Doped Titanium Dioxide Research Articles

Structural and optical properties of Cu-doped Ti02

Pure and Cu:doped titanium dioxide nano-powder were prepared through a solid-state method. The dopant concentrations in atomic percentage were (0 - 7) wt% of samples Cu/Ti02. Structural properties of the samples were analyzed by XRD and revealed that all nano powders of titanium dioxide having polyc1ystalline nature. Physical and Morphological studies were conducted using scanning electronic microscope SEM to check the grain size and texture. The other properties of samples were examined using optical microscope, Lee's Disc, Shore D hardness instrnment, Fourier-transfonn infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results showed that the thermal conductivity increased with the weight fraction of Cu element increasing then decreasing.

Structural and optical properties of Cu-doped Ti02

Pure and Cu:doped titanium dioxide nano-powder were prepared through a solid-state method. The dopant concentrations in atomic percentage were (0 - 7) wt% of samples Cu/Ti02. Structural properties of the samples were analyzed by XRD and revealed that all nano powders of titanium dioxide having polyc1ystalline nature. Physical and Morphological studies were conducted using scanning electronic microscope SEM to check the grain size and texture. The other properties of samples were examined using optical microscope, Lee's Disc, Shore D hardness instrnment, Fourier-transfonn infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results showed that the thermal conductivity increased with the weight fraction of Cu element increasing then decreasing.

Structural and optical properties of Cu-doped Ti02

Pure and Cu:doped titanium dioxide nano-powder were prepared through a solid-state method. The dopant concentrations in atomic percentage were (0 - 7) wt% of samples Cu/Ti02. Structural properties of the samples were analyzed by XRD and revealed that all nano powders of titanium dioxide having polyc1ystalline nature. Physical and Morphological studies were conducted using scanning electronic microscope SEM to check the grain size and texture. The other properties of samples were examined using optical microscope, Lee's Disc, Shore D hardness instrnment, Fourier-transfonn infrared spectroscope (FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results showed that the thermal conductivity increased with the weight fraction of Cu element increasing then decreasing.

Peroxymonosulfate activation by Co@TiO2 for high-efficiency organic removals

Here we demonstrated that the Co doped anatase titanium dioxide (Co@TiO2) prepared by a facile wet chemical method could activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for efficiently degrading a wide range of refractory organic pollutants. The characterization results demonstrated that the doped Co replaced partial Ti while did not bring obvious structural change. The Co@TiO2/PMS system can efficiently remove about 100 % chlortetracycline (CTC) within 40 min and 100 % Rhodamine B (RhB) within 15 min. The Co@TiO2/PMS/CTC system maintained a good catalytic performance over a wide pH range from 3 to 11 and the removal efficiency of CTC improved with increasing pH. The Co@TiO2/PMS system had a good anti-interference ability, which was free from interference by inorganic ions (such as H2PO42-, NO3- and SO42-, etc.) and HA, and also in the different real water matrixes and refractory organic pollutants. Quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (EPR) measurements confirmed that the system had a typical radical process as hydroxyl radical (•OH), sulfate radical (SO4•−) and superoxide radical (O2•−) were the main reactive species for the degradation of CTC. Furthermore, the Co@TiO2 also showed excellent stability and low metal leaching during long-term use because of the excellent chemical and physical stability of TiO2.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Boron, Cerium, and Silver Ternary Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) Antibiotic under UV - A Irradiation

Synthesis and Evaluation of Boron, Cerium, and Silver Ternary Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Degradation of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) Antibiotic under UV - A Irradiation

In‐Plane AlN‐based Actuator: Toward a New Generation of Piezoelectric MEMS

AbstractA novel design that utilizes aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric thin films deposited on vertical surfaces for lateral motion and sensing is a step toward emerging multi‐axial microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). This work demonstrates the fabrication process and potential applications of an in‐plane moving piezoactuator. The actuator is excited using the inverse piezoelectric effect of the AlN thin film grown on the vertical surfaces of a Si cantilever. Lateral motion of the actuator is enabled when a voltage is applied between the top and bottom electrodes of the device, which are highly doped Si and titanium nitride thin film. The motion of the actuator is captured using scanning electron microscope.

Synthesis and characterization of niobium doped titanium oxide for spintronics applications

Spintronics is a promising field that involves vast applications exploiting both the intrinsic spin of the electron and its charge. Transition metal doped oxide based dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are suitable for these purposes. This work reports undoped and niobium-doped titanium oxide (XNb=0.00, 0.5% and 1 wt%) nanoparticles, synthesized by a modified hydrothermal method. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction, (XRD), which has depicted that the dopant niobium is well incorporated in the anatase titanium oxide lattices. The surface morphology of the freshly synthesized nanoparticles indicates the formation of spherical nanoparticles without any irregular structures, with good agreement of the particle sizes to the XRD results. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV) studies confirm the purity and the expected phases of the Nb doped TiO2. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies show evidence of enhanced room temperature ferromagnetism in Nb doped TiO2. The optical properties of freshly synthesized Nb doped TiO2 reveal a band gap energy of around 3.12 eV. These results authenticate a good reason for considering a dilute magnetic semiconductor exhibiting room temperature ferromagnetism for spintronics applications.

Structural Properties of Chromium (Cr)-doped Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles prepared via Sol–gel Method at Different Temperatures

Structural Properties of Chromium (Cr)-doped Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles prepared via Sol–gel Method at Different Temperatures

Dual active sites over TiO2 homojunction through tungsten doping and oxygen vacancies for enhanced photoelectrochemical properties

The introduction of dual active sites is a feasible strategy to enhance the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but rational design based on structural construction and chemical composition is still a challenge. Herein, a homojunction composed of tungsten (W) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods and oxygen vacancies modified TiO2 nanosheets is prepared via solid-state diffusion-hydrothermal method to improve the PEC activities. The TiO2 homojunction with dual active sites shows a 136 times enhancement in photocurrent density over the pristine TiO2 nanorods. PEC investigation reveals that the element W doped into the lattice of TiO2 causes the downshift of conduction band, and the formed defects state acting as the trapping sites could reduce photoinduced electron-hole pairs recombination rates. Moreover, the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone leads to the generation of oxygen vacancies within TiO2 nanosheets, which facilitates the carrier transfer, and meanwhile suppresses the charge recombination. In addition, the type-II homojunction within the hierarchical nanostructure could not only advance the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, but also provide more exposed active sites due to the enhanced specific surface area. The synergistic effect of doping, oxygen vacancies and homojunctions endows the considerably improved PEC performance.

A tapered multicore fiber sensor for measuring temperature and magnetic field

Tapered multicore fiber (TMCF) has been used to realize versatile optical fiber sensor for high sensitivity temperature and magnetic field sensing. The TMCF was melted to two multimode fibers (MMF) to sense the temperature, and the sensitivity reached up to 453.80 pm/℃ with linearity of ∼0.993. The MMF-TMCF-MMF structure was wrapped in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to measure the response of the proposed sensor to temperature. The sensitivity increased up to −693.20 pm/℃, and the linearity was 0.997. These results show that the TMCF-based sensor has a very sensitive linear response to temperature, and the PDMS enhances the temperature sensitivity. An MMF-TMCF- MMF structure was wrapped in a mixture of PDMS and iron powder of the Titanium Doped Iron Oxide (Fe2O3-Ti) to measure the response characteristics of the magnetic field, showing sensitivity at the level of ∼-0.07 dB/mT, with linearity of 0.987. An MMF-TMCF-MMF structure was wrapped in magnetic fluid used to sense the magnetic field, giving the sensitivity of 172.60 pm/mT. The versatile sensor has small structure, stable performance, and simple fabrication, and it can be used in temperature/magnetic field sensing, respectively.

Titanium doping induced the suppression of irreversible phase transformation at high voltage for V-based Phosphate Cathodes of Na-ion Batteries.

Polyanionic material, specifically the NASICON-type material, is considered a promising cathode material for Na-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its stable structure and high operating voltage. Further, it improves the energy density correlated with the well utilization of all Na in the compound. For Na3V2(PO4)2F3(NVPF), the extraction of the third Na, reported as the electrochemical inactivated, can be realized at a high voltage region while forming an irreversible tetragonal phase. In this study, we introduce Ti doping to the Na2VTi(PO4)2F3(NVTPF) material; we reveal that the Ti-doped NVTPF could effectively suppress the irreversible phase transformation, thus successfully harnessing Na in a wide voltage range. Experimental study discloses that the Ti-substituted Na2VTi(PO4)2F3 could take up the Na+ from Amam phase to Cmc21 phase between 1.0 V and 4.8 V reversibly accounting for the 2 Na+ transportation that shows favorable Na+ kinetics and structural stability. Our research provides the strategy to stabilize the polyanion structure upon charging at a high voltage range and inspires the utilization of full sodium in the polyanionic materials, which could be considered as a material design for future conventional applications.

Research progress of Fe/C doped titanium dioxide visible light photocatalytic materials

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), as a wide gap semiconductor photocatalytic material, has the characteristics of non-toxic, low cost and excellent catalytic activity. It is widely used as photocatalytic materials. Much efforts have been devoted to the Fe/C doping for TiO2 to improve its visible light response. This work reviews the research progress of Fe/C doped titanium dioxide visible light photocatalytic materials. The photocatalytic mechanism, preparation methods of doped titanium dioxide have been specifically reviewed. Finally, on the basis of the researches of our team in nonaqueous precipitation method, the preparation of Fe/C doped titanium oxide visible light photocatalytic materials by nonaqueous precipitation method is prospected.

Niobium and Fluorine Dually Doped Titanium Oxide Nanosheet Arrays for Selective Dual-Band Electrochromic Applications

Dual-band electrochromic (EC) films selectively modulating visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) light promise an attractive option for efficiently utilizing solar energy. Anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) promises dual-band EC capability; however, it suffers from the difficulty in circumventing the obstacle in the NIR region and sluggish reaction kinetics as well as poor cycling stability. In this work, 2D (Nb, F) co-doped TiO2 nanosheets (NSs) arrays are reported as an effective single-component dual-band EC material. The co-doping can induce an oriented growth of freestanding ultrathin NSs with exposed (001) facets which promote the EC reaction kinetics. The high aspect ratio and orientation of the nanosheets favor the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect triggered by electrochemical bias voltages, thus achieving independent modulation of the NIR transmittance. Three application scenarios of the NSs can be presented based on selective, efficient, and high optical modulation in the NIR and VIS regions (79.5% at 700 nm and 78.4% at 1300 nm, respectively), unprecedented fast bleaching/coloring times (3.0/8.4 s), and a long cycle life (500 cycles). Moreover, the films exhibit multi-color EC and energy storage materials. This work may provide an insight into the single-component dual-band EC mechanism of 2D TiO2 nanostructures and present promising potential for energy saving and smart display applications.

Efficient Electrochemical Oxidation of Chloramphenicol by Novel Reduced TiO2 Nanotube Array Anodes: Kinetics, Reaction Parameters, Degradation Pathway and Biotoxicity Forecast.

The key component of electrochemical advanced oxidation technology are high-efficiency anodes, and highly efficient and simple-to-prepare materials have generated a lot of interest. In this study, novel self-supported Ti3+-doped titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (R-TNTs) anodes were successfully prepared by a two-step anodic oxidation and straightforward electrochemical reduction technique. The electrochemical reduction self-doping treatment produced more Ti3+ sites with stronger absorption in the UV-vis region, a band gap reduction from 2.86 to 2.48 ev, and a significant increase in electron transport rate. The electrochemical degradation effect of R-TNTs electrode on chloramphenicol (CAP) simulated wastewater was investigated. At pH = 5, current density of 8 mA cm-2, electrolyte concentration of 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), initial CAP concentration of 10 mg L-1, CAP degradation efficiency exceeded 95% after 40 min. In addition, molecular probe experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that the active species were mainly •OH and SO4-, among which •OH played a major role. The CAP degradation intermediates were discovered using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and three possible degradation mechanisms were postulated. In cycling experiments, the R-TNTs anode demonstrated good stability. The R-TNTs prepared in this paper were an anode electrocatalytic material with high catalytic activity and stability, which could provide a new approach for the preparation of electrochemical anode materials for difficult-to-degrade organic compounds.

Regulating the Electronic Structure of Bismuth Nanosheets by Titanium Doping to Boost CO2 Electroreduction and Zn-CO2 Batteries.

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (E-CO2 RR) to formate is a promising strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the global energy crisis. Developing low-cost and environmentally friendly electrocatalysts with high selectivity and industrial current densities for formate production is an ideal but challenging goal in the field of electrocatalysis. Herein, novel titanium-doped bismuth nanosheets (TiBi NSs) with enhanced E-CO2 RR performance are synthesized through one-step electrochemical reduction of bismuth titanate (Bi4 Ti3 O12 ).We comprehensively evaluated TiBi NSs using in situ Raman spectra, finite element method, and density functional theory. The results indicate that the ultrathin nanosheet structure of TiBi NSs can accelerate mass transfer, while the electron-rich properties can accelerate the production of *CO2 - and enhance the adsorption strength of *OCHO intermediate. The TiBi NSs deliver a high formate Faradaic efficiency (FEformate ) of 96.3% and a formate production rate of 4032µmolh-1 cm-2 at -1.01V versus RHE. An ultra-high current density of -338.3mA cm-2 is achieved at -1.25versus RHE, and simultaneously FEformate still reaches more than 90%. Furthermore, the rechargeable Zn-CO2 battery using TiBi NSs as a cathode catalyst achieves a maximum power density of 1.05mW cm-2 and excellent charging/discharging stability of 27 h.

Photocatalytic degradation of four emerging antibiotic contaminants and toxicity assessment in wastewater: A comprehensive study

Excessive usage and unrestricted discharge of antibiotics in the environment lead to their accumulation in the ecosystem due to their highly stable and non-biodegradation nature. Photodegradation of four most consumed antibiotics such as amoxicillin, azithromycin, cefixime, and ciprofloxacin were studied using Cu2O–TiO2 nanotubes. Cytotoxicity evaluation of the native and transformed products was conducted on the RAW 264.7 cell lines. Photocatalyst loading (0.1–2.0 g/L), pH (5, 7 and 9), initial antibiotic load (50–1000 μg/mL) and cuprous oxide percentage (5, 10 and 20) were optimized for efficient photodegradation of antibiotics. Quenching experiments to evaluate the mechanism of photodegradation with hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were found the most reactive species of the selected antibiotics. Complete degradation of selected antibiotics was achieved in 90 min with 1.5 g/L of 10% Cu2O–TiO2 nanotubes with initial antibiotic concentration (100 μg/mL) at neutral pH of water matrix. The photocatalyst showed high chemical stability and reusability up to five consecutive cycles. Zeta potential studies confirms the high stability and activity of 10% C-TAC (Cuprous oxide doped Titanium dioxide nanotubes for Applied Catalysis) in the tested pH conditions. Photoluminescence and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy data speculates that 10% C-TAC photocatalyst have efficient photoexcitation in the visible light for photodegradation of antibiotics samples. Inhibitory concentration (IC50) interpretation from the toxicity analysis of native antibiotics concluded that ciprofloxacin was the most toxic antibiotic among the selected antibiotics. Cytotoxicity percentage of transformed products showed r: −0.985, p: 0.01 (negative correlation) with the degradation percentage revealing the efficient degradation of selected antibiotics with no toxic by-products.

Highly durable zirconium/titanium dioxide–silicon carbide photocatalytic membrane for water and wastewater treatment

Photocatalytic membrane reactors offer an effective method for wastewater treatment by coupling the filtration function of the membrane with photocatalytic activity. This study developed a zirconium doped titanium dioxide coated silicon carbide (Zr/TiO2-SiC) photocatalytic membrane, which was activated by an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED), and optimum conditions for the photocatalytic synthesis and immobilization were established. The photocatalytic membrane was applied to the degrading of genotoxic and carcinogenic rhodamine B as a typical pollutant of textile wastewater. In addition, humic acid was included, as a relatively large molecule compared to the rhodamine B, to evaluate the antifouling properties of the photocatalytic membrane. The design and operating parameters of the zirconium molar ratio, the photocatalyst loading, and the UV-LED irradiance all affected the performance of the photocatalytic membrane. The results showed that at an optimum concentration of 10 %, the zirconium doping improved the photocatalytic activity by over 20 %. There was also an optimum loading after which the photocatalytic activity decreased. A linear correlation was observed between the reaction rate constant and the irradiance, which can be used for future operation optimization. The photocatalytic membrane was studied further to investigate the durability of the photocatalyst particles attached to the membrane surface, and there was little evidence of deterioration in their photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic membrane exhibited high antifouling properties when filtering a humic acid solution in a custom-made photocatalytic membrane reactor. The results indicated that the photocatalytic membrane developed has strong potential for industrial application.

Ruthenium doping: An effective strategy for boosting nitrite electroreduction to ammonia over titanium dioxide nanoribbon array

Electrochemical reduction of nitrite (NO2–) not only removes NO2– contaminant but also produces high-added value ammonia (NH3). This process, however, needs efficient and selective catalysts for NO2−-to-NH3 conversion. In this study, Ruthenium doped titanium dioxide nanoribbon array supported on Ti plate (Ru–TiO2/TP) is proposed as an efficient electrocatalyst for the reduction of NO2− to NH3. When operated in 0.1 M NaOH containing NO2–, such Ru–TiO2/TP achieves an ultra-large NH3 yield of 1.56 mmol h−1 cm−2 and a super-high Faradaic efficiency of 98.9%, superior to its TiO2/TP counterpart (0.46 mmol h−1 cm−2, 74.1%). Furthermore, the reaction mechanism is studied by theoretical calculation.

Boosting Photocatalytic Activity Using Vanadium Doped Titanium Oxide with Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)/Semiconductor Nanocomposites

Textile waste materials are increasing day by day with the depletion of water. This increasing concentration of ions, functional groups, and ammonia present in the water as a byproduct from the industries produce toxicity. This affects the human and aquatic life. The sustainability of the materials to rule out this toxicity can be done by Reduced Graphene Oxide synthesized by modified Hummer’s method. The composite of V-doped TiO2 and RGOwas synthesized by hydrothermal method and V-doped TiO2/RGOand perfluorocarbon synthesized by sonication. Methylene blue was used as an indicator to improve the pH of the wastewater under sunlight. The product was characterized by the powder X-ray Diffraction method. It has confirmed the synthesis of the product. The ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy was employed to study the absorbance decreases with time which is the confirmation of degradation of methylene blue with time and it was clearly observed that photocatalytic activity of the product for the degradation of methylene blue which is an organic dye and hazardous to the environment. The findings obtained can be utilize for the industrial waste-water treatment with metallic ions.

Effect of titanium-doped bioactive glass on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel composites: Bioactivity, intermediate water, cell proliferation, and adhesion force

The intermediate water (IW) concept has been hypothesized to predict the biocompatibility of polymers and inorganic materials. This study, for the first time, prepared the composite biomaterials of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)/titanium-doped bioactive glasses (BGT) for bone regeneration by applying the IW concept. The homogeneous distribution of BGT and the mechanical stability of the composites were confirmed using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and rheological characterization. In vitro tests with immersion in simulated body fluid showed that titanium doping improved the biomineralization properties. The IW level ranged from 10.4 wt% with 0% titanium doped to 25.6 wt% with 7.5% titanium doped. Cell viability tests on osteosarcoma cells revealed that the growth rate increased with increasing titanium concentration, reaching up to 150%. Based on single-cell force spectroscopy, an appropriate titanium concentration for cell adhesion was estimated to be 5%. The hydrated PHEMA gels with 5% BGT exhibited a high IW level of 19.3% and less hydrophilic wettability than the gels without titanium or with 10% BGT. The IW concept proved to be useful for predicting the bone regeneration potential on the interfaces of the PHEMA/BGT composite hydrogels.