Tissue Types Research Articles

Comparative Assessment of Mitochondria Isolation Buffers for Optimizing Tissue-Specific Yields in Buffalo

Introduction: Mitochondrial studies are crucial for assessing livestock health and performance. While extensive research has been done on cattle and pigs, the influence of mitochondria in Indian buffalo remains unexplored. Therefore, in order to understand functions of mitochondria, their energy-related processes, or any additional mitochondrial traits in buffaloes, it is imperative to isolate high-yield mitochondria with purity and functionality. Mitochondria are extracted by few conventional buffers. These buffers were previously characterized for their effectiveness in isolating mitochondria from rodent and human tissues. Therefore, the present study is to assess the performance of mitochondria isolation buffers specifically in buffalo tissues. Methods: The study involved isolation of mitochondria from four different tissues, i.e., liver, brain, heart and muscles of slaughtered buffalo (n = 3), using: (i) Tris-Mannitol buffer (ii) Tris-Sucrose buffer, and (iii) MOPS-Sucrose buffer. Buffer efficiency in preserving high fidelity during mitochondria isolation was assessed by comparison with Cayman’s MitoCheck® Mitochondrial Isolation Kit (control). Further mitochondrial purity and functionality was assessed through comparative estimation of protein concentration and marker enzyme assays, respectively. Results: Our results revealed insights into the suitability of specific buffer for functional mitochondria isolation from specific type of buffalo tissue. Notably for obtaining high quality functional mitochondria from buffalo, MOPS-Sucrose buffer appeared optimal for soft tissues (liver and brain), while Tris-Mannitol buffer was efficient for hard tissues (muscles and heart). Conclusions: Thus, our research highlights the influence of buffer composition and tissue-specific variations in buffer effectiveness on mitochondrial activity in different tissues, leading to improved mitochondrial isolation in buffalo.

Brown adipose tissue: a potential target for aging interventions and healthy longevity.

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) is a type of fat tissue that can generate heat and plays an important role in regulating body temperature and energy metabolism. Enhancing BAT activity through medication, exercise and other means has become a potential effective method for treating metabolic disorders. Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting a link between BAT and aging. As humans age, the volume and activity of BAT decrease, which may contribute to the development of age-related diseases. Multiple organelles signaling pathways have been reported to be involved in the aging process associated with BAT. Therefore, we aimed to review the evidence related to the association between aging process and BAT decreasing, analyze the potential of BAT as a predictive marker for age-related diseases, and explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting BAT for aging interventions and healthy longevity.

Fatty acid profiles unveiled: gene expression in Yanbian yellow cattle adipose tissues offers new insights into lipid metabolism

Abstract. Objectives. The objectives of this study were twofold: to analyze the composition and content of fatty acids in various adipose tissues (including kidney, abdominal, subcutaneous, and omental) of Yanbian yellow cattle and to observe the morphology of adipocytes within these tissues and to assess the level of expression of specific genes – kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 (APOLD1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), fatty-acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5), and sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2) – in different adipose tissues (kidney, abdominal, posterior belly, ribeye, prothorax, striploin, upper brain, and neck) of Yanbian yellow cattle. Method. Castrated Yanbian yellow cattle, 24 months old, with identical genetic backgrounds and raised under the same breeding management conditions, were selected. The fatty acid composition and content were assessed using gas chromatography, while the size and diameter of adipocytes were analyzed via paraffin sectioning. The level of expression was determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results. In total, 16 distinct fatty acids were identified in abdominal adipose tissue. Additionally, henicosanoic acid (C21:0) and behenic acid (C22:0) were detected exclusively in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Caprylic acid (C8:0) was found in both kidney and omental adipose tissues. The size of individual adipocytes in kidney adipose tissue was notably larger compared to the adipocytes in the other three regions (p<0.05). Regarding gene expression, APOLD1 exhibits its highest expression in striploin adipose tissues (p<0.05), while SCD1 shows its peak expression in prothorax adipose tissues (p<0.05). Moreover, both FABP5 and SCP2 demonstrate their highest level of expression in prothorax adipose tissue (p<0.05). Furthermore, the level of expression of KDR and SFRP4 across these seven adipose tissue regions exhibits significant differences (p<0.05). Conclusion. In conclusion, Yanbian yellow cattle exhibit variations in both the composition and content of fatty acids across different adipose tissue depots, including the kidney, abdominal, subcutaneous, and omental regions. Moreover, adipocytes display distinct morphological differences across these tissue types. Furthermore, the level of expression of KDR, APOLD1, SCD1, SFRP4, FABP5, and SCP2 varies significantly among adipose tissues located in the kidney, abdominal, posterior belly, ribeye, prothorax, striploin, upper brain, and neck regions.

Alternative splicing of PBRM1 mediates resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy in renal cancer.

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) is a biological process that results in proteomic diversity. However, implications of AS alterations in cancer remain poorly understood. Herein, we performed a comprehensive AS analysis in cancer driver gene transcripts across fifteen cancer types and found global alterations in inclusion rates of the PBAF SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex subunit Polybromo 1 (PBRM1) exon 27 (E27) in most types of cancer tissues compared with those in normal tissues. Further analysis confirmed that PBRM1 E27 is excluded by the direct binding of RBFOX2 to intronic UGCAUG elements. In addition, the E27-included PBRM1 isoform upregulated PD-L1 expression via enhanced PBAF complex recruitment to the PD-L1 promoter. PBRM1wild-type patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma were resistant to PD-1 blockade therapy when they expressed low RBFOX2 mRNA levels. Overall, our study suggests targeting of RBFOX2-mediated AS of PBRM1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for immune checkpoint blockade.

Blueprints of Architected Materials: A Guide to Metamaterial Design for Tissue Engineering.

Mechanical metamaterials are rationally designed structures engineered to exhibit extraordinary properties, often surpassing those of their constituent materials. The geometry of metamaterials' building blocks, referred to as unit cells, plays an essential role in determining their macroscopic mechanical behavior. Due to their hierarchical design and remarkable properties, metamaterials hold significant potential for tissue engineering; however their implementation in the field remains limited. The major challenge hindering the broader use of metamaterials lies in the complexity of unit cell design and fabrication. To address this gap, a comprehensive guide is presented detailing the design principles of well-established metamaterials. The essential unit cell geometric parameters and design constraints, as well as their influence on mechanical behavior, are summarized highlighting essential points for effective fabrication. Moreover, the potential integration of artificial intelligence techniques is explored in meta-biomaterial design for patient- and application-specific design. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of current applications of mechanical metamaterials is provided in tissue engineering, categorized by tissue type, thereby showcasing the versatility of different designs in matching the mechanical properties of the target tissue. This review aims to provide a valuable resource for tissue engineering researchers and aid in the broader use of metamaterials in the field.

Proposed Classification of Syndesmotic Soft Tissue Impingement and Its Association With Lateral Talar Cartilage Lesions.

Syndesmotic impingement syndrome has been described to explain persistent lateral or anterolateral ankle pain. This condition is thought to often result from a rotational ankle injury. This study aimed to identify the type of syndesmotic impingement tissue according to arthroscopic and histologic findings and to analyze its association with lateral talar cartilage lesions. This retrospective study included 107 ankles in 105 patients who underwent arthroscopic surgery for syndesmotic impingement syndrome from January 2017 to August 2019. Histologic findings of biopsied impingement tissue were obtained in 59 ankles (55.1%) and compared with gross findings on arthroscopy. Cartilage lesions were evaluated using the International Cartilage Repair Society grading system. Risk factors associated with lateral talar cartilage injury were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Based on the histologic results, the most common pathology was fibrosis (24 ankles [22.4%]), followed by fatty degeneration (23 ankles [21.5%]), synovial hyperplasia (8 ankles [7.5%]), and inflammatory synovium (4 ankles [3.7%]). Interclass correlation coefficient was 0.841 (P = .001) between histologic results and arthroscopic findings. Patients with fibrotic impingement tissue had on average a significantly longer duration of symptoms (12 vs 48 months, P = .021). A lateral talar dome cartilage lesion was detected in 25 ankles (23.4%). Fibrotic impingement tissue was the only factor significantly associated with lateral talar dome lesion on multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio 10.04; 95% CI 1.84-54.9; P = .008). Syndesmotic impingement with fibrotic tissue was often associated with cartilage lesions at the lateral talar dome. Patients with prolonged anterolateral or lateral ankle pain after a rotational ankle injury warrant careful assessment for possible syndesmotic impingement by fibrotic tissue and associated lateral talar cartilage injury.

7446 Primary Adrenal Mature Teratoma Initially Diagnosed As An Adrenal Myelolipoma

Abstract Disclosure: A. White-Cotsmire: None. B. Kodali: None. A.M. Avram: None. S.S. Shah: None. Background: Teratomas are a type of germ cell tumor containing different types of tissue (e.g., hair, teeth, bone adipose, muscle). Most teratomas are benign (i.e., mature), but they may also be malignant (i.e., immature). Both immature and mature teratomas contain derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm; however, immature teratomas are differentiated by the presence of embryonic, usually neuroectodermal, tissue. Mature teratomas have the potential for malignant transformation (1–2% of cases), usually squamous cell carcinoma within the teratoma. Extra-gonadal teratomas are rare (only 1–5%); reported locations include sacrococcygeal, head and neck, retroperitoneum, mediastinum, brain and spine, liver, and rarely adrenal glands. (1) Only 18 cases of adult primary adrenal teratomas have been reported since 1952. (2)Clinical Case: A 48-year-old woman with 4 days of worsening abdominal pain underwent CT imaging, which demonstrated a 6cm complex left adrenal mass containing peripheral and scattered internal-coarse calcifications with internal soft tissue and fat components, suggestive of adrenal myelolipoma with probable sequela of previous hemorrhage. Subsequent endocrine follow-up ruled out a cortisol secreting tumor with a negative dexamethasone suppression test and pheochromocytoma with normal serum free metanephrines and normetanephrines. Dedicated adrenal protocol CT scan further characterized the mass as a mature adrenal teratoma containing a rudimentary mandible and two teeth within the soft tissue associated with internal microscopic fat. The left renal vein was anteriorly displaced by this left adrenal mass and severely narrowed by the large adrenal mass, with development of left retroperitoneal collateral venous drainage from the left kidney into the lumbar venous system. The patient opted for conservative management with active clinical surveillance. Conclusion: This is a rare case of adrenal mature teratoma in an adult, originally diagnosed as an adrenal myelolipoma. This case highlights the use of more dedicated adrenal imaging for the characterization of adrenal tumors and the broad differential of benign non-functional adrenal tumors, including myelolipomas, lipomas, angiomyolipomas, and nonfunctional adenomas. However, a definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed by surgical removal of the tumor, usually through a laparoscopic approach, with histopathologic evaluation.

Differential Fatty Acid Response of Resident Macrophages in Human Skeletal Muscle Fiber and Intermuscular Adipose Tissue.

Human skeletal muscle contains different types of tissues with skeletal muscle fibers (SMFs) and intermuscular adipose tissues (IMATs) as the main components. We maintained human skeletal muscle tissues from 12 study participants under native conditions in vitro for 11 days to investigate the dynamics of macrophages that reside in adjacent IMATs and SMFs simultaneously. The samples were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for macrophage phenotyping and mitochondrial mass assessment before and after maintenance in vitro. Multiplex protein analysis was used to determine cytokine/chemokine expression in tissue extracts. The results revealed significant correlations between donor age or body mass index (BMI) and distinct phenotypes of resident macrophages in SMFs and IMATs. The dynamics of SMF- and IMAT-resident macrophages differed significantly in vitro and exhibited inverse correlations with chemokine/cytokine expression levels and mitochondrial activity. Moreover, the responses of macrophages to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) differed substantially between SMFs and IMATs. These findings showed the functional diversity of phenotypically identical macrophages in adjacent niches. Thus, the currently available macrophage markers cannot capture the functional diversity of human tissue-resident macrophages. The model used in the present study may help elucidate how macrophages affect muscle homeostasis and disease in humans.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)-Dependent Protein Deacetylase, Sirtuin, as a Biomarker of Healthy Life Expectancy: A Mini-Review.

Although a variety of disease-specific biomarkers have been identified for common lifestyle- or aging-related diseases, there are currently no indices available to measure general health or the existence of pre-symptomatic conditions in various types of tissue and organ damage. A rising body of research suggests that sirtuins may have the potential to be used as an index to assess overall health status and the existence of pre-symptomatic illness states. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylases expressed in a variety of human somatic cells both in health and disease conditions. The activity and expression of SIRTs affect important metabolic pathways, such as cell survival, senescence, proliferation, energy production, stress tolerance, DNA repair, and apoptosis, thereby closely linked to aging and longevity. Given the broad significance of SIRTs in physiological function maintenance, their activity in somatic cells may reflect the early cross-sectional status of tissue damage caused by aging or systemic inflammatory responses that are too early to be detected by disease-specific biomarkers. In this mini-review, we discuss the utility of SIRTs as a surrogate clinical biomarker for health status to evaluate and monitor health life expectancy and the presence of pre-symptomatic illness states.

Ten questions concerning particle exposure in open electrosurgery and its control strategies

The increasing use of high-frequency electrosurgical pencils in open surgeries has heightened concerns about the adverse implications of electrosurgical smoke (ES) on perioperative personnel. Since 2015, there has been an increasing amount of research on electrosurgical smoke particles annually. Despite data discrepancies, nanoparticles (core particle size <200 nm) generally dominate in number distributions. Particulate matter (PM) concentration is closely related to the type of target tissue. Most studies show that ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations near the main surgeon’s breathing zone inversely correlate with operating room air changes and positively correlate with the power of the electrosurgical pencil. Local smoke evacuation devices with negative ions, specialized filters and N95 respirators are more effective in protecting perioperative staff health, particularly against UFPs. The objective is to summarize particle exposure knowledge in open electrosurgery and establish a research agenda to protect medical personnel from ES exposure.

Variability in mineral composition of Canadian lentil genotypes

Lentils are a good dietary source of essential minerals for the proper functioning of the human body. We evaluated 34 cultivars and elite lentil lines representing the breadth of the Canadian breeding program. Trials were established in 10 site-years across Saskatchewan. Concentrations of 27 minerals were quantified with an inductive coupled argon plasma emission spectrometer in whole and dehulled lentil seeds. Lithium (Li), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), lanthanum (La), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) had concentrations below the quantification limit and were excluded from further analysis. The effects of site year, tissue type (whole and dehulled), and lentil genotypes were analyzed using a mixed model. Mineral concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), boron (B), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), aluminum (Al), and barium (Ba) was different among genotypes and across environments. Most minerals except Cu had significantly different concentrations between whole and dehulled seeds. Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, B, Al, and Ba were more concentrated in whole seeds, while K, S, and Ni were higher in dehulled seeds. Among the 34 genotypes, CDC Impala had the highest Fe, Zn, K, P, S, and Cu concentrations. Lentil genotypes with a higher composition of several minerals could be a starting point for enhancing mineral composition in lentils.

Alternate RNA decoding results in stable and abundant proteins in mammals.

Amino acid substitutions may substantially alter protein stability and function, but the contribution of substitutions arising from alternate translation (deviations from the genetic code) is unknown. To explore it, we analyzed deep proteomic and transcriptomic data from over 1,000 human samples, including 6 cancer types and 26 healthy human tissues. This global analysis identified 60,024 high confidence substitutions corresponding to 8,801 unique sites in proteins derived from 1,990 genes. Some substitutions are shared across samples, while others exhibit strong tissue-type and cancer specificity. Surprisingly, products of alternate translation are more abundant than their canonical counterparts for hundreds of proteins, suggesting sense codon recoding. Recoded proteins include transcription factors, proteases, signaling proteins, and proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Mechanisms contributing to substitution abundance include protein stability, codon frequency, codon-anticodon mismatches, and RNA modifications. We characterize sequence motifs around alternatively translated amino acids and how substitution ratios vary across protein domains, tissue types and cancers. The substitution ratios are positively associated with intrinsically disordered regions and genetic polymorphisms in gnomAD, though the polymorphisms cannot account for the substitutions. Both the sequence and the tissue-specificity of alternatively translated proteins are conserved between human and mouse. These results demonstrate the contribution of alternate translation to diversifying mammalian proteomes, and its association with protein stability, tissue-specific proteomes, and diseases.

Comparative analysis of transcriptome in oil biosynthesis between seeds and non-seed tissues of Symplocos paniculata fruit.

The Symplocos paniculata, a woody oil plant, has garnered attention for its oil-rich fruit, which exhibits potential for both oil production and ecological restoration endeavors, thereby presenting substantial developmental value. However, the comprehension of the distinctive oil biosynthesis and deposition strategies within the fruit's various compartments, coupled with the tissue-specific biosynthetic pathways yielding optimal fatty acid profiles, remains in its infancy. This investigation was designed to delineate the tissue specificity of oil biosynthetic disparities and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings within the fruit mesocarp and seeds of S. paniculata, employing lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses. The results revealed that oil biosynthesis within the fruit mesocarp commences approximately 40 days prior to that within the seeds, with a concomitant higher lipid content observed in the mesocarp, reaching 43% as opposed to 30% in the seeds. The fruit mesocarp was found to be enriched with palmitic acid (C16:0) and exhibited a harmonious ratio of saturated, monounsaturated, to polyunsaturated fatty acids (SFA: MUFA: PUFA=1:1:1), in stark contrast to the seed oil, which is predominantly composed of unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 90% of its total FA content. Microstructural assessments have unveiled divergent oil deposition modalities; the fruit mesocarp oils are predominantly sequestered within oil cells (OC) and a spectrum of lipid droplets (LD), whereas the seeds predominantly harbor uniformly-sized LD. The expression patterns of pivotal genes implicated in oil biosynthesis were observed to be markedly contingent upon the tissue type and developmental stage. Notably, the light-responsive fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene demonstrated preferential transcription within the fruit mesocarp. In contrast, genes pivotal for carbon chain elongation, such as 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) and fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase A (FATA), and desaturation, typified by Stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) and Fatty Acid Desaturase (FAD), were noted to be more robustly transcribed within the seeds. Furthermore, isoenzyme gene families integral to the assembly of triacylglycerol (TAG), including long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs), and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPATs), exhibited pronounced tissue specificity. This research endeavors to clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms that oversee oil biosynthesis within both seed and non-seed tissues of oilseed-bearing plants with entire fruits. Collectively, these findings lay the groundwork and offer technical scaffolding for future targeted cultivation of woody oil plants, with the ultimate aim of augmenting fruit oil yield and refining FA compositions.

A field investigation into potential reproductive and resistance advantages of purple-petalled plants in polymorphic populations of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)

Background and aims – Variation in flower color among individuals within plant populations has long fascinated horticulturalists and evolutionary biologists alike. Nevertheless, the diversity of genetic factors and ecological interactions that act to maintain flower-color polymorphisms over time are understood for very few species. Here, we suggest that Solanum carolinense (horsenettle) makes an excellent model system for studying the evolutionary ecology of a flower-color polymorphism, and we begin to shed insight into factors that might affect the stability of the polymorphism. Material and methods – We transplanted 24 horsenettle ramets of each of 40 field-collected genets (10 genets per each of four source fields) into a common-garden plot (in an oldfield with an existing horsenettle population). For each ramet, we visually characterized petal color and quantified production of flowers, fruits, seeds, and damage by 11 species of herbivores. Key results – Rather than varying continuously within ramets and among genets, petal color fell into three relatively discrete categories that are common in most horsenettle populations: purple, white, and mauve. In the common-garden experiment, purple-petalled morphs initiated significantly more flower buds, opened more flowers, and produced more fruits and seeds than did the mauve-petalled or white-petalled morphs. Petal-color morphs differed only slightly in resistance to a minority of the herbivore community, with no consistent advantage for color morphs across species of herbivores or types of tissues fed upon. Conclusion – Horsenettle has numerous characteristics that make it an excellent system for studying the genetics and ecology that drive the maintenance of flower-color polymorphisms. Although pleiotropic effects of flower-color on resistance to herbivory appear to be minimal in horsenettle, potential pleiotropies that differentially affect maternal and paternal reproduction, or sexual and vegetative reproduction, are worthy of further study.

B-249 Assessing Targeted Mass Spectrometry Assay Performance for Putative Biomarker Proteins on a New Hybrid Nominal Mass Instrument

Abstract Background The development of targeted mass spectrometry-based proteomics assays that monitor biomedically relevant proteins is an important step in bridging discovery experiments to highly multi-analyte clinical studies. Targeted assays are currently unable to scale to thousands of peptide targets from hundreds of proteins, requiring extensive refinement down assays for the minimum useful analytes. Large parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assays are now possible with a new hybrid nominal-mass instrument. The scale of assay is achievable with this instrument by using real-time alignment, while being sensitive and fast enough to handle many concurrent targets. To assess the performance of this new instrument we constructed a large scale PRM assay for proposed neurodegenerative disease marker proteins, and an assay for proteins associated with amyloid tissue typing. Methods To evaluate the performance of this instrument on proteins of interest in cerebrospinal fluid, we performed an analysis on a pool from individuals diagnosed as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or cognitively normal. A calibration curve of cerebrospinal fluid diluted into chicken serum at 14 dilutions and individual human cerebrospinal fluid were digested with a protein aggregation and capture based digestion protocol. CSF peptides were separated by 60 minute gradient on C18 IonOpticks column, and amyloid tissue peptides separated by 30 minute gradient on C18 PepMap column with a Vanquish Neo UHPLC and analyzed by data-independent acquisition (DIA) and PRM with a new hybrid nominal mass instrument designed for targeted tandem mass spectrometry (tMS2). Scheduled methods were generated using a Skyline external tool, transitions were refined to minimize interference and maximize the LLOQ. DIA data was searched, and data extracted and analyzed in Skyline. PRM data was extracted and quantified with Skyline; CSF calibration curve LLOQ is calculated by bilinear fit. Results For the large scale cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay the selection of protein targets was based on literature from neurodegenerative disease cohort studies. We target 1065 peptides from 104 proteins, including proteins currently measured by ELISA in clinical research, e.g.: APP, TAU, and APOE. Sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay is assessed using figures of merit from replicate matched-matrix calibration curves. Over 80% of proteins have at least one peptide with a LLOQ below 30% dilution in the matched matrix, and of all targeted peptides over 55% had a LLOQ below 30% dilution. To demonstrate the application of the real-time alignment on the new instrument we constructed an assay for samples where not every analyte is shared. An assay for amyloidosis associated proteins was constructed for a total of 180 peptides mapping to 52 proteins. This includes 11 proteins most commonly associated with amyloid deposition; APCS, APOA4, APOE, CLU, LECT2, IGKC, IGLC2/4/7, SAA1, TTR, and VTN. From the preliminary set of 12 previously typed samples we observe peptide abundances consistent with the assigned type. Conclusions This novel instrument provides a new approach for building large targeted mass spectrometry assays. We demonstrate the ability of the real-time alignment to adjust scheduled retention time windows, ensuring that chromatographic shifts do not lead to a loss of peptide detection and quantification.

Persistent tissue-specific resident microbiota in oysters across a broad geographical range.

Marine animals often harbour complex microbial communities that influence their physiology. However, strong evidence for resident microbiomes in marine bivalves is lacking, despite their contribution to estuarine habitats and coastal economies. We investigated whether marine bivalves harbour stable, resident microorganisms in specific tissues or if their microbiomes primarily consist of transient members reflecting the environmental microbial pool. Conducting a latitudinal study of wild eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) along the East Coast of the United States, we aimed to identify resident microorganisms that persist across a wide geographical range. Our results revealed that microbial communities in seawater and sediment samples followed latitudinal diversity patterns driven by geographic location. In contrast, oyster-associated microbiomes were distinct from their surrounding environments and exhibited tissue-specific compositions. Notably, oyster microbiomes showed greater similarity within the same tissue type across different geographic locations than among different tissue types within the same location. This indicates the presence of tissue-specific resident microbes that persist across large geographical ranges. We identified a persistent set of resident microbiome members for each tissue type, with key microbial members consistent across all locations. These findings underscore the oyster host's role in selecting its microbiome and highlight the importance of tissue-specific microbial communities in understanding bivalve-associated microbiomes.

Methods used in sea turtle genetic and molecular studies

Sea turtles have a tropical and subtropical distribution and can be found in nearly all seas and oceans. They have been the subject of considerable genetic research. However, it does not yet appear that the molecular techniques used for these genetic studies follow a consensus or universal set of tools to be followed for subsequent studies. This is not desirable since it may preclude data exchange and use among studies. Thus, the aim of this review was to survey the main genetic and molecular methods used for sea turtle research worldwide. To achieve this goal, a total of 95 scientific papers were compiled from online databases. We considered articles that used molecular tools for genetic analysis and provided detailed locality data. The following aspects were assessed: species studied, local of sample collection, type of tissue used for molecular studies and type of genetic material used. The seven known sea turtle species have different distribution patterns, with some overlapping of occurrence. Chelonia mydas has been studied genetically along the coasts of all continents. Skin is the most common type of tissue used for molecular analyses. From genetic studies on sea turtles, it is possible to verify the occurrence of hybridism. This phenomenon is relevant to the conservation of the species and was reported in six articles on this topic. Therefore, it is considered that genetic and molecular assays in sea turtles are important tools for biological evaluation and protection. The aim was to survey the main methods used in genetic and molecular research on marine turtles. Keywords: DNA, Chelonian, Testudines, marine turtles

Simulation study of abdominal hemorrhage based on magnetic induction tomography.

Abdominal hemorrhage is an important clinical disease that can be life-threatening in severe cases. Therefore, timely detection and treatment of abdominal hemorrhage is crucial for the health and safety of patients. Magnetic induction tomography is a non-invasive, nonradioactive, and non-contact electromagnetic imaging technology with potential application value for disease screening and continuous monitoring. In this paper, a simulation model of electrical impedance distribution close to the real human abdominal tissue was constructed, and based on this model, the magnetic induction tomography simulation method of internal bleeding was studied by the finite element numerical method, and the comparison was verified by phantom experiments. The eddy current density distribution inside the abdominal tissue and the magnetic induction phase data at the tissue boundary are solved, and sensitivity analysis of phase differences caused by changes in the radius and position of bleeding volume was conducted, and three sensitivity indicators were proposed. Both the simulation and phantom experiment show that when there are six types of tissues with different conductivity in the abdomen, the radius of bleeding increases from 10 to 30mm, and the radius phase difference sensitivity index Ar increases approximately linearly monotonically. Its radius transformation sensitivity Kr is 3.0961 × 10-5°/cm. When the position of the bleeding volume changes, the sensitivity index Ax of the x-axis displacement phase difference shows a quasilinear monotonic decrease, and the x-axis displacement sensitivity Kx is -6.3744 × 10-6°/cm. The y-axis displacement phase difference sensitivity Ay index shows a quasilinear relationship and monotonically increases, with a y-axis displacement sensitivity Ky of 5.2870 × 10-4°/cm. The results indicate that the phase difference sensitivity before and after the occurrence of bleeding can be used as a quantitative monitoring indicator to monitor the occurrence and trend of intra-abdominal hemorrhage, laying the foundation for the preliminary screening and continuous monitoring of abdominal hemorrhage diseases using magnetic induction imaging.

Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging for Differentiating Intracranial Calcification and Hemosiderin: A Comparative Study with CT

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential diagnostic modality for evaluating various tissue types, but distinguishing between substances such as calcification and hemosiderin remains challenging due to their similar appearances on conventional MRI sequences. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) improves tissue contrast by incorporating phase information, potentially enhancing the accuracy of differentiating these substances. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of SWI, specifically the filtered phase image, in comparison with computed tomography (CT), which is considered the gold standard for calcification detection. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 35 patients, aged 50-80 years, who presented with confirmed cases of intracranial calcification or hemosiderin deposits. MRI was performed on a 1.5-tesla Siemens Essenza Magnetom using SWI sequences, including both phase and magnitude images. CT scans were obtained using a GE Optima 660 scanner. The study focused on 17 cases of calcification identified by both SWI and CT, and 18 cases of hemosiderin deposits detected by SWI. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficients to evaluate the relationship between MRI and CT measurements. Results: The study revealed a strong correlation between CT and SWI in detecting calcifications, with a significant agreement in the measurement of calcification size. However, while phase and magnitude images demonstrated a strong correlation with one another, the filtered phase image did not show a significant correlation with hemosiderin size, suggesting limitations in its application for detecting hemosiderin deposits. CT scans confirmed calcification with Hounsfield units exceeding 100, while hemosiderin deposits were more effectively identified through SWI, which provided enhanced contrast without the use of ionizing radiation. Conclusion: SWI, particularly the filtered phase image, is a reliable and sensitive tool for detecting intracranial calcification, offering high accuracy compared to CT. While SWI proves effective in distinguishing calcification, further research is needed to optimize its use for detecting hemosiderin deposits. This study underscores the non-ionizing advantages of SWI over CT, advocating for its potential as a safer and equally effective alternative in clinical imaging.

Elevated MMP-9, Survivin, TGB1 and Downregulated Tissue Inhibitor of TIMP-1, Caspase-3 Activities are Independent of the Low Levels miR-183 in Endometriosis.

This study aimed to measure the correlation between miR-183 and gene expression that regulates apoptosis and adhesion mechanism that may be linked to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Forty-four subjects, including 22 control subjects, participated in this study. We collected ectopic endometriosis and endometrial samples. For the control, the sample was taken from endometrial tissue through pipelle biopsy. RNA was extracted from all tissues using RNA mini kit, and the expression was assessed using quantitative-real time PCR. Relative mRNA and miRNA expression were presented using the formula of the Livak method. The data were statistically analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8. The expression of Caspase-3, Survivin, Integrin β1 (ITGB1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) (adhesion- and apoptosis-related gene) were calculated using the relative expression method. We found significant differences in Caspase-3, Survivin, ITGB1, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 expression between ectopic endometriosis tissues of women with endometriosis compared to healthy endometrium. MMP-9, Survivin, and ITGB1 was significantly increased in the endometriosis group, while Caspase-3, TIMP-1, and miR-183 were significantly reduced in the endometriosis group. No correlation was found between the expression level of miR-183 and Caspase3, Survivin, ITGB1, and Cadherin in both tissue types. Despite the difference in expression levels of miR-183 and associated adhesion- and apoptosis-related genes, there was no significant association between miR-183 with specific adhesion and apoptosis genes in endometriosis tissue.