TL Response Research Articles

A comparative analysis of the NaI detector response function using GAMOS and FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations

This work aims to study the response function of a 2″×2″ NaI(Tl) scintillation detector using Monte Carlo simulations. A precise mathematical model of the NaI(Tl) scintillator was developed using both FLUKA and GAMOS Monte Carlo simulation software. The photon pulse height distributions of the NaI(Tl) without influence of its energy resolution, obtained with FLUKA and GAMOS codes, were converted into a real NaI(Tl) response function using the necessary conversion process. Spectral characteristics such as full-energy peak efficiency, energy resolution, peak-to-Compton ratio, and peak-to-total ratio were investigated by simulation at different gamma-ray energy obtained from 109Cd, 137Cs, 54Mn, 65Zn, and 60Co sources. The simulated spectra from the GAMOS code were consistent with those generated by the FLUKA code. Additionally, the comparison between simulated results and experimental data demonstrated good agreement. The validation of the computational models used for the NaI(Tl) detector in both FLUKA and GAMOS software was successfully achieved, confirming the accuracy of the simulations in replicating the detector's response.

Comparative analysis of predose effects on TL and OSL signals in BeO dosimeters

This study investigates in detail the effects of predose on TL and OSL signals for BeO dosimeters. The TL and OSL signals were deconvoluted to each peak and component. As a result of deconvolution, the variations in the kinetic parameters (E, Tmax, b) for the TL signals and the lifetime values of the OSL signals were investigated. In addition, sensitivity changes according to predose were monitored for each peak and component. Finally, dose response curves were studied using the dose linearity index (f(D)) for each peak and component. Accordingly, the peak structures and kinetic parameters did not change according to the predose for the TL signal, whereas variations in the lifetime values for the OSL signal were observed, especially at the initial dose values (0.1 and 0.2 Gy). There was no change in sensitivity according to the predose for the total area condition although each peak and component exhibited independent behavior. Therefore, TL and OSL signals should be evaluated based on the total area in predose applications. The TL and OSL dose response curves exhibited different behaviors according to predose. TL dose response curves were not affected by the predose except for 1000 Gy, while the OSL dose response curves were affected by the predose considering the total area condition. The possible reason for the differences between the TL and OSL dose response curves is the significant transfer effect in the OSL signal at low doses, which results in greater changes at low doses compared to the TL signal. Also, thermal quenching effects may have resulted in lower intensity in the case of the TL signal. In future studies, preheating tests and thermal quenching corrections on TL peaks at high predoses may increase our understanding of deep trap interactions in BeO dosimeters.

Thermoluminescence properties of Eu2O3-doped and MgSO4–Co-doped Na2O silica borate glasses produced by recycling renewable source of soda-lime-silica (SLS)

This study investigates the thermoluminescence characteristics of Eu/Mg doped sodium silica borate glass for thermoluminescence dosimeter. Two sets of glass samples doping with Eu2O3 and co-doped with MgSO4 with compositions (Eu2O3)x (Na2O)0.1 (B2O3)0.6 (SLS)0.3-x and (Eu2O3)0.01 (Na2O)0.1 (B2O3)0.6 (SLS)0.29-y (MgSO4)y respectively with x and y = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 mol % were prepared using a melt-quenching technique. XRF analysis revealed a SiO2 content of 70.81 wt% from the SLS powdered sample. The semi-crystalline phases were identified for all glass samples. The glasses were annealed for 2 h at 400 °C and exposed to X-ray with an absorbed dose of 500 mGy, a tube potential of 80 kVp, focus to film distance (FSD) of 100 cm, and a tube load of 64 mAs. The glow curves were analyzed to determine various characterizations of a thermoluminescence dosimeter of the glass. For NaSBEu, only 0.01 mol% Eu2O3 was sensitive to the X-ray. The glass content NaSBEu0.01 was co-doped with varying contents of MgSO4. The sample containing 0.03 mol% MgSO4 demonstrated the most favorable TL response, exhibiting superior TL attributes, including minimal detectable dose, fading behavior, sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility, and effective atomic number. These findings strongly indicate that glass incorporating magnesium in the sodium silica borate composition has promising potential to be regarded as a dosimeter for low radiation doses.

Extended study of the influence of europium doping on phosphate glass

The phosphate glasses with various Eu2O3 concentrations (0.1–3.0 w/w%) were synthesized and studied regarding the influence of europium dopant on the properties of irradiated phosphate glasses. During studies, samples were irradiated using two types of ionizing radiation sources (β− and γ), with obtained doses up to 40 kGy. TL studies were investigated using various methods, such as TL response vs. radiation dose and the TMax-Tstop method. To further investigate, if increasing the europium concentration affects the structure of electron traps, Computer Glow Curve Deconvolution studies linked with various heating rates methods were applied –increasing the concentration of dopant does not influence the number and energy of electron traps in irradiated samples. This fact was also supported by the results of the thermoluminescence spectrum – where no additional signals, besides wide signals from native glass were observed. OSL and IRSL studies were also conducted, for OSL we observed quenching of the signals, similar as in the TLD case. For IRSL studies all samples didn't display any signals. Finally, to understand if Eu3+ also has a “protective” effect, decreasing the yield of generating F-centers during irradiation, UV-VIS spectroscopy was used. It was established that samples doped with europium oxide possess ca. 20% lower signals at F-center maximum (at 475 nm), the building-up maximum at 320 nm was observed, characteristic of the absorption band of Eu2+. All data indicate that europium in phosphate glass is taking the role of an efficient electron quencher. This quenching phenomenon occurs in three ways: first (direct) when the ion reduction process (Eu3+→Eu2+) competes with the formation of F-centers, and second (indirect) when during heating electrons coming from F-centers were quenched by near Eu3+ ions. The third mechanism of quenching occurs through the electron's non-radiative transition induced by increased stress in the glass matrix caused by a large ionic radius of the dopant.

Synthesis and dosimetric characterization of lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7:Cu,Ag) thermoluminescent dosimeter with improved reproducibility and reusability

A nano-sized, tissue equivalent, polycrystalline Li2B4O7:Cu, Ag phosphor was synthesized for dosimetric applications. Repeated annealing, irradiation and readouts may alter the color and affect the sensitivity of the phosphor. One of the aims of the present work was to dope Li2B4O7 with an appropriate amount of Ag and Cu atoms in order to diminish such effects and consequently improve reproducibility and reusability of the dosimeter. For this purpose, Li2B4O7 was primarily doped with Ag ions, and the Cu atoms were introduced with minimal concetration. A sample co-doped with 0.35 wt% Ag and 0.015 wt% Cu exhibited optimum TL response. To facilitate handling of the material, the powdered sample was also reproduced in pellet form. Linear integrated TL response was observed from 1 mGy to 20 Gy. No change in material's sensitivity and color was observed after repeated annealing, irradiation and readout episodes. Response of the material was found to be reproducible with a COV between 1.7 and 2.3%. Thermal quenching effects with increasing heating rate were seen for the current material. Less than 5% fading was observed during a two month study. The obtained glow curve was very simple having a main dosimetric peak at about 200 ± 10 °C with two small shoulder peaks. Kinetic analysis of the glow curve was performed by an experimental method (Tm-Tstop) and by curve fitting approximation. Kinetic parameters (b, s and E) were found within the prescribed limits. The promising dosimetric characteristics and the optimal glow curve favours this new material for use as a field dosimeter.

Development of Dy3+ doped lithium magnesium borate glass system for thermoluminescence based neutron dosimetry applications

Abstract The manuscript reports the synthesis of Dy3+ incorporated lithium magnesium borate glass by melt quenching technique. FTIR study revealed the presence of both BO3 as well as tetrahedral BO4 units through their characteristic frequencies. Photoluminescence (PL) study of unirradiated samples confirmed the presence of Dy dopant in the ‘+3’ oxidation states from the characteristic emissions at 482, 578, 666 and 716 nm corresponding to 4F9/2 → 6H15/2, 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H11/2, 4F9/2 → 6H9/2 transitions, respectively. Thermal neutron and gamma irradiated PL emission and lifetime characteristics were discussed in details based on the different defect centers. Thermal neutron irradiated TL study showed that the material has a broad and single dosimetry glow peak at about 450 K which showed high fading due to low temperature peak. TL based neutron sensitivity of LMB: Dy3+ was found to be about 37.4 times less than that of standard TLD-100 (LiF: Mg, Ti) powder. The net TL response from about 3 to 83 mSv of neutron dose was found to be linear (Adj. R2 = 0.9994) which is one of the most desirable properties for dosimetry applications. In addition, the TL trap parameters were evaluated using both deconvolution of TL glow curve and peak shape method as suggested by Chen which were found to be matching with each other.

Thermoluminescent composites of sintered synthetic-topaz/in situ corundum for dosimetry by a novel reversible process

Topaz (Al2F1·44(OH)0·56SiO4)/corundum (Al2O3) composites were prepared by a facile and novel reversible process from the sintering of synthetic topaz and AlF3 powders, with corundum formed in situ into the topaz matrix. The corundum formation reaction occurs in the temperature range 875–975 °C, from 40 min sintering time, obtaining the topaz- Al2F1·44(OH)0·56SiO4/corundum- Al2O3 composites. Although sintering temperature and time increment lead to higher corundum formation in the topaz matrix (78.4 wt % Al2O3 at 975 °C for 60 min), longer residence times give place to corundum percentage decrease due to topaz reconversion. The composites' microstructure is characterized by a rectangular bar with stacked pyramidal ends and polycrystals of hexagonal plates for topaz and corundum, respectively. For the topaz/corundum composites, the maximum density was 3.05 g/cm3 (17 % porosity) for specimens sintered at 925 °C for 20 min. The glow curves of the topaz/in situ corundum composite sintered at 975 °C and 0 min dwell time show thermoluminescent peaks between 180 and 250 °C, useful for dosimetric applications. The most helpful peak (at 221 °C) in the topaz/corundum composite's glow curves determined by computational deconvolution is sharp and exhibits the highest thermoluminescent response. Dose-response analysis of the composite (sintered at 975 °C for 0 min) with the best thermoluminescent response revealed two ranges of linear behavior, the first from 2 to 200 mGy, with an adjustment of 99.9 % and the second in the range 5–300 Gy (99.8 % fitting). The thermoluminescent response improvement of the topaz/corundum composites is attributed to the corundum formed in situ during sintering. Fading rate studies of the composite with the best sintering treatment revealed a signal decrease of 4 % after 15 days, which remained constant for up to 30 days, and 8 % after 60 days. The kinetic parameters, kinetics order (b), activation energy (E), and frequency factor (s) determined using the glow peak shape method showed second-order kinetics. The topaz/corundum composite with the best TL response (975 °C, 0 min) presents an effective atomic number (Zeff) of 11.74. The detection of lower doses (mGy) and the linear response at higher doses (Gy) of beta 90Sr, together with the other thermoluminescent properties, suggest that the topaz/corundum composites sintered at 975° for 0 min dwell time may find application in radiotherapy, geological dating, and environmental dosimetry.

Thermoluminescence study of indium doped phosphate glass

The phosphate glass doped with indium oxide was synthesized and studied for the influence of the dopant on thermoluminescence behavior. During studies, high doses of radiation were used (up to 35 kGy, β−). TL studies were investigated using various methods, such as direct measurements of TL response vs. radiation dose, TMax-Tstop method, and Computing Glow Curve Deconvolution (CGCD) method. It has been established, that doping phosphate glass with indium oxide with an amount of 0.5% (w/w) leads to a decrease of total thermoluminescence signals in comparison to native glass (sensitivity decrease ca. 5 times). On the other hand, using indium oxide leads to increasing the linearity range from 6.5 kGy (for native glass) up to 23.0 kGy. Data from signal loss in time and CGCD analysis indicates a reduction in signal loss over time and the formation of 7 defects with multiple kinetics. The collected data indicate the potential use of indium oxide as a dopant in ionizing radiation dosimeters based on phosphate glasses. Indium can potentially be an alternative to rare earth metals - the most commonly used dopants in phosphors.

Synthesis and evaluation of Li2O-2B2O3 glass chips for gamma radiation dosimetry applications

We report the fabrication of 10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm, Li2O-2B2O3 glass chips using melt quench method. Melt produced due to solid state reaction between Li2CO3 and H3BO3 at 950°C, quenched at stainless steel die and annealed at 350°C resulted in production of highly transparent glass chips. Glass chips irradiated to various gamma radiations and thermo-luminescence measurement performed using linear temperature profile with heating rate 2°C/s. A broad glow curve is obtained with peak at 185°C. Further linearity of TL response with gamma dose studied in gamma dose range 100 mGy to 50 Gy. TL intensity and integrated counts are found linearly with gamma dose. The TL sensitivity of glass chips were found to be ∼52 counts/mGy. Repeatability of TL Dosimetric performance is found to be within ±10% and dose rate dependence is also found within ±10% in 50 mGy/hr to 3000 mGy/hr dose rate range. The prepared glass chips can be utilized as thermo-luminescent dosimeter for gamma dose 100 mGy and higher.

Synthesis, characterization and thermoluminescence properties of MgB4O7 phosphor co-doped with Tm and Dy

The luminescent and dosimetric properties of the MgB4O7 phosphor co-doped with Tm and Dy ions (MgB4O7:Tm,Dy) obtained by the solution combustion technique were investigated. With the prepared material, sintered dosimeters in pellet form were made. The MgB4O7 dosimeters doped with Tm and Dy with 0.25 and 0.10 mol% respectively and sintered at 1223 K for 3 h showed a sensitivity almost 11 times greater than the sensitivity of the TLD-100 commercial dosimeter. The TL response as a function of the gamma dose showed linearity up to 50 Gy followed by a supralinearity region and, above 500 Gy, the saturation region of the electron traps is reached. The fading of the main TL peak was negligible in the first five days after irradiation reaching 13% after 60 days and the lower detection limit was 43 μGy. The kinetic parameters were determined using the deconvolution method revealing general and second order kinetics. The morphology, crystallography and photoluminescence of the prepared phosphor samples are also reported.

Thermoluminescence of beta irradiated SrHfO3 powders synthesized by the Pechini-type sol-gel method

Here, we report on the thermoluminescence response of beta irradiated SrHfO3 powders synthesized by the Pechini-type sol-gel process. Powders calcined at 900 °C for 6 and 8h exhibited the orthorhombic phase of SrHfO3. The intensity TL response of SrHfO3 samples, exposed to beta irradiation doses from 0.085 to 1530 Gy, was found to increase with the irradiation dose. The TL signal of both samples showed a linear behavior in the range of 2.55–51 Gy and a sublinear behavior for higher irradiation doses. At the dose of 25.5 Gy, the TL response of the sample processed with a calcination time of 6h had the best repeatability with a standard deviation of 3.48% and the lowest fade (12.85%) in the first 48 h. The Tmax-Tstop process, initial rise method and glow curve fitting by computerized deconvolution were employed to determine the trap distribution and kinetic parameters. The TL glow curves of the samples were conveniently fitted by five glow peaks of first and second orders with activation energies ranging from 0.56 to 0.99 eV. Overall, the TL response of the samples showed to be influenced by the density and distribution of defects, mainly originated by oxygen and cation vacancies.

Dosimetric characterization of LiCaAlF6:Eu,Y for its application in mix thermal n-γ fields

LiCaAlF6:Eu,Y (LCAF) possesses excellent dosimetry properties for gamma radiation. Presence of Li in this phosphor makes it sensitive to thermal neutron without any coating or doping of neutron sensitive elements. The thermal neutron response of LCAF is found to be 1.5 mGy equivalent of 137Cs gamma for 9 × 107 n cm−2. TL and OSL response of LCAF has been found to be linear up to studied dose of ∼50 mGy for the thermal neutron. In this paper the feasibility of using LCAF as thermal neutron OSL dosimeter has been investigated. An OSL badge containing combination of LCAF and α-Al2O3:C discs can be used to evaluate thermal neutron and gamma doses separately in the mixed gamma-neutron field.

Thermoluminescence Dosimetric Characteristics of Zinc Borosilicate Glass Doped With Neodymium Trioxide

This research is to study the possibility of fabricated zinc borosilicate glass doped with neodymium trioxide (ZnO-B2O3-SiO2:Nd2O3) to be a new material candidate for TLD. TGA analysis is an analytical technique used to determine a thermal stability of materials and its fraction of volatile components by monitoring rate heat flow to and from a sample and the weight changes, as temperature is changed at a constant rate. Data obtained is used to determine temperature of transitions and melting points of substances. Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) for the glass TLD sample produced obtains are between 369.01 °C - 371.74 °C and maximum annealing and reading temperature are set to be 350 °C that are below the minimum Tg values. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis has proven the samples fabricated are amorphous. Effective atomic numbers (Zeff) are in the range of 20.44-21.60. Glass TLD samples showed good linearity with TL response and faced 45.22%-59.37% fading after 30 days. Glass TLD samples also have been tested for their reproducibility ability for 6 cycles of annealing, irradiate and reading process and the reading showed a small range of different.

Optical, photoluminescence and thermoluminescence characterization of holmium doped hafnium oxide nanoparticles as radiation dosimeter

Intrinsic and Ho3+ doped HfO2 nanopowder are obtained by the co-precipitation route calcined at 800 °C for 2 h. While using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements it has been observed that there is a structural transformation from monoclinic to cubic phase, which is stabilized in 10.0 mol% of Ho doped HfO2 NPs. The elements analysis and morphology of the synthesized NPs are examined by FESEM-EDX. The presence of the water-related bonds in the samples is confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Raman measurement shows that the crystalline phase of monoclinic to cubic phase transformation and the evidence to the XRD. Photoluminescence spectra of Holmium dopant showed the characteristics peak of strong two green emission bands. The photoluminescence result indicates that the maximum emission occurs at a concentration of 2.5 mol% for Ho3+, which correlates with TL response. The defects/trap state of Ho doped of HfO2 NPs was identified using TL glow curve by 15 MV X-ray photon beam and this trap information is referred to by its kinetic parameters such as its activation energy, frequency factor, and order of kinetics which is determined by Glow Fit software. Ho (2.5 mol%): HfO2 NPs shows the best possible concentration for emission higher Integral TL intensity and it can be used as radiation dosimeter.

Development of Ag-Doped ZnO Thin Films and Thermoluminescence (TLD) Characteristics for Radiation Technology.

This work examined the thermoluminescence dosimetry characteristics of Ag-doped ZnO thin films. The hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize Ag-doped ZnO thin films with variant molarity of Ag (0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mol%). The structure, morphology, and optical characteristics were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), photoluminescence (PL), and UV–vis spectrophotometers. The thermoluminescence characteristics were examined by exposing the samples to X-ray radiation. It was obtained that the highest TL intensity for Ag-doped ZnO thin films appeared to correspond to 0.5 mol% of Ag, when the films were exposed to X-ray radiation. The results further showed that the glow curve has a single peak at 240–325 °C, with its maximum at 270 °C, which corresponded to the heating rate of 5 °C/s. The results of the annealing procedures showed the best TL response was found at 400 °C and 30 min. The dose–response revealed a good linear up to 4 Gy. The proposed sensitivity was 1.8 times higher than the TLD 100 chips. The thermal fading was recorded at 8% for 1 Gy and 20% for 4 Gy in the first hour. After 45 days of irradiation, the signal loss was recorded at 32% and 40% for the cases of 1 Gy and 4 Gy, respectively. The obtained optical fading results confirmed that all samples’ stored signals were affected by the exposure to sunlight, which decreased up to 70% after 6 h. This new dosimeter exhibits good properties for radiation measurement, given its overgrowth (in terms of the glow curve) within 30 s (similar to the TLD 100 case), simple annealing procedure, and high sensitivity (two times that of the TLD 100).

Comparing the monochromatic TL response of a high sensitivity natural quartz irradiated with β and γ rays

This study investigates the effect of the dose-rate in the thermoluminescent glow curves of a single crystal of quartz. The samples were sensitized by the γ radiation combined with the heat-treatments. The glow curves were registered in zeroed (unsensitized) and sensitized conditions using an optical filter centered in violet spectral region. Tens mGy test doses were administered with one β (90Sr/90Y) source and two γ radiation sources (60Co and 137Cs). The TL curves were deconvoluted using a first-order kinetic model. Differences in the glow curves and trapping parameters were observed between zeroed and sensitized samples. Differences were found in the TL curves comparing the three radiation sources. The principal variation is the remarkable increase in the TL signal above 350 °C, which is observed only in sensitized samples with the minor dose-rate source (137Cs). This signal seems to be associated with deep trapping states. The intensities of the components defining the first peak and the high temperature signal show a dependence on the dose-rate. The dose-rate dependence of the first-peak components is explained by the competing effects that may take place during the excitation stage. The components that fitted the sensitized peak (260 oC) do not exhibit a clear dependence on the dose-rate of radiation source.

Fabrication and synthesis lithium borate glasses for gamma-ray dosimeter

Oxyfluoride glasses of compositions 50 LiF-x P2O5-(50-x) B2O3 (all in mol%) with the value of x = 0, 5, 10, and 50 mol% were prepared and labeled as LFPB0, LFPB40, LFPB45, and LFPB50, respectively. Physical, luminescence, and ionizing radiation shielding properties of lithium borate glasses have been investigated. The highest TL response was obtained at reducing the percentage of P2O5 to 5 mol%. The mass attenuation coefficient was calculated using theoretical software program Phy-x/PSD. The highest MAC values were recorded to LFPB0 glasses. It was found that the linear attenuation coefficient LAC values (14.429 cm−1, 0.051 cm−1), (7.178 cm−1, 0.046 cm−1), (5.672 cm−1, 0.045 cm−1) and (3.934 cm−1, 0.044 cm−1) at 0.015 and 15 MeV for LFPB0, LFPB40, LFPB45, and LFPB50, respectively. LFPB glasses took the following order from the mean free path point of view; LFPB0 < LFPB40 < LFPB 45 < LFPB 50. LFPB0 acquired the highest Zeff values while the LFPB50 glasses acquired the least Zeff values among all prepared LFPB glasses. Results revealed that LFPB0 has the best shielding ability among all prepared LFPB glasses.

Physical properties of PEG coated Y doped ZnO nanoparticles and their potential as high gamma dose thermoluminescence material

ObjectivesThe purpose of this research is to synthesize the Yttrium doped PEG-coated ZnO nanostructures and characterize them especially as thermoluminescence material for gamma dosimetry. The dosimetry characteristics were evaluated by irradiating the sample with gamma radiation with different doses (10 and 100 Gray) at a temperature range of 0–400 °C. MethodsUncoated undoped ZnO NPs and PEG-coated ZnO Nanoparticles (NPs) with 0, 5, 7, and 10 at% Yttrium (Y) doping concentration were synthesized via hydrothermal technique. Synthesized nanoparticles were examined through various characterization techniques (XRD, SEM, EDS, UV, Tyndall test and TLD) for their morphology, PEG-coating confirmation and to evaluate their Thermoluminescence properties. ResultsXRD analysis confirmed the wurtzite hexagonal structure and doping of Yttrium into ZnO. SEM analysis showed PEG-coated ZnO has well-rounded nanoplates <100 nm confirming the successful growth inhibition of PEG working as surfactant. The particle size was found to grows with increasing Y concentration. UV visible results reveal an increase in the optical band gap of ZnO with Yttrium doping. With doping, TL response has enhanced significantly, and glow peak shifted towards higher temperature. TL analysis showed two broad peaks following the second-order of kinetics and five traps with activation energies 1.25, 0.87, 0.75, 0.82, 1.99 eV, present in the Y doped ZnO. ConclusionsY doped ZnO is a suitable candidate for high-dose thermoluminescence dosimetry.

Effect of annealing temperature on the structural, thermoluminescent, and optical properties of naturally present salt from Lluta region of Peru

The effect of annealing temperature on the structural, thermoluminescence, and optical properties of the thermally treated naturally occurring salt from Lluta were studied. Samples were submitted to different annealing temperatures from 300 to 700 °C for 30 min. X-ray diffraction analysis of all samples was performed. The predominant crystalline phase found in the Lluta salt sample is NaCl, with minor phases (CaSO4 and Na). TL technique has been used to characterize and determine the dosimetric properties. After the thermal annealing process of samples, an increase in the TL response of up to 80 times the TL intensity of the natural sample is observed. A promising dosimetric high-temperature peak was found for the sample with an annealing temperature of 400 °C for 30 min. Besides, activation energy, frequency factor, and peak position have been determined by E-Tstop, Tm-Tstop, and deconvolution methods. The UV–Vis optical absorption of Lluta salt sample subjected to several annealing temperatures was investigated. The optical energy gap Eg was calculated using the Tauc relation and the relation between the variation of the optical band gap and the density of thermoluminescent traps was analyzed.

Effect of Radiation on Germanium Doped SiO2 Fibres

We report comparative effect of radiation on Germanium incapacitated Optical fibres and commercially available TLD-100. The experiments were carried out using Siemens linear accelerator (LINAC) Primus Multileaf Collimator (MLC) 3339 to deliver photon and electron beams. The Harshaw model 3500 TLD reader with WinREMS software were used in this experiment. Both media were irradiated with 6 x106 eV electrons and 6 x106 volts photons beam. We found a good linearity for TL dose in the range from 20 to 240 mGy. Comparative studies of these compounds indicate that the TL responses using photon and electron irradiation are similar and the average intensity is enhanced by about 1.30 times in electrons than those for photon irradiation. The information of the mini review report of this paper presents in valuable for clinical linear accelerators applications.