Titan Yellow Research Articles

Multifunctional smart engineering nano magnetic materials with ultrahigh synergetic adsorption-photocatalytic performance

Water contamination by organic dyes is a severe environmental and health issue requiring a sustainable remedial solution. Among different acid dyes, the Acid Violet-19 (AV-19) extensively used for the coloring of fabrics has toxic and carcinogenic effects, which need to be effectively treated with state-of-the-art photocatalysts and techniques. In the present work, a series of nanomagnetic spinel ferrites (MFe2O4: M = Mg, Ca, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cd) were synthesized for dye remediation through a facile combustion route. The synthesis involved the pioneering use of DL-Glutamic acid as a fuel due to low ignition temperatures (200–250 °C), cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility. The nanomagnetic particles with d90 < 200 nm and crystallite sizes lower than 50 nm were synthesized, exhibiting strong superparamagnetic properties and high surface areas. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited ultrahigh adsorptive elimination and superior photocatalytic degradation of AV-19 under high concentration (250 and 100 mg/L) conditions. High monolayer absorbance capacities of 3905, 1061, and 814 mg/g were achieved for CaFe2O4, MgFe2O4, and CdFe2O4. The AV-19 elimination is well described by the Langmuir isotherm and second-order kinetic model. The dipole-dipole and Yoshida H-bonding interactions are the proposed adsorption mechanisms. The ZnFe2O4 showed exceptionally high photocatalytic dye degradation (∼ 100 % within 1 h), with the first-order kinetic rate constant being 0.063 min−1 at a photocatalyst dose of 0.1 g/L. The synthesized catalyst also showed high removal-degradation efficiency against different cationic and anionic dyes, including Malachite green, crystal violet, and Titan yellow. The solution pH showed an insignificant effect on the synergetic adsorption and photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MFe2O4. The present study shows that synthesized magnetic nanoparticles through the facile combustion route effectively eradicate the dye pollutants from wastewater.

Exploring the anticancer potency and photocatalytic efficiency of bio-derived CuO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extract

Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized by a simple one-pot synthesis process using leaf extract from Moringa oleifera. A range of analytical methods were utilized to examine the physicochemical characteristics of CuO NPs in their prepared state. The existence of CuO nanoparticles is strongly suggested by the finding of a maximal absorption peak at 293 nm, which was then used to calculate the band gap energy (3.82 eV). The produced CuO NPs had a d-spacing value of 0.215 nm and an assessed crystalline size of approximately 21 nm, indicating good crystallinity. The EDAX spectrum confirms that the produced CuO NPs have a clearly aggregated structure and remarkable elemental purity. These data compellingly demonstrate the effectiveness of our preparatory strategy. Additionally, MCF7 and A549 breast and lung cancer cells were used to test the produced CuO NPs' potential for in vitro anticancer activities. These results demonstrated that different concentrations of CuO nanoparticles exhibited significant and proportionate toxicity toward the evaluated cell lines, underscoring its potential as an effective cancer-fighting strategy. Additionally, under UV light, the as-prepared CuO NPs were used to break down the dyes malachite green (MG) and titan yellow (TY). According to the present results, there was a discernible degree of degradation of 84.7 % and 79.03 % for MG and TY, respectively in basic medium at the 140th and 110th minute. The alignment of first order and 0th order kinetics for MG and TY dyes, respectively, was confirmed when the obtained data were later further examined for the reaction kinetic studies. In addition to being a powerful tool for developing novel treatments for lung and breast cancer, the produced CuO NPs can also be used to break down dangerous cationic and anionic dyes.

Corrosion inhibitive effect of organic dyestuffs towards API 5L X56 steel and its structural features evaluation

This paper presents a report on the corrosion resistance behaviour of organic corrosion inhibitors like titan yellow (1) and hydroxyl naphthol blue (2) on API 5L X56 steel in 3.5% NaCl as a corrosive medium. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarisation methods were used in the investigation. The protective film-forming tendency of inhibitor 1 and 2 on steel surfaces was confirmed from scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The quantity of metallic iron dissolved in the corroding medium was validated through inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The adsorption behaviour of inhibitors 1 and 2 on steel surfaces in a corrosive environment follows the Langmuir isotherm. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarisation results indicate that both 1 and 2 act as inhibitors in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Further, an increase in the water contact angle as well as a decrease in iron content in the solution by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry explains the corrosion resistance behaviour of the steel towards the protection of underground pipelines, and industrial equipment.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Carbonate Hydrotalcites (NiAl-HT, CoAl-HT, and NiCoAl-HT), and Its Application for Removal of the Anionic Azo Dye Titan Yellow from Aqueous Solution

This work focuses on studying the removal of Titan Yellow (TY) dye, which is a water pollutant using three matrices of layered double hydroxide (LDHs; M+2Al-HT), with M+2 = Ni, Co, or NiCo were synthesized using the co-precipitation technique in a solution with a constant pH. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the formed solids shows that the synthesized phase is the LDH type with the average interlamellar distance (dspacing ≈ 7.595 Å). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra were compared, before and after adsorption, confirming the displacement of the carbonated interlayers and confirmed the presence of the S=O bond in the dye under study. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG/DTG) shows temperatures of decarbonation of the LDHs. The BET specific surface areas of NiAl-HT, NiCoAl-HT, and CoAl-HT were found equal to 156.819 m2∙g−1, 142.72 m2∙g−1, and 56.98 m2∙g−1, respectively, and the SEM-EDX micrographs results confirmed the creation of the hydrotalcite type material. The UV–visible study of the adsorption of TY is performed by varying different parameters such as pH of the solution, mass, contact time, and temperature. The obtained isotherms from this kinetic study show that the adsorption of TY dye is more efficient in NiAl-HT. It can, therefore, be stated that the adsorption process of TY is endothermic and spontaneous. The results of this study could be extended to other anionic azo dyes having similar chemical structures.

Thermo-Chemical Modification of Cellulose for the Adsorptive Removal of Titan Yellow from Wastewater.

This research work focuses on the isolation and thermo-chemical modification of cellulose and its application as an adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants. The used cellulose was collected from a locally available plant (Olive Europa) commonly called Zaitoon. The stem branches of Zaitoon were collected and then kept in water for 40-45 days at room temperature to extract the cellulose fibers. These cellulose fibers were then kept in the Soxhlet apparatus for washing in n-hexane for 72 h. The purified cellulose was divided into three parts: one part was subjected to thermal activation (TAC), the second was modified chemically (CMC) with Benzyl Chloride, while the last one remained un-functionalized (UFC). All the three forms of cellulose were characterized via FTIR and SEM, then utilized for the removal of Titan Yellow (TY) dye from aqueous media via adsorption process by varying the contact time, temperature, concentration of dye and type, and dose of adsorbent. The adsorption efficiencies of all adsorbents were compared under different experimental variables. Thermally activated cellulose showed the best results for the removal of TY compared with other materials. The calculated removal percentage of TY was found to be 97.69, 94.83, 94.83, and 98% under equilibrium conditions of contact time, temperature, adsorbent dose, and TY concentration. Similarly, the uptake capacities of TAC under optimal experimental conditions were found to be 19.56, 18.96, 18.52, and 18.75 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies of TAC, CMC, and UFC showed that the values of ΔG are negative, while those of ΔH and ΔS are positive in all cases and at all temperatures. This indicates that the TY elimination process is endothermic and spontaneous with an entropy-driven nature. The obtained results indicate that the as-fabricated low-cost biomaterials can effectively remove dyes from wastewater through physicochemical interactions. The removal process was influenced by the nature of the adsorbent and the operating variables.

Alkaline ball-milled peanut-hull biosorbent effectively removes aqueous organic dyes

Advanced biosorbents increasingly attract attention for their application in environment remediation. Here, a facile one-step approach to alkaline ball milling was used to synthesize a porous peanut hull biosorbent without heating. The alkaline ball-milled peanut-hull (ABP) biosorbent was characterized for its ability to remove Congo red (CR), titan yellow (TY), and methyl violet (MV) from aqueous solutions. ABP processed abundant O-containing functional groups and developed porosity, resulting in maximum sorption capacities of 4864.4 (CR), 455.9 (TY), and 126.1 (MV) mg g−1. Freundlich isotherm and PSO kinetic models best fit the anionic dye's (CR and TY) adsorption by ABP, indicating multiple mechanisms might control the adsorption process. Freundlich and PFO kinetics models best described cationic MV adsorption by ABP, suggesting the adsorption of cationic dye could also be governed by multi-mechanisms but less heterogeneous than that of anionic dye. The results suggest that alkaline ball-milling is promising approach to converting biomass into advanced biosorbents for organic dyes, especially anionic ones.

Titan Yellow and Congo Red Removal with Superparamagnetic Iron-Oxide-Based Nanoparticles Doped with Zinc

In this work, we present magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxide doped with zinc synthesized using the wet co-precipitation method for environmental application. The morphology of the samples was revealed by SEM and TEM, which showed particles of granular shape and size of about 15 nm. The specific surface areas of the materials using the BET method were within the range of 85.7 to 101.5 m2 g−1 depending on the zinc content in the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Magnetometry was performed to determine the magnetic properties of the particles, indicating superparamagnetism. Synthesized magnetic nanoparticles with different amounts of zinc dopant were used as an adsorbent to remove model pollutant Titan yellow (TY) from the aqueous solutions. Adsorption was determined by investigating the effects of sorbent amount, dye concentration, and contact time. The synthesized material removed Titan yellow quickly and efficiently within the physical adsorption. The adsorption isotherms were consistent with the models proposed by Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson. The monolayer adsorption capacities were 30 and 43 mg g−1 for Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@10%Zn, respectively, for the removal of TY. However, that of Congo red is 59 mg g−1 by Fe3O4@10%Zn. The proposed nanoparticles offer fast and cost-effective water purification, and they can be separated from solution using magnets.

Electrochemical Determination of Riboflavin using a Poly(Titan Yellow) Modified Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode in the Presence of Dopamine

AbstractThe bare carbon nanotube paste electrode (BCNTPE) is a helpful base material for the construction of different electrometric sensors for analytical purposes. The BCNTPE was chemically modified with a polymerization process using titan yellow (TY) dye for the selective determination of riboflavin (RF) in presence of dopamine (DA). A poly(titan yellow) modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode (PTYMCNTPE) has been constructed by a simple and eco‐friendly procedure. The PTYMCNTPE material surface was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. The outcomes suggested that the modified electrode displays high electrocatalytic action for the redox reaction of RF. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the detection of RF were found to be 2.679×10−8 M and 8.932×10−8 M, correspondingly. The proposed sensor was effectively applied for the determination of RF in a pharmaceutical sample.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic P(AAm-AETAC) Hydrogels, and Their Uses in Adsorption of Titan Yellow

In this study, a new cationic P(AAm-AETAC) hydrogels were prepared by a radical addition reaction in aqueous solution with acrylamide and [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride) comonomers in the presence of ethylene glycolmethacrylate. Hydrogels were characterized by spectroscopic, surface, and thermal analysis. The hydrogel does not undergo any structural degradation with the effect of heat up to 250 oC.The adsorption of titan yellow from aqueous solution to the newly prepared cationic hydrogels was evaluated by Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherms. The dye adsorption to hydrogels prepared from adsorption isotherms was L type according to the Giles adsorption isotherms. It was determined that the adsorption of titan yellow to the hydrogels prepared from the RL values calculated for a concentration of 500 mg L-1 titan yellow was favorable. The dye removal efficiency of the hydrogel from the aqueous solution was found to be about 98%. As a result, it can be said that the cationic P(AAm-AETAC) hydrogel, which is prepared at a low cost, can provide a high amount of removal in the adsorption of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions.

Synthesis of magnetic nano-NiFe2O4 with the assistance of ultrasound and its application for photocatalytic degradation of Titan Yellow: Kinetic and isotherm studies

Textile industries wastewaters lead to the production of great volumes of color and hazardous material pollution. A photocatalytic degradation is an approach that provides the chance to reduce organic pollutants like dye-containing effluents. The main aim of the present study was to prepare mixed-metal-oxide of NiFe2O4 magnetic in the presence of octanoic acid using the co-precipitation technique as an efficient photocatalyst for photodegradation of Titan Yellow (TY) from an aqueous medium. Various methods, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and x-ray diffraction patterns were employed to characterize the prepared photocatalyst. The magnetic characterization of the synthesized photocatalyst was also evaluated utilizing a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Photocatalytic properties of nanocatalyst for the photodegradation of TY from aqueous solution were assessed by studying influential parameters, such as concentration of the dye (10 mg/L), the temperature of the solution (40 °C), amount of catalyst (10 mg), time of irradiance of UV light (20 min), and solution pH = 5. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics models evaluations were demonstrated that the process of adsorption was well matched by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at 19.193 mg/g by the Langmuir model. The results depicted that NiFe2O4 nanocatalyst has a satisfactory performance in photodegradation of dye pollutants under UV light.

Preparation of biosorbent for the removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution via one-step alkaline ball milling of hickory wood

Biosorbent has attracted considerable attention recently for use in environment remediation and pollution control. Here, a simple and efficient method of one-step alkaline ball milling was designed to prepare porous hickory biosorbent without any thermal treatments. The products were characterized for their ability to remove methyl violet (MV) and titan yellow (TY) organic dyes from aqueous solutions. The one-step alkaline ball milled hickory (OABMH) biosorbent exhibited mesoporous microstructure, homogeneous morphology, and a diversity of oxygen-containing functional groups. Furthermore, OABMH could sorb 212.2 mg g−1 MV and 5.6 mg g−1 TY polar dyes, respectively, mainly through the surface complexation mechanism. Freundlich adsorption isotherm and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models best described MV adsorption by OABMH biosorbents. The results indicate that one-step alkaline ball milling technique is an efficient and economical approach for converting biomass into advanced biosorbents for environment remediation and water treatment.

Synthesis of hickory biochar via one-step acidic ball milling: Characteristics and titan yellow adsorption

Biochar has attracted considerable attentions for its potential in many environmental and industrial applications. Here, a novel facile and efficient one-step acidic ball milling approach was designed to fabricate a porous biochar directly from hickory wood without any external heat treatment. After characterization, the biochar was tested for its ability to remove Titan Yellow (TY) organic dye from aqueous solution. Compared to the pristine ball milled biomass (BMB), the acidic ball milled biochar (ABMB) had a greater degree of carbonization and a larger diversity of oxygen-containing functional groups. As a result, the ABMB sorbed 23 times more TY dye than BMB (maximum sorption capacities of 182.3 and 8.1 mg g−1, respectively). Freundlich isotherm and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models best described the TY adsorption by ABMB and BMB. The results suggest that the one-step acidic ball milling method has great potential as a convenient and efficient approach to convert biomass to biochar with excellent characteristics for environmental remediation and perhaps water treatment applications.

Antibacterial Therapy by Ag+ Ions Complexed with Titan Yellow/Congo Red and Albumin during Anticancer Therapy of Urinary Bladder Cancer.

According to the World Health Organization report, the increasing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is one of the biggest global health problems. The percentage of bacterial strains showing multidrug resistance (MDR) to commonly used antibiotics is growing rapidly. Therefore, the search for alternative solutions to antibiotic therapy has become critical to combat this phenomenon. It is especially important as frequent and recurring infections can cause cancer. One example of this phenomenon is urinary tract infections that can contribute to the development of human urinary bladder carcinoma. This tumor is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in humans. It occurs almost three times more often in men than in women, and in terms of the number of cases, it is the fifth malignant neoplasm after prostate, lung, colon, and stomach cancer. The risk of developing the disease increases with age. Despite the improvement of its treatment methods, the current outcome in the advanced stages of this tumor is not satisfactory. Hence, there is an urgent need to introduce innovative solutions that will prove effective even in the advanced stage of the disease. In our study, a nanosystem based on ionic silver (Ag+) bound to a carrier—Titan yellow (TY) was analyzed. The possibility of binding the thus formed TY-Ag system to Congo red (CR) and albumin (BSA) was determined. TY-Ag binding to CR provides for better nanosystem solubility and enables its targeted intracellular transport and binding to immune complexes. The binding of TY-Ag or CR-TY-Ag to albumin also protects the system against the uncontrolled release of silver ions. It will also allow the delivery of silver in a targeted manner directly to the desired site in the case of intravenous administration of such a system. In this study, the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) values of the TY-Ag or BSA-TY-Ag systems were determined in two reference strains (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). The paper presents nanosystems with a size of about 40–50 nm, with an intense antibacterial effect obtained at concentrations of 0.019 mM. We have also discovered that TY-Ag free or complexed with BSA (with a minimal Ag+ dose of 15–20 μM) inhibited cancer cells proliferation. TY-Ag complex diminished migration and effectively inhibited the T24 cell viability and induced apoptosis. On the basis of the obtained results, it has been shown that the presented systems may have anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties at the same time. TY-Ag or BSA-TY-Ag are new potential drugs and may become in future important therapeutic compounds in human urinary bladder carcinoma treatment and/or potent antimicrobial factors as an alternative to antibiotics.

Electro-Polymerized Titan Yellow Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Analysis of Curcumin

A modest, efficient, and sensitive chemically modified electrode was fabricated for sensing curcumin (CRC) through an electrochemically polymerized titan yellow (TY) modified carbon paste electrode (PTYMCPE) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) approaches were used for CRC detection. PTYMCPE interaction with CRC suggests that the electrode exhibits admirable electrochemical response as compared to bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). Under the optimized circumstances, a linear response of the electrode was observed for CRC in the concentration range 2 × 10−6 M to 10 × 10−6 M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10.94 × 10−7 M. Moreover, the effort explains that the PTYMCPE electrode has a hopeful approach for the electrochemical resolution of biologically significant compounds. Additionally, the proposed electrode has demonstrated many advantages such as easy preparation, elevated sensitivity, stability, and enhanced catalytic activity, and can be successfully applied in real sample analysis.

Degradation of Titan Yellow Using ZnO/Ag Embedded with Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;Nanoparticles Under Visible Light-Induced

The Fe3O4/ZnO/Ag nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized, and the material was applied as a photocatalyst to degrade titan yellow. The Fe3O4 was synthesized through sono-coprecipitation method using NH4OH as a precipitating agent. The synthesized ZnO/Ag was performed via coprecipitation method using ethylene glycol, zinc acetate, and silver nitrate as a reagent. This study investigated several parameters, such as the effect of time reaction, equilibrium state, and material responsiveness under visible light irradiation. The XRD measurement indicated the presence of ZnO, Ag, and Fe3O4, whereas the TEM image displayed the photocatalyst had a nanosized particle with approximately 17 nm. The photocatalyst activity has shown the equilibrium process at 60 minutes. The highest degradation (up to 90%) of titan yellow was achieved by Fe3O4/ZnO/Ag nanocomposite. The reusability test showed that Fe3O4/ZnO/Ag nanocomposite had high stability and could be used up to three times.

Simultaneous Determination and Optimization of Titan Yellow and Reactive Blue 4 Dyes Removal Using Chitosan@hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites

Chitosan (CS) and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites have been prepared and used for the simultaneous removal of Titan Yellow (TY) and Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) dyes from aqueous solutions in single and binary batch systems. Chitosan@hydroxyapatite nanocomposites (NCs) were characterized by diverse techniques such as EDX, FTIR, TGA, and FESEM. Derivative spectrophotometry (DS) was developed to the determination of TY and RB 4 in two-compound mixtures employing the ‘zero-crossing’ technique. The influence of operational variables (such as sorbent mass, contact time, pH, and initial concentration of dyes) on the dyes adsorption is evaluated. A response surface methodology based on a Hybrid central composite design is used to optimize the removal of dyes by CS@HA NCs through a batch adsorption process. In optimum conditions (pH = 4, sorbent dosage = 0.03 g TY (initial TY concentration) = 1100 mg L−1 and RB 4 (initial RB 4 concentration) = 950 mg L−1), the maximum uptake capacities of dyes were obtained 170.7 and 118.4 mg g−1 for TY and RB 4 dyes, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model was convenient for elucidating the dye adsorption process in both single and binary solutions. The adsorption kinetics of both TY and RB 4 dyes were in best correlation with pseudo 2nd order model. The thermodynamic calculations elaborated that the adsorption of TY and RB 4 dyes was endothermic and spontaneous.

Magnesium Sorption onto Titan Yellow Supported on Classic Thiourea-Formaldehyde Resin

Magnesium is a common water hardness source. This divalent ion can react with soap anions that reduce cleaning efficiency, resulting in high detergent consumption. The development of new low-cost metal removal adsorbents has attracted a great deal of attention. Here the adsorption behavior and the underlying kinetics of magnesium sorption on Titan yellow (TY) supported on thiourea-formaldehyde resin (TF) was investigated. The results of analyzing sorption behavior showed that the sorption environment had different effects on the sorption of Mg(II) ions. It could be found that the initial pH had the best sorption effect on Mg(II) ions, the equilibrium is reached within 115-120 min and the kinetic profiles are simulated by the pseudo-second-order rate equation (PSORE). The maximum adsorption capacity of Mg was 19.45 mg g−1 at initial pH = 10.5. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum sorption capacity of Mg(II) ions reaches up to 19.45 mg g−1. Therefore, TF-TY was found to be an efficient adsorbent for Mg(II) removal from water.

Ferroelectric and photocatalytic behavior of Mn- and Ce-doped BaTiO3 nanoceramics prepared by chemical route

Partially doping of Ce and Mn at Ba and Ti site of BaTiO3 was done to study the dielectric and impedance behavior of Ba1−xCexTi1−xMnxO3 (x = 0.1, abbreviated as BCTM0.1) ceramics. We approach through chemical method to prepare a homogeneous nanosized material. The materials have 10.87 nm, 9.70 nm average crystallite and particle size respectively. The X-ray diffraction and Raman and EDX studies were employed to identify the phase purity and composition. Ferroelectric property was studied at a function of frequency and temperature. The relaxor behavior was observed during dielectric and impedance spectroscopy study. The ac and dc conductivity were also studied. Good photocatalytic activity of BCTM0.1 was observed for congo red (CR) and titan yellow (TY) dye solution with the % of degradation efficiency >95% and >82% respectively.

Comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton and Sono-Fenton decolorization of Titan yellow: Doehlert optimization, response surface methodology and synergic effects study

In this work, four Fenton processes were used for decolorization of titan yellow. Experimental conditions such as concentration of H2O2, pH, time, zero valent iron dose and concentration of Fe2+ were optimized by Doehlert experimental design and response surface models. In absent of ultrasonic waves, application of zero valent iron had intense effect on decolorization percent (95% for heterogeneous Fenton with respect to 18% for classical Fenton). The optimum conditions were (0.0054M H2O2, 0.031g/L Fe2+, pH 2.5 and reaction time 47 min) and (0.0013M H2O2, 0.194g/L zero valent iron, pH 2.5 and reaction time 10 min) for homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton processes, respectively. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous Sono-Fenton processes reached to decolorization percent of 100%. Optimum pH was 2.5 for two processes. The optimum conditions for homogeneous and heterogeneous sono-Fenton processes were (0.0035M H2O2, 0.0037g/L Fe2+, and reaction time 30 min) and (0.0014M H2O2, 0.4g/L zero valent iron, and reaction time 10 min), respectively.

Visible Light Induced Photocatalytic Dye Degradation by Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles

Considering the impact of organic dyes as industrial effluents on the environment, this research study describes the synthesis, structural and morphological characterization, and visible light induced photo-catalytic studies of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoONPs). In order to synthesize the CoONPs, a tetra-nuclear cobalt(III)-Schiff base complex was prepared in crystalline phase and employed to produce CoONPs through thermal decomposition of the synthetic precursor. The morphology of the nanoparticle has been delineated with different spectroscopic and analytic methods. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (FE-SEM and HR-TEM) analyses estimate the cauliflower structured CoONPs with an average size ~80 nm. The photo-catalytic behavior of CoONPs has been tested against murexide and titan yellow dye in aqueous phase. This CoONPs ensure more than 90% of degradation for murexide while ~60% degradation has been observed for titan yellow (TY) in aqueous phase for a same time interval. MX and TY adopt different structures which bring the variation in rate of photosensitization for the synthetic CoONPs photocatalyst and account on the different photocatalytic efficiency towards the degradation of MX and TY in presence of visible light.