Tissues Of Clarias Gariepinus Research Articles

Histopathological and Oxidative Stress Response in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus in Heavy Metal Contaminated Water from the Hadejia-Nguru Wetland North Eastern Nigeria.

The Hadejia-Nguru wetland is a source of drinking, farming, and natural fertilization of fields, fishing and transportation. Discharges from agricultural activities, sewage and chemical application find their way into this water body. The present study is aimed at evaluating levels of some heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr and Al) in tissues of Clarias gariepinus (gills, liver and muscles) collected at 5 sampling sites labelled as A-E. Histopathological examination and the presence of antioxidant enzymes revealed the extent of damage in tissue and stress in the fish. Results of the heavy metal reveals concentrations in the sequence Pb>Cr>Hg>Al>Cd revealing a concentration higher than the permissible maximum residue limit as recommended by FAO and WHO. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione were seen in elevated levels in the gills, liver and muscles. The highest level of SOD was found in the liver with a mean concentration of 32.43u/ml followed by a concentration level 12.35u/ml in the gills, CAT levels was highest in the liver with a concentration level of 67.80u/ml, MDA was highest in the gills with a concentration of 9.06n/mol and there was no significant difference (P<0.05) between concentration of MDA in the liver with other organs. GSH levels was highest in the gills with a concentration of 1016.64µg/ml and there was a significant difference (P<0.005) between the concentration of GSH in the gills in comparison to other organs. Histopathology revealed different deleterious effects in the gill filaments, hepatocytes and bowman’s space in the liver and muscle cells respectivly. The presence of metal toxicity, antioxidant enzymes and tissue disorders in fish are indication of pollution and can serve as bio-monitoring model of the safety of fresh water bodies.

Exposure of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to Lead and Zinc Modulates Membrane-Bound Transport Protein: A Plausible Effect on Na+/K+-ATPase Activity.

The contamination of the aquatic ecosystem beyond tolerable limits may pose serious health challenges to its components. This study evaluated the toxic effects of a binary mixture of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) compounds on the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in tissues of Clarias gariepinus in a controlled aquatic system. The study employed Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with 17 runs in which Pb and Zn concentrations were considered process variables in a time-dependent fashion. Metal exposure levels consisted of 0, 10 and 20% of 96h-LC50 of Pb (55.12mg/L) and Zn (32.15mg/L) for three weeks. Thereafter, membrane-bound Na+/K+-ATPase activity was assessed in gill, hepatic and renal tissues, and data generated from the BBD were used for the development of models. Three regression models were obtained, for gill, hepatic and renal Na+/K+-ATPase activities with exposure to metals differ significantly (p < 0.05) at R2 > 90%, and no significant lack of fit (p > 0.05) was observed in each case. Congruent to the synergistic interactions observed between Pb and Zn in the study, the gill and hepatic Na+/K+-ATPase activities were significantly inhibited, whereas renal Na+/K+-ATPase activity was significantly stimulated (p < 0.05). The optimized models were considered reliable, as they were confirmed in the laboratory through accurate prediction of hepatic, renal and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activities with equivalences of 1.22 ± 0.17, 1.66 ± 0.07 and 3.50 ± 0.33µmol pi/min/mg protein (p < 0.05) respectively. It is hereby concluded that the synergistic interaction between Pb and Zn truncated the physiological function of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the respective tissues except for renal tissue of exposed C. gariepinus.

Carica papaya and Mangifera indica modulate haematological, biochemical and histological alterations in atrazine-intoxicated fish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

BackgroundAtrazine has impacted negatively on fish by inducing significant alterations in their haematological, biochemical and histological parameters. Mitigating such alterations to enhance fish survival becomes pertinent. Unfortunately, readily available and eco-friendly remedies are scarce. The study, therefore, investigated the potential ameliorative effects of dietary supplementation of aqueous Carica papaya and Mangifera indica leaf extracts on atrazine-induced toxicity and oxidative damage in the tissues of Clarias gariepinus. Fish (average weight: 10.57 ± 1.69 g, and average length: 10. 36 ± 1.26 cm) were randomly divided into six groups of ten samples each. Group I served as control and administered borehole water only, group II was exposed to 8.50 µg/l atrazine corresponding to ¼ of 96 h LC50, group III was treated with low (0.25 mg/g) concentration of each extract alone, group IV was exposed to 8.50 µg/l atrazine and treated with the low concentration of each extract, group V was administered with high (0.75 mg/g) concentration of each extract alone, and group VI was exposed to 8.50 µg/l atrazine and treated with the high concentration of each extract. The experiment spanned 28 days after which the haematological, biochemical and histopathological alterations were assayed.ResultsAtrazine intoxication significantly induced oxidative damage in the gill and liver, culminating into different histopathological disorders, decreased haematological parameters, increased serum, gill and liver levels of malondialdehyde and enzyme biomarkers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase). On the other hand, atrazine exposure caused decreased levels of glucose, protein and superoxide dismutase in the tissues. Treatment with diets fortified with both extracts significantly increased all the decreased haematological parameters, reduced the serum levels of the elevated malondialdehyde and tissues enzyme biomarkers in a concentration-dependent manner. Biochemical parameters in the tissues were also improved with dietary supplementation of the extracts. Histopathological examination of both tissues showed ameliorating effects of both extracts in restoring the structural and functional integrity of each tissue.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the extracts have ameliorative potentials against atrazine-induced peroxidative injury in C. gariepinus. The utilisation of these extracts could enhance better health management practices, particularly in a rice-cum fish culture, where atrazine application is common.

Facilitated depuration of hazardous non-essential elements in pre-exposed fish

In this study, we investigated the facilitated depuration of non-essential elements from the tissues of Clarias gariepinus by interactions with essential elements. Fish were exposed to lead, cadmium and mercury at a range of concentrations previously detected in aquatic environments, for 28 days. Subsets of fish exposed to each of these elements were then exposed to the essential elements, such as calcium, chromium, cobalt, magnesium, potassium or zinc and untreated controls for another 28 days. After exposures, the residual concentrations of lead, cadmium and mercury in the tissues and faeces of the fish were analysed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase in the exposed fish, were also assessed using referenced methods. The essential elements, calcium, chromium, cobalt and zinc, were found to facilitate the depuration of lead, cadmium and mercury in the exposed fish. The concentration of lead and mercury in the flesh of exposed fish decreased by 16% and 12%, respectively, after exposures to cobalt and that of cadmium decreased by 16% after exposure to zinc. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes in fish exposed to lead also decreased by at least 30%, respectively, after exposures to the essential elements. This study has shown that interactions among essential elements and non-essential elements can be beneficial, facilitating the elimination of the latter in aquatic organisms. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms promoting this process and the possible adoption of the process to rehabilitate aquatic organisms in polluted ecosystems.

Concentration of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediments and Tissues of Clarias gariepinus from Earthen Ponds in Kolo Creek Communities in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Concentration of Heavy Metals in Water, Sediments and Tissues of Clarias gariepinus from Earthen Ponds in Kolo Creek Communities in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Atrazine-Mediated Oxidative Stress Responses and Lipid Peroxidation in the Tissues of Clarias gariepinus

Atrazine-Mediated Oxidative Stress Responses and Lipid Peroxidation in the Tissues of Clarias gariepinus

Accumulation of copper in gill, liver, spleen, kidney and muscle tissues of Clarias gariepinus exposed to the metal singly and with mixture of chitosan

Accumulation of copper in gill, liver, spleen, kidney and muscle tissues of Clarias gariepinus exposed to the metal singly and with mixture of chitosan

Accumulation of lead in various tissues of Clarias gariepinus exposed to the metal singly and in mixture with of chitosan

Accumulation of lead in various tissues of Clarias gariepinus exposed to the metal singly and in mixture with of chitosan

Pesticide contaminants in Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli from three rivers in Edo State, Nigeria; implications for human exposure

Abstract The concentrations of 16 pesticides residues (alpha BHC, gamma BHC (lindane), beta BHC, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor Epoxide, Endosulfan I, Dieldrin, Endrin, Endosulfan II, 4, 4 DDT, Endosulfan Aldehyde, Endosulfan sulfate, Atrazine, Phosphomethylglycine and Carbofuran) in two fish species (Tilapia zilli and Clarias gariepinus) from selected rivers (Illushi, Owan and Ogbesse) in Edo State, Nigeria was investigated and the associated human health risks from the consumption of contaminated fishes was also determined. Fish species were collected for a period of 18 months, and pesticides analyses was carried out using Gas Chromatography (GC) equipped with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). The distribution of pesticide residues was more in the tissues of Clarias gariepinus (5.53-9.98 μg/g wet weight) than Tilapia zilli (3.49- 4.98 μg/g wet weight), while the most dominant pesticide in all the stations and all fish species was the persistent organochlorine; ∑BHC. Furthermore, the estimated dose for alpha BHC, beta BHC, Endosulfan Aldehyde, DDT, Endosulfan I, Endosulfan II, gamma BHC, Heptachlor, Endosulfan sulfate, Atrazine, Phosphomethylglycine and Carbofuran, do not pose direct hazard to human health since values were lower than the reference dose and Hazard quotient (HQ) were lower than toxic threshold of 1. However, estimated dose for, Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, Endrin and Aldrin exceeded the reference dose and were higher than toxic threshold indicating a potential toxicity in humans.

Effects of Mercury Chloride on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Some Tissues of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The present study evaluates in Clarias gariepinus the oxidative damage associated with two sub-chronic exposures to mercury chloride. The destructive effects of mercury chloride on the African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus was revealed in terms of protein carbonyl (PC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA damage and nitric oxide (NO) as oxidative stress biomarkers. Super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-s-Transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant (TAO) in the gills, kidney and liver can be used as biomarkers to identify possible environmental contamination in fish. This study aimed to investigate the impact of HgCl2 (0.04 and 0.12 ppm) for 14 and 28 days of the activity of the selected parameters in different tissues of Clarias gariepinus. The activity of SOD, CAT, Gpx and TAO dropped when compared to the control groups without mercury chloride exposure in all tissues under investigation. The pattern of variations in GST, GR and GSH activity in mercuryinduced groups were significantly increased than that of the control group. Also, NO, CP, LPO and DNA damage, were recorded with a pattern of a significant increase toward exposure period in all tissues under investigation.

English

River Ogbese support many human activities (domestic, agricultural, fishing, industrial activities) leading to its extensive contamination and accumulation of heavy metals which can cause both environmental and public health hazard. In order to ascertain the quality of the river, a study was carried out to determine some trace element concentration (Zn, Fe, Pb and Cu) in gills and tissues of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus, being the most dominant fish species in the water body. Thus, ten samples each of C. gariepinus (21.0 &ndash; 37.4TL, 171.7 &ndash; 305.8 g) and O. niloticus (15.2 &ndash; 20.6 TL, 70.8 &ndash; 150.5 g) were collected from River Ogbese and the concentration of Zinc, Iron, Lead and Copper were analyzed both in the gills and the flesh using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The study revealed that the highest concentration of iron was obtained in the gills and tissues of both fishes; C. gariepinus (gill - 6.70-4.23&plusmn;0.72, tissue - 6.84 - 5.27&plusmn;0.44) and O. niloticus (gill - 6.79 - 1.89&plusmn;1.42, tissue - 5.83-4.27&plusmn;0.58). The metal concentration occurred in the order Fe&gt;Zn&gt;Cu&gt;Pb. In general, accumulation of the essential elements; Zn, Fe, Cu were higher than the non-essential elements; Pb. This could be due to the fact that these essential elements are naturally abundant in Nigeria soil. The bioaccumulation of zinc and lead are significant (P&gt;0.05) in the tissues of both species while iron varies significantly (P&gt;0.05) in their gills. There is no significant variation (P&lt;0.05) observed among zinc, lead and copper accumulated in the gills of both species. &nbsp; Key words: River Ogbese, heavy metals, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus.

The assessment of vitamins and cholesterol amounts in gill and muscle tissues of Clarias Gariepinus using HPLC

The assessment of vitamins and cholesterol amounts in gill and muscle tissues of Clarias Gariepinus using HPLC

The protective role of quince leaf extract against the adverse impacts of ultraviolet-A radiation on some tissues of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

In the present study the protective role of quince leaf extract against the adverse impacts of ultraviolet radiation-A (UVA) on some tissues of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) was considered. Fishes were classified into four groups: control, UVR-treated group (for 3days/for 3h/day), UVR-treated group (for 3days/for 3h/day) with adding 10ml of quince extract, and UVR-treated group (for 3days/for 3h/day) with adding 20ml of quince leaf extract. Blood smears and sections of the liver, and skin were processed routinely for H & E paraffin embedding technique. Some UVA-induced malformations were recorded in the red blood cells including crenated cells (Cr), Acanthocytes (Ac), tear drop-like cells (Tr) and sickle cells (Sk). Also, UVA-induced disorganization of the normal architecture of hepatic tissues with lipidosis was evident. Hypertrophy and vacuolated club cells were recorded in skin exposed to UVA. In conclusion, quince leaf extract has a valuable antioxidant protective role to prevent and/or repair the histopathological changes induced by UVA.

DETEKSI Streptococcus Sp PADA Clarias gariepinus MENGGUNAKAN AMPLIFIED ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed which detect Streptococcus sp. Twenty Clarian gariepinus at the age of two weeks was soaked in Streptococcus sp. suspension with concentration of 108 bacteria per ml for two hours. Specimens such as blood, mucous, muscles, heart, kidney, liver, intestines and gill were collected, and assayed for the presence of Steptococcus sp. using ELISA. Result of present study showed that ELISA can be applied to detect an isolated Streptococcus sp. from tissues of Clarias gariepinus. Kidney is a primary target organ (predilection). Therefore, the kidney is a specimen of choice for diagnosis approach (es) of Streptococcus sp. infection.