Titanium Carbide Powders Research Articles

Characterisation of AZ31/TiC composites fabricated via ultrasonic vibration assisted friction stir processing

In this study, the effect of ultrasonic vibration during Friction Stir Vibration Processing (FSVP) on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of AZ31/TiC surface composites was investigated. Specifically, Titanium Carbide (TiC) particles were introduced as a reinforcement (15 vol%) into the magnesium alloy AZ31 using both Friction Stir Processing (FSP) and FSVP. Comprehensive examinations were carried out to analyse the microstructure, hardness, and tensile behaviour of the resulting composites. The study revealed significant improvements in mechanical properties due to the application of ultrasonic vibration during FSP. Firstly, the stir zone region was found to be free from voids, enhancing material flow and promoting even dispersion of TiC powders within the matrix. Secondly, refinement of grains was observed due to dynamic recrystallization and the pinning effect imposed by TiC particles, leading to the formation of more dislocations in the composite and indicating a considerable alteration in the material’s structure. Importantly, the vibration during FSP introduced an auxiliary energy source, resulting in a remarkable enhancement in both hardness and tensile strength. Compared to the AZ31/15 vol% TiC FSP composite, the composites produced via FSVP exhibited a grain size reduction of about 64% and improvements in hardness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of about 55% and 21%, respectively. Notably, these improvements were achieved without compromising the ductility of the composite, which remained at appreciable levels.

Electric arc synthesis of titanium carbide using carbon obtained from thermal conversion of waste from the power industry

The work presents for the first time the results of obtaining titanium carbide using a vacuum-free electric arc method using various types of biocarbon obtained by classical pyrolysis of biomass waste, such as tangerine peel, pomelo peel, banana peel, pine nut shells, walnut shells. Analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized materials showed the repeatability of the experiment with the receipt of diffraction maxima indicating the formation of a cubic structure of titanium carbide. An analysis of the thermal oxidation of the resulting powders showed that up to a thousand degrees the process proceeds quite slowly, but with increasing temperature the oxidation rate increases significantly. It has been established that during thermal heating in an oxidizing environment, the mass of the studied titanium carbide powders obtained using various types of carbon increases, which is confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis.

Synthesis and Purification of Nano-sized Titanium Carbide Particles through Vacuum Carbothermal Reduction for enhanced Mechanical, Microstructural Morphology, and Tribological Properties in Friction Stir Processed A356-based Aluminum Composites

This study focused on the synthesis and purification of nano-sized titanium carbide (TiC) particles through vacuum carbothermal reduction under a hydrogen/argon atmosphere. The process involved the production of carbon-coated titanium precursors, followed by heating under vacuum conditions at 1500°C for 2.5 hours. The resulting products underwent additional treatment in either a hydrogen/argon (1:1) mixed gas or pure hydrogen gas. Experimental findings revealed that TiC powders exhibiting a single phase are obtained within a molar ratio of Ti to C ranging from 1:2 to 1:4. Adjusting the molar ratio of Ti/C in the precursors allowed for controlled variation in the particle size of the synthesized TiC powders, ranging from 50 to 80 nm. Treatment in hydrogen/argon mixed gas at 850°C for 3 hours resulted in TiC products with an impressive purity of 99.40%. The subsequent incorporation of 5% Nano-TiC-3 (Ti to C ranging from 1:3) as reinforcement into an aluminum alloy by Friction stir process technique demonstrated a remarkable 19.41% improvement in tensile strength, highlighting the efficacy of this specific reinforcement. The nano-TiC-3 reinforced composite exhibited uniform distribution without porosity. Additionally, a notable 50.81% improvement in hardness and the best wear resistance were observed for the 5% Nano-TiC-3 reinforced aluminum composite. This comprehensive study contributes valuable insights into the synthesis, purification, and application of nano-sized TiC particles, paving the way for the development of high-performance aluminum-based composites with enhanced mechanical and tribological properties.

Corrosion and erosion behaviour of TiC-TiB2 reinforced epoxy coatings

ABSTRACT This research investigates the impact of incorporating titanium carbide (TiC) and titanium diboride (TiB2) particles into epoxy coatings to enhance corrosion and erosion resistance. The targeted particles were synthesised by subjecting boron and titanium carbide powders to mechanical alloying for a duration of 20 hours. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful formation of titanium diboride and titanium carbide particles. Subsequently, ceramic particles were integrated into the epoxy at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%, and the resultant coatings were applied to steel samples through an immersion method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests on the samples demonstrated a positive influence of TiC + TiB2 particles on enhancing the corrosion resistance of the coatings, with the 15 wt.% concentration exhibiting superior corrosion resistance compared to other formulations. Employing the Box–Behnken method, 13 samples were designed and subjected to erosion testing. The findings revealed that the coating containing 15 wt.% TiC + TiB2 particles exhibited the lowest erosion rate. Moreover, an increase in the speed and angle during the erosion test correlated with a rise in the erosion rate.

Energy-efficient scientific-technological approaches to the processing of plastic waste PET, PE, PP, PS to produce hydrogen-containing gas and titanium carbide powder

The paper considers gaseous products, structure and phase composition of hard products resulting from high-temperature exothermic reactions between Ti–PET–(PE, PP, PS) system components, depending on the content of oxygen-free polymers polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) in the initial blend. It is found that the addition of PE, PP, PS polymers to the Ti–PET system increases the hydrogen content from 45 to 62 vol% and reduces the carbon monoxide content from 38 to 20 vol% in gaseous products. According to calculations, the adiabatic flame temperature of the synthesized gas in air is very close to that of pure hydrogen. The synthesized gas can therefore be used as ecological fuel for energy sources. On the other hand, oxygen-free polymers presenting in the system provide the formation of substoichiometric carbide TiC0.75. Its hardness is not lower than that of stoichiometric TiC and even exceeds widely used carbides and borides of transition metals. In addition, the agglomerate structure of synthesized TiC0.75 allows to apply it as a promising ecological basis for highly-efficient abrasive pastes, in particular for polishing and finishing fabricated metal products.

Additive Manufacturing of TiC/Steel Composites Using Electron Beam Melting and In Situ Infiltration

Cemented carbides containing titanium carbide (TiC), characterized by low specific weight, superior hardness, and excellent high‐temperature resistance, are widely used as wear‐resistant cutting tools and brake discs. Instead of using conventional powder metallurgical approaches, composites comprising TiC and stainless steel are fabricated in this study by means of an innovative method combining electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF‐EB) and in situ liquid metal infiltration. For PBF‐EB, a pure TiC powder as feedstock and a stainless steel plate as substrate are used, respectively. Owing to the high processing temperature in the hatching area, the TiC particles are inhomogeneously sintered. Simultaneously, an in situ infiltration of liquid steel into the pores between TiC particles takes place during PBF‐EB, forming a dense and crack‐free composite material containing ≈68% TiC. The electrical properties of the raw TiC powder are investigated at different temperatures to optimize the process parameters ensuring high process stability during PBF‐EB. The microstructure and mechanical properties (compression strength, hardness, and fracture toughness) of the PBF‐EB‐produced TiC/steel composite are analyzed.

Tribological and Structural Effects of Titanium Carbide and Hexagonal Boron Nitride Reinforcement on Aluminum Matrix Hybrid Composites

This research involves the synthesis of a hybrid composite by adding titanium carbide (TiC) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) powders in certain weight ratios (2.5–5%) to pure aluminum (Al) powder. When previous studies were examined, it was seen that TiC and hBN powders were added separately to Al matrix powders; however, a hybrid composite was not produced as in this study. The obtained hybrid composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Microstructure, hardness and wear tests were carried out under 3 different loads (10 N, 20 N and 30 N) and dry conditions. Weight loss and coefficient of friction measurements were obtained for each hybrid composite during the wear tests. The TiC–hBN-reinforced specimen exhibited a significantly higher hardness value of 37.08% compared to the pure Al composite. It was also found that the synthesized Al–TiC–hBN hybrid composite exhibited a 59% reduction in the wear loss value for 10 N load, 30% for 20 N load and 60% for 30 N load compared to the pure Al sample. It is believed that the hybrid composites produced in this study have the ability to compete with Al matrix materials and exhibit the potential for longer durability and cost reduction in industries that use the production of aluminum parts.

Exploring the impact of pH and temperature on TiC nanopowders syntesized via sol-gel and subsequent crystallization by carbothermal reduction method

In the present study, titanium carbide powders with suitable morphology and nanometer particle size were synthesized by the sol–gel method to investigate the parameters affecting the properties of sol and the final powder. The initial sol was prepared in a four-component system of alkoxide-water-alcohol-citric acid based on the chemical process of sol–gel. The study of sol properties showed that pH was the most important factor in the control of sol conditions and particle size so that at low pHs, due to low concentration of OH− ions and reduced viscosity, it was easier to control the particles size. Accordingly, the results of the Dynamics Light Scattering (DLS) showed that at low pHs, the particles size was below 10 nm. According to the zeta potential diagram and by examining the conditions of sol at different pHs, 4.5 was determined as the optimal pH and to prevent the bonding of particles within the sol, ammonium polycarboxylate dispersant was used. The temperature at which particles were formed was determined using Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TG). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed the presence of a completely amorphous phase at 700 °C. It was also observed that with increasing temperature, TiC crystallization started from 1200 °C and ended at 1400 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs at 1400 °C showed the completely spherical morphology of particles of nanometer size so that no agglomerate was observed.

Структура и прочность пористых материалов на основе порошков карбида титана разной дисперсности

Materials with porosity from 67.5 to 82.5 % were obtained from mixtures of titanium carbide powders and ammonium bicarbonate blowing agent by sintering in vacuum at temperatures of 1300 – 1500 °C. X-ray phase analysis of porous materials found that the crystal lattice parameter decreases with increasing sintering temperature. This indicates a decrease in the content of bound carbon C/Ti in titanium carbide. As a result of a comparative study of the obtained according to bending test strength characteristics of materials synthesized from nano- and submicron titanium carbide powders, it was found that the strength have close values. Ultimate bending strength are in the range of 2.6 – 18.1 MPa. As the porosity of the material increases, the tensile strength decreases. Fracture is brittle. In the fracture of materials obtained from titanium carbide nanopowder, destruction is observed both along the body and along the grain boundaries regardless of the sintering temperature. In materials obtained by sintering submicron titanium carbide powder at 1500 °C, the destruction occurs predominantly along the body of the grains. It has been found that under the same sintering conditions, the density of the porous material made of titanium carbide nanopowder is higher than that of the material made of submicron powder.

The morphology of the powder contained in solid alloy used to crush underground resources

The widespread introduction of science into the production around the world, new technologies and devices are entering the industry, and this is the reason for the increase in the volume of mining of underground resources and obtaining new alloys. This article presents the scientific and practical research conducted on the properties of the powders that make up the details of the hard alloy-based device used in crushing and drilling underground resources. The morphology of ultra-disperse titanium carbide powders was studied to strengthen tungsten, carbon, and binder cobalt selected as raw materials. Ultradisperse titanium carbide powders produced at Shanghai Feiyan Industrial Development Co., Ltd. were selected. Studies conducted on the surface morphology of ultradisperse titanium carbide powders have shown that ultra-disperse titanium carbide powders have a very uniform and flat structure. Although the surface morphology at x50,000 magnification appears to contain particles approximately 100–150 nm in size, upon closer inspection of x100,000 and x150,000 images, they are monolithic. It can be seen that they are not particles.

Direct detection of dithiocarbamate fungicides by SALDI/MS using porous TiC ceramic powder as a substrate.

Dithiocarbamate fungicides (DTCs) have been widely used all over the world. Some of them show toxicities, such as growth toxicity and teratogenicity. Therefore, the analysis of DTCs in environments or crops is very significant. However, their direct and individual analysis was difficult, because most of them are metal complex compounds and have macromolecular properties and a low solubility in water or organic solvents. In the conventional analytical methods for DTCs, the total amount of DTCs was obtained by the quantification of the derivatives of the ligand or by measuring the carbon disulfide formed by the decomposition of the fungicides. Surface assisted laser desorption (SALDI)/MS can detect various compounds, such as metal complexes and macromolecules, present in a nanostructured substrate. The porous titanium carbide (TiC) ceramic powder shows adsorptive properties to various substances and can be used as a substrate for SALDI/MS. In this study, a method for the individual and direct detection of dithiocarbamate pesticides by SALDI/MS using porous TiC ceramics as a substrate has been developed. The dithiocarbamate fungicide was mixed with the porous TiC powder in a mortar, and the mixture was analyzed by SALDI/MS. The deprotonated ion of the ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate complex, mancozeb or zineb, was detected in the negative ion mode. For the dimethyldithiocarbamate complexes, ferbam and ziram, the ion of the eliminated dithiocarbamate ligand was detected in the positive ion mode. Calibration curves by the present method for Manzeb showed good linearity by using an internal standard material. Based on these results, we concluded that this method is useful for the analysis of DTCs.

Microstructural Modification of Cold-Sprayed Ti-Cr3C2 Composite Coating by Laser Remelting

Laser processing is an effective post-treatment method for modifying the structure and improving the properties of cold-sprayed coatings. In the present work, the possibility of fabricating a hard and wear-resistant Ti-based cermet coating by cold spray followed by laser remelting was studied. A mixture of titanium and chromium carbide powders in a ratio of 60/40 wt.% was deposited by cold spray onto a titanium alloy substrate, which ensured the formation of a composite coating with a residual chromium carbide content of about 12–13 wt.%. The optimal values of laser beam power (2 kW) and scanning speed (75 mm/s) leading to the qualitative fusion of the coating with the substrate with minimal porosity and absence of defects were revealed. The microstructure and phase composition of as-sprayed and remelted coatings were examined with SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. It was shown that the phase composition of the as-sprayed coating did not change compared to the feedstock mixture, while the remelted coating was transformed into a β-Ti(Cr) solid solution with uniformly distributed nonstoichiometric TiCx particles. Due to the change in microstructure and phase composition, the remelted coating was characterized by an attractive combination of higher microhardness (437 HV0.1) and lower specific wear rate (0.25 × 10−3 mm3/N × m) under dry sliding wear conditions compared to the as-sprayed coating and substrate. Laser remelting of the coating resulted in a change in the dominant wear mechanism from oxidative–abrasive to oxidative–adhesive with delamination.

Structure, Phase Composition, and Hardness of Ni3Al–TiC Composite Fabricated by Thermal Explosion of Nickel, Aluminum, and Titanium Carbide Powder Mixture

Structure, Phase Composition, and Hardness of Ni3Al–TiC Composite Fabricated by Thermal Explosion of Nickel, Aluminum, and Titanium Carbide Powder Mixture

One-Dimensional, Titania Lepidocrocite-Based Nanofilaments and Their Polysulfide Anchoring Capabilities in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

The high theoretical energy density of metal-sulfur batteries compared to their lithium-ion counter parts renders sulfur-based electrode chemistries attractive. Additionally, sulfur is relatively abundant and environmentally benign. Yet, issues like the low conductivity of sulfur, polysulfide (PS) formation, and shuttling have hindered the development of sulfur chemistries. Here, we react titanium carbide powders with tetramethylammonium hydroxide ammonium salts at 50 °C for 5 days and convert them into one dimensional, titania-based lepidocrocite (1DL) nanofilaments (NFs) using our facile bottom-up approach. This simple and scalable approach led to better electrode functionalization, facile tunability, and a higher density of active sites. The 1DL NFs self-assembled into a variety of microstructures─from individual 1DL NFs with minimal cross sections ≈5 × 7 Å2 to 2D flakes to mesoscopic particles. A composite was made with a 1:1 weight ratio of sulfur and 1DL NFs, which were hand-ground, mixed with carbon black and binder in a weight ratio of 70:20:10, respectively. We obtained a specific capacity of 750 mA h g-1 at 0.5C for 300 cycles. The 1DL NFs that, in this case assembled into 2D layers, trapped the polysulfides, PSs, by forming thiosulfate species and Lewis acid-base interactions with the Ti, as confirmed by post-mortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These interactions were also confirmed by PS adsorption via UV-vis spectroscopy and shuttle current measurements that showed lower PS shuttling in the 1DL NFs cells.

Production of Titanium Carbide Powder in Atmospheric Arc Discharge Plasma and Sintering of Volume Sample of Carbide Ceramics on Its Basis

Production of Titanium Carbide Powder in Atmospheric Arc Discharge Plasma and Sintering of Volume Sample of Carbide Ceramics on Its Basis

RESTORATION OF A STEAM TURBINE BLADE BY ARC WELDING WITH ORIENTATION OF ZONES OF INCREASED HARDNESS

Turbine blades are characterized by abrasive wear and erosion by solid particles. Features of wear of these elements are its rapid development and unevenness. The consequences of this are a decrease in spalling, a decrease in its cost-effectiveness, and a shortening of the inter-repair period. As a way to avoid uneven wear of the blade surface, it looks like the deposition of metal layers with the orientation of zones of increased hardness. From the literature data and the experience of previous studies, it is known about the positive effect of carbides on the wear resistance of the deposited metal. Taking into account the fact that the turbine blades are made of steels 30ХГСА, 20Х2, 10ХСНД, it was decided to investigate the effect of local preliminary application of carbides on surfacing with materials corresponding to these steels in composition. Surfacing was performed with Veltek-450 HG and Veltek H-50 wires with a diameter of 2 mm, as well as with Plan T-201 tape with a width of 10 mm and a thickness of 3.2 mm, using a UD-249 device in an argon environment. Titanium and boron carbide powders mixed with GF-021 primer were used as strengtheners. Through metallographic research, it was established that the most striking signs of dissolution of carbides are observed when surfacing with Veltek H-460G wire. From the point of view of the properties of the deposited layers, the combination of Veltek H-460G wire with B4C can be considered the most effective of those considered. This is due to the fact that the lower layer deposited with B4C application is more ductile (398 HB), and the upper one is harder (464 HB), which has a favorable effect on the occurrence of tensile stresses. Layers with the orientation of zones of increased hardness should be placed transversely to the movement of abrasive particles and the direction of crack development. It is expected that the arrangement of zones of greater hardness in this way will contribute to a decrease in the intensity of cracking. And zones of lower hardness, in turn, will restrain the development of cracks due to their greater plasticity.

Development, characterization, and cavitation erosion analysis of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed TiC and (70Cu-30Ni)-Cr based composite coatings on SS316 steel

A novel composite coating was developed by depositing powders of Titanium Carbide (TiC) with Cupronickel (70Cu-30Ni) and Chromium (Cr) as binders onto SS316 steel specimens using the High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) process. The developed coatings were characterized using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and their surface hardness, surface roughness, and porosity were evaluated. The cavitation erosion resistance of the coated and uncoated specimens was tested using a High Stream Water Jet Rig under varying impingement conditions. Coating with TiC+ 50% (70Cu-30Ni)-Cr exhibited better resistance to induced pressure waves than any other proportion of coatings, due to their intermediate hardness and better damping effect. Further, a mixed mode of failure was observed in the TiC+ 50%(70Cu-30Ni)-Cr coating.

Experimental Investigation on Surface Characteristics of Nickel-Based Super Alloy in Powder Mixed Electric Discharge Machining

Abstract: Electrical discharge machining behavior of nickel based super alloy using titanium carbide powder mixed dielectric fluid turned into studied. Experiments were completed consistent with face centered central composite design. The addition of powder particles in suspension in the dielectric modifies some process variables and creates hard and brittle materials with nano surface finish, high tolerance and accuracy to achieve a material removal rate increase. The effect of input parameters such as current, pulse on-time and flushing pressure on the output responses like material removal rate and tool wear rate are evaluated. Dielectric fluid used in this experiment was kerosene mixed with titanium carbide powder.

Исследование фазового состава и микроструктуры сложного карбида (Ti, W)C, полученного электроимпульсным плазменным спеканием порошков WC и TiC

The possibility of low-temperature in-situ synthesis of (Ti, W)C ceramics from plasma-chemical nanopowders of tungsten carbide and commercial micron-sized titanium carbide powders has been demonstrated. Sintering/synthesis of WC – (25, 50, 75) wt. % TiC ceramics was carried out by spark plasma sintering (SPS) by heating powders at a rate of 50 °C/min in vacuum under conditions of application of a voltage of 70 MPa, to a temperature of more than 1200 °C. It has been established that the synthesis proceeds most efficiently in nanopowders with the addition of 50 and 75 wt. % TiC. It is shown that the joint application of plasma-chemical synthesis of nanopowders and the SPS method makes it possible to obtain fine-grained ceramics with increased density and satisfactory mechanical properties (Vickers hardness 17 – 18 GPa, minimum crack resistance coefficient according to Palmquist ~ 3 MPa·m1/2).

Fabrication of Al-TiC Composites by Three-Step Powder Metallurgy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Owing to improving the mechanical properties, titanium carbide (TiC) strengthened Al-TiC composites were fabricated by three-step powder metallurgy (PM). A dense microstructure was obtained because of the small size TiC, which fills the inter-particle space. The porosity of Al-TiC composites was decreased from 5.16 to 1.52% due to the inclusion of TiC powder. The mechanical properties of Al-TiC composites improved because of effective necking of matrix (i.e., Al and TiC) particles. The Al-TiC30 composite exhibits enhanced mechanical properties (i.e., yield strength: 176.28 MPa, compressive strength: 301.57 MPa and hardness: 38.8 HRC) than the mechanical properties of unalloyed Al. The enhanced physical and mechanical properties of Al-TiC composites made them promising for automobile and aerospace applications.