's or Stanley Fish's terms-resisting reading and then, perhaps, a disconcerting rhetorical flip back upon itself. The texts then are rhetorically interesting, but so is the way in which the texts serve as an example of what Bakhtin implies about double-voicing but perhaps fails to make sufficiently clear because of his tendency to list and offer misleading generalizations. They also exhibit a disconcerting iconicity if the resisting and the flipping together point to a political inconsistency that is at the core of the series, as opposed to an inadvertent characteristic of the seven books.The Marsden books-for those who do not know them-have as their premise that, while a group of teenagers are away on a camping trip in a remote, rather inaccessible piece of bush, Australia is invaded militarily by an unnamed Asian country. Alien-looking military craft zooming overhead have offered them a clue, but it is only upon their return home that they discover that their dwellings are eerily abandoned, their pets are dead, and their families have been herded into holding camps that were formerly fairgrounds. The teenagers then begin a series of increas- ingly more dramatic actions against the Asian invaders. Those actions, as well as the interactions among the young people, comprise the substance of the seven novels. In the course of the seven books, besides their guerrilla activities, there are captures, near-rapes, escapes, and some deaths. There are also many moments when the firstperson narrator, Ellie, reflects on life. Although some may judge the books uneven (and disparage the follow-up three-volume Ellie Chronicles as even more so), the novels offer exciting action, some compelling characterization, and a glance at teenage friendship and romantic relationships under very stressful circumstances. The books also raise political matters.That the books are political is perhaps not an assertion that one can just offer. Extant criticism of the novels curiously does not often attend to their political implications. Rather, perhaps confined by the book's positioning within the category of young-adult literature, that criticism discusses the novel in connection with trends within that category. Thus, in 1998, Rhona Mayers argues that the novels are examples of fantasy literature disguised as formal realism, whereas, several years later, in 2004, Wendy Michaels accepts the realism of Marsden's books as part of a larger trend within Australian young-adult writing without attending to the implications of the texts as both realistic and futuristic. Following the attempts by Mayers and Michaels to categorize the novels, John Noell Moore offers a book-length study of Marsden entitled John Marsden: Darkness, Shadow, and Light (2011). …

'Science and Futurology in the To-Day and To-Morrow Series': Matter, Consciousness, Time and Language

This essay considers what happens when the To-Day and To-Morrow series' project of futurology — imagining future developments across a range of disciplines — meets the sciences, and their attempt to establish prediction on a scientific basis. It concentrates on L. L. Whyte's volume Archimedes, or the Future of Physics (1927), which makes some striking predictions not only about the convergence of the sciences of physics, chemistry, and biology, but also about the effect of the new physics to subvert some fundamental scientific axioms about time and the reversibility of experiments. Whyte also considers where post-Relativity physics might lead in terms of the understanding of how consciousness relates to matter. The essay traces parallels with contemporary theories of language and literature, arguing that, like many volumes in the series, Archimedes confronts the problem of how to imagine the future for still-evolving humans is for human language and thought to attempt to understand the post-human.

The Sexual Politics of Ectogenesis in the To-day and To-morrow Series

The present study investigates the concept of ectogenesis and the debate that accrued around it in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s, especially as it was discussed in the 'To-day and To-morrow' series of books and the circle of intellectuals associated with it. I will look in particular at J. B. S. Haldane's Daedalus, or Science and the Future (1923), Anthony Ludovici's Lysistrata, or Woman's Future and Future Woman (1924), Norman Haire's Hymen, or the Future of Marriage (1927), Vera Brittain's Halcyon, or the Future of Monogamy (1929), J. D. Bernal's The World, The Flesh and the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul (1929) and Eden Paul's Chronos, or the Future of the Family (1930).I will also briefly examine some contemporary fictional depictions of ectogenesis, which were clearly influenced by the books mentioned above, and which directly intervened in the debate around the development of foetuses in artificial wombs. I will look at Charlotte Haldane's Man's World (1926) and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932), which can be seen as engaged in a critical dialogue with some of the books of the 'To-day and To-morrow' series. Naomi Mitchison's Solution Three (1975) and J. B. S. Haldane's The Man With Two Memories (1976) continued to address this debate in the 1970s, among a cluster of utopian novels in the period, mostly written by women.While ectogenesis stands at the root of a fantasy which could be equated with masculine womb envy, the dream of becoming a male mother and thus dispensing almost totally with women, for women, on the other hand, extra-uterine pregnancy, combined with cloning techniques, could constitute an enabling vision of autonomy from the male, but also a potentially threatening one, as Ludovici propounds. The vexed issues surrounding the fantasy of extra-uterine gestation will thus be examined and problematized.

Roger Money-Kyrle's Aspasia: The Future of Amorality (1932)

This paper describes Roger Money-Kyrle's contribution to the To-day and To-morrow series, Aspasia: the Future of Amorality. Although many contributions to the series mentioned psychoanalysis in passing, Money-Kyrle's alone attempted to describe the difference Freud's science might make to the future of human society. Money-Kyrle's overlapping connections with the Moral Sciences ambience of Cambridge in the early 1920s, British psychoanalytic anthropology and the eugenicist movement associated with UCL and the Galton Institute are presented as a prelude to the discussion of his book. Aspasia emerges as an ambitious attempt to fuse these three elements of British scientific culture in the postwar period. If, in the final analysis, it doesn't quite succeed, it is still of interest as a record of Money-Kyrle's own intellectual commitments and for what it tells us about the wider British psychoanalytic scene in the early 1930s.

Darwinism, Biology, and Mythology in the To-day and To-morrow Series, 1923–1929

Biological discussion in the 1920s was inspired by the seemingly limitless potential of genetics and the possibilities for human development; and the debates around it attended simultaneously to the promise and danger of human intervention. At the core of these discussions was the idea of development, what it constituted and how it could be predicted.Several papers published in the To-day and To-morrow series explore the tensions between optimism and scientific pragmatism, between progress and apparent randomness in development, and between human development and the potential for regression. Turning to the mythological figures of Daedalus, Galatea, and Prometheus — each a creator and visionary — the authors of these essays (Haldane, W.R. Brain, Crookshank, Jennings, Macfie, Bernal, Sullivan) reflect the diversity of 'Darwinisms' employed during the early twentieth century and the implications each offered.

Technology for a Sustainable Tomorrow

Editor's note: This is the last installment in a yearlong series designed to stimulate discussion in research and development. The series is one of several actions taken by the SPE R&D Advisory Committee to encourage R&D development and discussion. Please send any questions, comments, or ideas to vik.rao@halliburton.com. The Technology Tomorrow Series, comprising articles published in JPT during 2006 and 2007, is available as a collection on OnePetro (SPE-160929-JPT. The oil and gas industry faces an interesting future, likely in unprecedented fashion. Peak-oil theorists have surfaced from time to time, so the current discussion of that topic is not new. But what is new is that we are in a demand environment driven by the economies of China and India, with sustained growth and no signs of letting up. Additionally, anthropogenic origins of global warming are acquiring currency to the point where all the major oil companies now state their support for curbing CO2 emissions. All these elements converge to paint a very different picture of the energy world than ever before, one in which serious consideration is given to potential sources of energy previously regarded as mere fanciful conjecture, such as transport liquids from grass. The debate is no longer about producing enough energy to meet demand, but about producing hydrocarbons and energy in a sustainable manner. At the same time, it is also about producing more environmentally friendly fluids for transportation and power. Fig. 1 shows the Energyfiles estimate of future oil production, demonstrating the decline in conventional oil production with the shortfall made up by unconventional hydrocarbons and synthetic sources. Regardless of the accuracy of this estimate, it is clear that the industry will respond with a multipronged effort that will include the following elements. Increasing Ultimate Recoveries. In his April 2006 "Technology Tomorrow" article in JPT, Nansen Saleri of Saudi Aramco estimated that a modest increase in ultimate recoveries would provide 1 trillion bbl of hydrocarbons. He also suggested that the road to this goal would be paved by advances in reservoir understanding, intelligent wells, and improved lift. The most intriguing of his proposals is that of advanced understanding of the physical and chemical processes at the pore throats, going so far as to suggest that the breakthroughs here could be akin to the promise of stem cell research in the study of curing human diseases. An effort such as that will need more active involvement from the scientific community. This call to scientific arms needs to be taken up by petroleum engineering departments every where, in particular by seeking collaboration with basic science departments. I anticipate lively debate on this topic at the SPE Research and Development (R&D) Conference on 26–27 April in San Antonio. Furthermore, the R&D Advisory Committee is organizing a session at the American Assn. for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) regional meeting to be dedicated to a discussion of the challenges facing our industry, with the objective of exciting the imagination of the basic scientists assembled. We hope that the deliberations will be of sufficient value to merit a report in the AAAS flagship journal Science. The AAAS meeting will be held 18–21 April at the U. of Houston Clear Lake campus.

Technology Tomorrow - JPT Article Series

Compilation of a series of articles published in the Journal of Petroleum Technology between February 2006 and April 2007. The year-long Technology Tomorrow series was published in theJournal of Petroleum Technologybeginning in 2006. The SPER&D Advisory Committee created the series to spark discussion among the entireJPTreadership and include ideas that may not be in the current mainstream of thought. The seven articles included are: Carbon, Hydrogen, and People by Vikram Rao, Vice President, Technology, Halliburton Energy Services The Next Trillion: Anticipating and Enabling Game-Changing Recoveries by Nansen G. Saleri, SPE, Manager, Reservoir Management, Saudi Aramco The Chemistry of Carbon Capture and Storage by Richard Pike, CEO, Royal Society of Chemistry Reserves Growth: Torturous and Tortuous by Roy Long, E&P Program Technology Manager, National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy Extracting the Benefits of Nanotechnology for the Oil Industry by Ramanan Krishnamoorti, University of Houston Energy: The Next Biotechnology Challenge by Francesca de Ferra, Technical Manager, R&D Center, Eni Refining and Marketing Div. of San Donato Milanese Technology for a Sustainable Tomorrow by Vik Rao, Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Halliburton

Energy: The Next Biotechnology Challenge

Technology Tomorrow - This is the second-to-last installment in this yearlong series examining R&D needs and potential. This article explores the challenges of applying biotechnology to the oil and gas sector and hints at the possibility of genetically modified organisms to achieve superior results. The current scientific uncertainty on just how future organisms will be included in the global energy picture suggests full speed ahead on the science, with the understanding that the issue of industry acceptance will need to be properly evaluated and managed. The Technology Tomorrow Series, comprising articles published in JPT during 2006 and 2007, is available as a collection on OnePetro (SPE-160929-JPT). Editor's note: This is the second-to-last installment in this yearlong series examining R&D needs and potential. This article explores the challenges of applying biotechnology to the oil and gas sector and hints at the possibility of genetically modified organisms to achieve superior results. The current scientific uncertainty on just how future organisms will be included in the global energy picture suggests full speed ahead on the science, with the understanding that the issue of industry acceptance will need to be properly evaluated and managed. The Technology Tomorrow Series, comprising articles published in JPT during 2006 and 2007, is available as a collection on OnePetro (SPE-160929-JPT). Today the impact of biotechnology is most noticeable in the health and pharmaceutical sectors, chemical industry, and in environmental technologies. The time is coming when it also will play a role in the energy sector. This is the result of progress in two major areas that are likely to have important consequences. The first one is the growing awareness of the major chemical fluxes fueled in the depths of the Earth's crust by the deep biosphere: microorganisms that live without oxygen and form the basis of previously unrecognized element cycles completely different from those that take place at the surface, driven by solar energy and oxygen. The simultaneous presence of minerals, gases, hydrocarbons, and bacteria in the anoxic deep biosphere is the basis of new speculation on carbon cycling in anoxic regions. Microbiologists now have new tools to detect and monitor biological activity in the environment, among which are the powerful techniques of specific DNA amplification and detection, which are best known to nonexperts for their applications in crime forensics. In just about the same way, specific types of bacteria can be detected in minimal amounts from any type of environment and recognized and functionally identified—for example, sulfate recycling bacteria (associated with the souring of reservoirs and oil-extraction systems) living at extraordinary depths and temperatures. The second major field of influence will be biological fuel synthesis and carbon capture from renewables. Interest in these possibilities blossomed and waned in the 1970s, but the area is now experiencing renewed interest, funding, and revival by the exploitation of fast-progressing genomics and bioengineering techniques. This article addresses the relevance and potential of biotechnology applications to the energy industry, envisioning the areas where biotechnology science progress might affect present and future business. Black Energy: Oil, Gas, and Bugs Oil and gas have been part of this planet for so long that the smallest living cells on the surface and in the deep biosphere have evolved ways to feed on them and gain energy, however unpalatable the ingredients might be. Bacterial degradation of crude oil in the reservoir is the cause of the poor quality of oil found in many areas, from the Canadian tar sands to offshore fields. Some of the biochemical pathways of oil hydrocarbon transformation are known, but many remain to be clarified, including mechanisms that might be in action in the reservoirs where temperature is compatible with bacterial life. Recent indications support the possibility of in-situ bioconversion processes of oil to methane and maybe even to other gaseous hydrocarbons. In similar ways to biological conversion of some types of coal to methane, exploitation and acceleration of the natural phenomena could be an interesting alternative to other traditional technologies of energy recovery from difficult sources.

Technology Tomorrow: Extracting the Benefits of Nanotechnology for the Oil Industry

This is the fifth installment of a yearlong series designed to stimulate discussion in energy research and development. The Technology Tomorrow Series, comprising articles published in JPT during 2006 and 2007, is available as a collection on OnePetro (SPE-160929-JPT). While a great deal of hype has surrounded the advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology, in many application areas such as biomedical, space, and information, the promise of commercial success is not guaranteed nor likely to occur for 5 to 10 years. But nanotechnology is an enabler that has proved to be a game changer for exploiting fossil-based fuels and, over the next 30 years, will be a critical component in developing fossil-based energy technologies. Nanotechnology represents the development and application of materials, methods, and devices in which critical length scale is on the order of 1–100 nm and where critical functionality is not a direct manifestation of the atomic or macroscale proper-ties. Specifically, three broad areas in which such unprecedented properties of the materials will be significant enablers are materials, tools, and devices. These have exploited the unique combinations of mechanical, thermal, electronic, optical, magnetic, and chemical properties observed at these length scales. Refining and conversion of fossil fuels have been pioneering areas for the development and maturation of nanotechnology principles for the past 20 years. For example, the development of mesoporous catalyst materials such as MCM-41 significantly changed downstream refining. Such applications of nanotechnology are anticipated to continue developing, with the focus shifting to heavy oil and tight gas applications, which will require the physical integration of at least some rudimentary downstream processing with drilling. Developing efficient chemical methods to remove impurities from heavy oil, efficiently implementing gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies for stranded gas, and exploiting methane hydrates efficiently will continue to build on this extensive knowledge base of the use of nanocatalysts and other down-stream applications of nanotechnology. Interestingly, oil exploration has used nanotechnology in drilling muds for the past 50 years. The nanoparticles in drilling muds are made of clays and are naturally occurring 1-nm-thick discs of aluminosilicates. These nanoparticles exhibit extraordinary rheological properties in water and oil. But the most recent and promising successes of nanotechnology in drilling are likely to occur with synthetic nanoparticles, where size, shape, and chemical interactions are carefully controlled. Structural Nanomaterials Improved lightweight rugged structural materials are crucial for many applications, including weight reduction of offshore platforms, energy-efficient transportation vessels, and improved and better-performing drilling parts. Structural materials can be enhanced significantly by nanotechnology with the addition of engineered nanoparticles and hierarchical strategies inspired and implemented by nanoparticles. The large interfacial area afforded by, and the nanoconfinement resulting from, well-dispersed nanoparticles leads to fundamental property changes in matrix metal, ceramic, and plastic and to a significant alteration of the paradigm of filled systems. These are especially prominent for anisotropic nanoparticles such as rodike nanotubes (e.g., single-walled carbon nanotubes) and disklike clays (e.g., montmorillonite).

Technology Tomorrow: Reserves Growth: Torturous and Tortuous

Editor's note: This is the fourth installment of a yearlong series designed to stimulate discussion in energy research and development. This article focuses on near-term resource potential and processes for developing technologies to successfully develop this potential. Comments on articles in the Technology Tomorrow series are welcome. Please send any questions, comments, or ideas to vik.rao@halliburton.com. At the World Petroleum Congress in 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) presented its World Oil and Gas Assessment, showing a global conventional reserves growth estimate (Table 1). The greatest significance of this estimate was the size. The U.S., in particular, is highlighted because the reserves growth estimate is more than twice the remaining reserves and at least comparable with the undiscovered resource estimate. As noted in the assessment, "In the U.S., which is one of the most intensely explored countries in the world, reserves growth is widely considered to be a major component of remaining oil and gas resources. It is hypothesized that reserves growth of similar proportions also could occur worldwide as exploration for new fields matures and the intense exploitation of existing fields becomes an increasingly viable approach to developing new reserves." A number of arguments have been made regarding the potential weakness of that hypothesis, but the significant impact of reserves growth is becoming more accepted. Notable in this assessment, as in all resource assessments, is the lack of discussion of the technologies and practices required to develop these resources in a timely manner. The challenge lies in the details of how we get there. The Torture Despite the upside potential of reserves growth, the process of developing that potential can be quite painful without adequate technology to support development programs. Fig. 1 is a plot of development program costs in one of the most challenging environments in the world, the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM), during the period before 2004 when oil and gas prices were beginning to rise. The driver for the cost estimates and overruns came from the days when deepwater drillships cost between U.S. $300,000 and $400,000 per day. As bad an impact as an average 60% overrun might be on a $44 million AFE project, the real inhibitor of resource development in the GOM is the potential for spending more than three times the anticipated average AFE cost. This magnitude of risk might be referred to as "elephant torpedoes" in the deepwater search for elephant reservoirs with regard to the impact on exploration budgets. Today, those same deepwater ships cost closer to $500,000 per day, and the industry is charging forth again into deep water based on a $60+ per barrel "war chest," but with only limited advancements in new technologies since the early 2004 time frame to aid in risk reduction. Success this time obviously will depend on lessons learned and human resources.

Technology Tomorrow: The Chemistry of Carbon Capture and Storage

Editor's note: This is the third installment of a yearlong series designed to stimulate discussion in research and development. The oil and gas industry faces the prospect of progressively increasing CO2 production because of the presence of CO2 in produced natural gas and the fact that petroleum production is becoming heavier. However, the industry is uniquely positioned to sequester CO2, no matter the source. This article features the perspective of an expert outside the oil and gas industry regarding the challenges associated with CO2 capture and storage. Comments on articles in the Technology Tomorrow series are welcome. Please send any questions, comments, or ideas to vik.rao@halliburton.com. Evidence linking anthropogenic carbon emissions with climate change is accepted by many experts, and the key challenge now is to act to avert disaster. Countries signed on to the Kyoto Protocol and those that have set more stringent domestic targets are now defining energy policies that balance energy efficiency and energy technologies alongside measures for energy security. In the U.K., the government is currently reviewing its energy policy and is examining a range of policy and technological measures that will secure clean and affordable energy for the long term while meeting the U.K. target of reducing carbon emissions 60% by 2050 (based on 1990 levels). It is widely expected that the U.K. will continue to rely upon fossil fuels for electricity, transportation, and heating for the foreseeable future, and, therefore, it is important that carbon-abatement technologies are employed when feasible. The chemical sciences have played a crucial role in optimizing energy output from fossil fuels through developments in areas such as combustion chemistry and fuel additives. The chemical sciences will be critical in providing future energy technologies such as batteries, fuel cells, solar power, microgeneration, energy-efficient lighting, new nuclear power and nuclear waste management, and carbon capture and storage (CCS). CCS is not a new technology. In fact, there are a number of examples of its application around the globe (e.g., in ammonia production). It has been predicted that CCS technologies could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants (and other energy-intensive processes such as oil refining and steel and cement manufacturing) by up to 85%. However, the technology will reduce the energy efficiency of power plants significantly and increase the cost of energy production, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Table 1).

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Introduction to Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Edited by Cynthia Farquahar and Murray Jamieson. Published by National Women's Hospital, Auckland.Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Edited by D. R. Mishell, Jr. and P. F. Brenner.High Risk Pregnancy ‐ Management Options. Edited by D. K. James, P. J. Steer, C. P. Weiner and B. Gonik.Handbook of Critical Care Obstetrics. Edited by Steven L. Clark, David B. Cotton, Gary D. V. Hankins and Jeffrey P. Pheian.Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Martin C. Powell, Brian S. Worthington and E. Malcolm Symonds.MRI of the Female Pelvis. Kaori Togashi. Igaku‐Shoin Ltd, Tokyo.The Endometrium ‐ A Clinico‐Pataologic Approach. Ed. Debra S. Heller. Igaku‐Shoin, New York‐Tokyo.Cytopathology of the Endometrium. Liang‐Cheo Tao, MD, FRACOG. Raven Press, New York.Handbook of Placental Pathology. Vijay V. Joshi, Butterworth‐Heineman, Australia.Laboratory Testing in Ob/Gyn. Gerald D. Willett. Blackwell.Considerations Regarding the Unintended Radiation Exposure of the Embryo, Fetus or Nursing Child. NCRP Commentary No. 9. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, U.S.A.Development Toxicology. Edited by Carole A. Kimmel and Judy Buelke‐Sam. Raven Press, New York.Psychological Aspects of Women's Health Cart Donna E. Stewart, Nada L. Stotland Eds. American Psychiatric Press, Washington.Postnatal Depression: Towards a Research Agenda for Human Services and Health. Edited by Jan Carter.Contraceptive Method Mix ‐ Guidelines for Policy and Service Delivery. World Health Organization, Geneva.Manual of Pelvic Surgery. Edited by Maurice J. Webb. Springer‐Verlag Publications, Berlin.Complications in Gj naecologk Surgery. Prevention, Recognition and Management. James W. Orr and Hugh M. CunninghamThe Management of Adnexal Cysts. Edited by Professor M Abruhat. Biackwell Scientific Publications.What an Abnormal Pap Smear Means ‐ Living for Tomorrow series. Margaret Wilson. Hill of Content Publishing Co, Melbourne.

After-Dinner Thoughts of America's Oldest Living Dramaturg

Arthur Ballet was a dramaturg in America before the English-language theatre really knew that such a theatrical functionary had long been leading a curious backstairs life in the theatres of central Europe. He directed and taught theatre at the University of Minneapolis for many years until, in 1961, he became Director there of the grandly-entitled Office for Advanced Drama Research – in which capacity he not only gave unstintingly of time and advice to hundreds of aspirant playwrights, but guided their work towards likely outlets, and selected and edited no fewer than thirteen volumes of new work in the Playwrights for Tomorrow series. He was also a regular dramaturg for the O'Neill Playwrights' Conference, and later served in that role at the Guthrie Theatre. During the Carter years Arthur Ballet was director of the theatre programme for the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1975 he became an advisory editor of Theatre Quarterly, as he has been of NTQ from our first issue. What follows is an after-dinner speech made to an association whose very existence would have seemed an improbability just a few decades ago – the Literary Managers and Dramaturgs of the Americas, to whom he here addresses some words of practical advice and cautionary wisdom.

Reviews and reflections: Les visages de l'avenir

During the past five years Gérard Klein has had the responsible and fortunate task of selecting and editing the 13 books that have so far appeared in the present series of Les Visages de l'Avenir. This considerable enterprise by the publishing firm of Seghers, Paris, marks a major stage in the collective advance towards the future. It is the most recent stage in a progression that goes back to the 86 monographs in the Today and Tomorrow series which Kegan Paul began to publish in 1924. Some of them proved most influential. For instance, Liddell Hart on The Future of War gave the German General Staff and General de Gaulle some of their ideas for tank warfare. We can expect comparable results from this new series, since the informed experience and the extensive knowledge of the contributors will undoubtedly provoke sustained discussion about the measures that should be taken to ensure a safe passage into the future.

Book Review: Britain Today and Tomorrow By Trevor Beeson Collins 1978 pp.269 £1.50; Understanding Equality 50 pence Growing Persons 95 pence For God's Sake Say Something 80 pence Britain Today and Tomorrow Series, British Council of Churches n.d.; Work or What?Britain Today and Tomorrow Series CIO Publishing for the British Council of Churches 1977 70 pence;

Book Review: <b>Britain Today and Tomorrow</b> By <scp>Trevor Beeson</scp> Collins 1978 pp.269 £1.50; <b>Understanding Equality</b> 50 pence <b>Growing Persons</b> 95 pence <b>For God's Sake Say Something</b> 80 pence <i>Britain Today and Tomorrow Series</i>, British Council of Churches n.d.; <b>Work or What?</b><i>Britain Today and Tomorrow Series</i> CIO Publishing for the British Council of Churches 1977 70 pence;

The Price of Peace

The Price of Peace Get access The Price of Peace. By William Beveridge, M.P. 1945. (London: Pilot Press and Hyperion Press. Target for Tomorrow Series. 8¾″ × 5½″. viii + 104 pp. 6s.) F. P. Walters F. P. Walters Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 21, Issue 4, October 1945, Pages 529–530, https://doi.org/10.2307/3018363 Published: 01 October 1945

Book Reviews

THESE books may suitably receive notice within one paragraph, being respectively concerned with political life of the past, the present, and the future. Dr. Hearnshaw deals succinctly, but engagingly, with the succession of premiers who guided the Empire's fortunes during a period commencing with Addington and concluding with Lord Salisbury, coincident with the closing of the Victorian era. Mr. Snell presents a description of the parliament of to-day, sufficiently realistic to be welcome. Mr. Mowrer's contribution is necessarily on less secure ground, as it deals in surmises, based, it is true, upon a logical progression from existing facts and tendencies towards a conceivable future. His remarks are cogent and well-balanced. “We cannot eliminate natural inequality”, “Standardised minds are a relapse of the race into the tribe”, “Under a rational system failure to vote would be penalised”. The author's remarks upon Russia and Italy are worthy of close attention. Perhaps not unreasonably, he is somewhat pessimistic— “Not for nothing was Sinon reputed the son of that Sisyphus condemned to perpetual stone (or was it log-) rolling”, “What is history but one long series of reforms that have failed?” For the world as a whole, Mr. Mowrer foreshadows internationalism as the over-riding government of to-morrow. (1) British Prime Ministers of the Nineteenth Century. Prof. F. J. C. Hearnshaw . (Benn's Sixpenny Library.) Pp. 80. (London: Ernest Benn, Ltd., 1930.) 6d. (2) Daily Life in Parliament. H. Snell . (Routledge Introductions to Modern Knowledge.) Pp. 74. (London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., 1930.) 6d. net. (3) Sinon: or The Future of Politics. E. A. Mowrer . (To-day and To-morrow Series.) Pp. 96. (London: Kegan Paul and Co., Ltd., 1930. 2s. 6d. net.

Book Reviews

Eutychus: or the Future of the Pulpit. By Winifred Holtby. (To-day and To-morrow Series.) Pp. 142. (London: Kegan Paul and Co., Ltd.; New York: E. P. Button and Co., 1928.) 2s. 6d. net.

Marriage and Maternity

(1) MANKIND being what it is, marriage must be unsuccessful in the great majority of cases. It is so because of the general ignorance of matters relating to sex, the result of a faulty sex-education, and because of prejudices, the fruits of faulty standards of sex-conduct based on the religious and social prohibitions which doubtless once served their purposes but are now most certainly anachronous. The standards of to-day are those of the ancient Israelites as modified by the Christian Churches, and more often than not have no relation to biological fact or to modern social needs. Hymen: or The Future, of Marriage. By Norman Haire. (To-day and To-morrow Series.) Pp. 96. (London: Kegan Paul and Co., Ltd.; New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1927.) 2s. 6d. net. Motherhood and its Enemies. By Charlotte Haldane. Pp. vi + 256. (London: Chatto and Windus, 1927.) 6s. net.

Delphos: the Future of International Language

THE student of this recurrent and ever-present problem will welcome this extremely handy analysis of all hitherto attempted universal languages, contributed by Miss Pankhurst to the “To-day and To-morrow” series of opuscula. Both the purely ‘invented’ languages and those based upon existing languages are dispassionately discussed and explained, and the natural conclusion arrived at is a return to that form of the original universal language-Latin-which has been standardised by Sig. G. Peano under the name ‘Interlingua’ and already possesses a wellestablished academy. The examples given speak eloquently for themselves, for ‘Interlingua’ does not require to be ‘learnt’ by any ordinarily educated person. Any one with a superficial knowledge of elementary Latin can produce his own ‘Interlingua,’ and use it in case of need. Delphos: the Future of International Language. (To-day and To-morrow Series.) By E. Sylvia Pankhurst. Pp. 95. (London: Kegan Paul and Co., Ltd.; New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., n.d.) 2s. 6d. net.