Tissues Of Various Species Research Articles

Elemental concentrations in ocular tissues of various species

An investigation was undertaken to expand the data base for elemental concentrations within eye tissues of different species. This report provides data on the distribution of calcium, copper, iron and zinc in human, dog, bovine, bird, amphibian and fish ocular tissues. The variation between different eyes of the same individual and different individuals was calculated for each metal. Elemental concentrations between the left and right eyes of an individual were usually closer in value than between two eyes of different individuals.

Parameters influencing the sonic velocity in compact calcified tissues of various species.

Compact calcified tissues from a wide variety of species were used in a study of the dependence of sonic plesio-velocity on physical parameters. A linear dependence of velocity on wet density has been found for each of three categories of wet mineralized tissue: compact long bone measured in the axial direction, compact long bone measured in the radial direction, and hyperpycnotic mineralized tissues. A similar linear dependency was found for dry calcified tissue using the dry density. In addition to these three parameters (density, orientation, and water content) two other factors were identified. The bone fibers in long bone matrix are ordered with respect to the bone axis and the anisotropy of long bone matches that of its matrix. There is no corresponding order to the fibers in hyperpycnotic tissue matrix. The fifth parameter is believed to be the porosity. Fish bone is much more porous than other compact bone from long bone and the sonic velocity in fish bone is much lower than for other bone. These parameters are not independent.

Antigen(s) expressed on cultured cells of various species that crossreact with tumor antigens(s).

Antibodies eluted from a methycholanthrene induced sarcoma (MC-D) of strain 13 guinea pigs were examined for reactivity against 11 cultured cell lines derived from unrelated tumors and 11 cell lines originating from normal tissues of various species by radioimmunoassay. Six tumor-derived lines of mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig and man and five "normal" cell lines of guinea pig, human and fish origin showed significant reaction.

Levels of benzo(a)pyrene in oil shale industry wastes, some bodies of water in the Estonian S.S.R. and in water organisms.

Data on the content of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in oil shale industry wastewater, the effectiveness of various effluent treatment processes (evaporation, extraction with butyl acetate, trickling filters, aeration tanks) in reducing the level of BP in oil shale wastewater, the level of BP in various bodies of water of Estonia, and in fish and other water organisms are reviewed. The quantitative determination of BP in concentrated diethyl ether extracts of water samples was carried out by ultraviolet and spectroluminescence procedures by use of the quasi-linear spectra at -196 degrees C in solid paraffins. It has been found that oil shale industry wastewater contains large amounts of BP. The most efficient purification process for removing the BP in oil shale industry phenol water is extraction with butyl acetate. The level of BP in the rivers of the oil shale industry area is comparatively higher than in other bodies of water of the Republic. The concentration of BP in the lakes of the Estonian S.S.R. is on the whole insignificant. Even the maximum concentration found in our lakes is as a rule less than the safety limit for BP in bodies of water (0.005 microgram/l). During water is treated at the waterworks. The effectiveness of the water treatment in reducing the level of BP varies from 11 to 88%. Filtration was found to be the most effective treatment. About 20 samples of fish from nine bodies of water in Estonia have been analyzed for content of BP. The average content of BP in the muscular tissue of various species of fish is as a rule less than 1 microgram/kg. There is no significant difference in the concentration of BP in sea and freshwater fish. There is no important difference in the content of BP in the organs of various fish. Fat fish contain more BP than lean ones. The weight (age) of fish does not influence the content of BP in the muscular tissue of fish.

Levels of Benzo(a)pyrene in Oil Shale Industry Wastes, Some Bodies of Water in the Estonian S.S.R. and in Water Organisms

Data on the content of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in oil shale industry wastewater, the effectiveness of various effluent treatment processes (evaporation, extraction with butyl acetate, trickling filters, aeration tanks) in reducing the level of BP in oil shale wastewater, the level of BP in various bodies of water of Estonia, and in fish and other water organisms are reviewed. The quantitative determination of BP in concentrated diethyl ether extracts of water samples was carried out by ultraviolet and spectroluminescence procedures by use of the quasi-linear spectra at -196 degrees C in solid paraffins. It has been found that oil shale industry wastewater contains large amounts of BP. The most efficient purification process for removing the BP in oil shale industry phenol water is extraction with butyl acetate. The level of BP in the rivers of the oil shale industry area is comparatively higher than in other bodies of water of the Republic. The concentration of BP in the lakes of the Estonian S.S.R. is on the whole insignificant. Even the maximum concentration found in our lakes is as a rule less than the safety limit for BP in bodies of water (0.005 microgram/l). During water is treated at the waterworks. The effectiveness of the water treatment in reducing the level of BP varies from 11 to 88%. Filtration was found to be the most effective treatment. About 20 samples of fish from nine bodies of water in Estonia have been analyzed for content of BP. The average content of BP in the muscular tissue of various species of fish is as a rule less than 1 microgram/kg. There is no significant difference in the concentration of BP in sea and freshwater fish. There is no important difference in the content of BP in the organs of various fish. Fat fish contain more BP than lean ones. The weight (age) of fish does not influence the content of BP in the muscular tissue of fish.

Distribution of Mason-Pfizer Virus-Specific Sequences in the DNA of Primates

Iodinated Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) 60-70S RNA has been used in molecular hybridization experiments to determine the distribution of MPV-specific proviral sequences in the DNAs of primates. Approximately 20% of the MPV genome is present as endogenous provirus in rhesus monkeys. Competitive hybridization experiments showed no homology between MPV 60-70S RNA and the 60-70S RNAs of M7, RD-114, and the simian sarcoma virus. No MPV-specific proviral sequences were detected in the DNAs of apparently normal tissues of various species of New World monkeys, apes, and humans. The part of the MPV genome that is endogenous to rhesus is also endogenous to the other species of Old World monkeys examined: baboon, African green, and patas. This was determined as a result of the following observations: (i) C(0)t(1/2) values and final extent of hybridization were the same for all four species. (ii) T(m) values of MPV 60-70S RNA and DNA of all four species were identical. (iii) The removal of MPV sequences endogenous to rhesus tissues by recycling against rhesus DNA resulted in the loss of any hybridizable MPV RNA to the DNAs of baboon, African green, and patas tissues. (iv) Mixing experiments of rhesus, African green, and baboon DNAs resulted in the same kinetics of hybridization as did rhesus DNA alone, when hybridized with MPV 60-70S RNA. These findings demonstrate that sequences that constitute an integral part of the MPV genome are conserved in the DNAs of several different species of Old World monkeys.

Note on the effect of ageing on the neutral salt and acid soluble collagen from the intramuscular connective tissue of various species

The neutral salt soluble (NSSC) and acid soluble collagens (ASC) from the intramuscular connective tissue of various species were extracted, purified and studied by optical rotatory dispersion, viscosity and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No significant changes in the quantity of such soluble fractions, in the optical rotatory dispersion or in viscosity of the purified samples were observed during two weeks storage at 1 °C. Electrophoretical analysis suggested a decrease in the relative concentration of the α chains of the ASC. It was concluded that if there are changes in the NSSC or ASC of muscle during ageing these are not detected by the techniques employed.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. II. Characterization of extractable complement-fixing activity.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus-specific complement-fixing (CF) antigen (ECFA) has been solubilized, concentrated, and partially purified. When inoculated together with Freund's adjuvant, ECFA induced CF antibody but not neutralizing antibody or protective immunity. By itself it boosted pre-existing CF antibody but no neutralizing antibody. In double diffusion tests one line developed between ECFA and its antiserum, and a corresponding line became visible when ECFA interacted with an antiserum directed against all LCM virus-specific antigens. Absorption of either serum with ECFA abolished all ECFA-precipitating qualities. Ouchterlony tests also revealed that ECFA prepared from cells and tissues of various species is immunologically identical. By a variety of procedures ECFA was not found to be represented on the surface of either the virion or the infected cell. When purified infectious LCM virus was disrupted, a CF antigen corresponding immunologically to ECFA was set free. In double diffusion tests this antigen gave a line of identity with ECFA. Thus, ECFA appears to be an internal component of the infectious LCM virus.

Non-histone chromosomal proteins easily extractible from chick erythrocytes

Those non-histone chromosomal proteins which are easily extractible from chick erythrocytes differ substantially from proteins similarly extracted from other tissues of various species. Although a protein P1 was isolated along with histone H1 by extraction of calf thymus chromatin with HClO 4, the same procedure did not extract this protein from chick erythrocyte chromatin of either normal or regenerating blood. Likewise, non-histone proteins extracted with 0.35 M NaCl from calf thymus differed from those of normal chick erythrocytes, which were qualitatively identical but quantitatively inferior to those of regenerating blood. The major protein of about 25 000 molecular weight, totally extracted with 0.35 M NaCl from calf thymus, was not found in chick erythrocyte chromatin, but rather another major protein of about 35 000 molecular weight was partially extracted from erythrocytes.

The use of fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled lectins for immunohistochemical demonstration of saccharides: II. Studies by use of concanavalin a and Lens culinaris lectins

Cryostat sections of various tissues from man, rat, mice, hamster, rabbit, guinea pig, sparrow and carp were examined by fluorescence microscopy after incubation with fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled Concanavalin A and Lens culinaris lectin. In the same tissue of various species no basic differences in the pattern of fluorescence were observed. In general, connective tissue structures were stained by both lectins in the same degree, whereas by fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled Concanavalin A additionally a varying staining of the cell surface and of cytoplasmic structures occurred. The results show the general presence of Concanavalin A and Lens culinaris lectin receptors in normal animal tissues.

On the identity of DOPA decarboxylase and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (immunological titration-aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-serotonin-dopamine-norepinephrine).

Simultaneous immunological titration of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activities, from a number of tissues of various species, showed that the two activities were not distinguishable with a monospecific antiserum to hog kidney decarboxylase. Together with previous findings, these data firmly establish the concept that in mammalian tissues the two enzyme activities are associated with a single protein, namely aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.

Large scale preparation of myelin basic protein from central nervous tissue of several mammalian species.

Abstract The wide-spread use of and demand for myelin basic protein for immunologic studies has prompted us to re-examine the details of its isolation from CNS tissue of various species. The procedure described in this communication for the isolation and purification of myelin basic protein does not require column chromatography and is therefore suitable for large scale preparation of a reasonably pure product with simple laboratory equipment. If certain precautions are taken, the yield and quality of the product are reproducible. Certain contaminants which may accompany myelin basic protein during purification by procedures currently in use are pointed out, and their possible influence on the immunologic behavior of myelin basic protein is discussed. Suitable electrophoretic techniques for the detection of these contaminants as well as details for their removal from the myelin basic protein are described.

Reactivation of reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease by subcellular fractions from calf thyroid glands.

Calf thyroid subcellular fractions have been used to study the reactivation of chemically reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. Both the microsomal and the high speed supernatant fractions of this tissue accelerate the reactivation of the reduced ribonuclease. Similar reactivation is observed with the microsomal fractions prepared from other tissues of various species, but not with their supernatant fractions. Supernatant fractions prepared from rat, rabbit, guinea pig and sheep thyroid glands accelerate also the reactivation of the reduced ribonuclease. It is suggested that the calf thyroid supernatant system which accelerates the reactivation of reduced ribonuclease is protein in nature and localized in the colloid. (Endocrinology 88: 742, 1971)

Histamine release by sodium chloroplatinate.

1. The chloroplatinate ion can release histamine from the tissues in various species of animals.2. This property is not shared by other complex ions with co-ordination number 6, or other complex platinum ions.3. The release of histamine may form the basis of the known disease platinosis which affects people who work in platinum refineries, and which is characterized by symptoms of an allergic nature.4. The mechanism of the liberation of histamine by chloroplatinate resembles that which occurs during anaphylactic shock.

ASCOCARPIC CENTRUM ONTOGENY OF SPECIES OF HYPODERMATACEAE OF CONIFERS. II

Ascocarpic studies of the ontogeny of Lophodermium nitens disclosed a type of development unlike that of all other species of Hypodermataceae occurring on conifer needles. For this reason the centrum of L. nitens is designated as Type III and is compared with Type I (Gordon, 1966). Because L. nitens produces its ascocarp in several tissues of various species of pine, the ontogeny of ascocarps in different locations is discussed and illustrated. The most significant ontogenetic feature of the ascocarp of L. nitens is a layer of hyaline cells in the primordium; this layer is meristematic and gives rise to all subsequent structures of the centrum.

Proposed technique for classifying and identifying encephalitogens.

EXPERIMENTAL allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be produced in guinea-pigs by injection of acid extracts of central nervous tissue mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant. Some authors claim that the active factor in these extracts is protein1–4 while others claim that it can be polypeptide5–9. From extracts of ox spinal cord we have isolated a bovine encephalitogenic polypeptide fraction (BEP) and also an encephalitogenic protein fraction. Similar fractions were also isolated from extracts of guinea-pig brain. As other encephalitogens may be isolated in the future from nervous tissue of various species it would be important to have a simple means of identifying and classifying them. At present it is difficult to correlate the results of chemical and immunological expariments from different laboratories because authors often fail to describe adequately the nature and homogeneity of their encephalitogenic preparations. This paper describes a simple gel electrophoresis procedure which can test the homogeneity of encephalitogenic preparations and provides a convenient classification of the proteins or polypeptides in such materials. The proposed classification is based on a comparison of the mobility of the encephalitogen relative to the mobility of cytcochrome c.

In vitro effect of adrenaline and other amines on glucose metabolism in sheep thyroid, heart, liver, kidney and testicular slices

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonine stimulate the oxidation of glucose carbon 1 and glucose carbon 6 by the thyroid tissue of various species in vitro. This effect has been related to the activation by these hormones of a DPNH and a TPNH oxidase system. The effect of adrenaline depends on its prior oxidation to adrenochrome. A similar but weaker effect of adrenaline and adrenochrome on glucose carbon 1 oxidation by liver and kidney cortex slices has been observed. A stimulation of glucose carbon 1 oxidation by substrates of monoamine oxidase has been observed in thyroid and testis slices. While this mechanism accounts for the effect of adrenaline on testis slices it does not account for the effect of this hormone on thyroid slices. The glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline on liver and heart tissue has been demonstrated by an increased glucose output by liver slices and a decreased glucose uptake by heart slices in the presence of this hormone. The biological significance of these three in vitro actions of adrenaline on glucose catabolism is discussed and it is concluded that only the glycogenolytic effect is physiological.

Comparative biochemical endocrinology of pituitary growth hormone.

It has been known for a long time that when the same protein hormone is isolated from tissues of various species, the products are not necessarily identical; however, comparative studies of the anterior hypophyseal hormones did not begin to attract wide interest until 1956, when it was demonstrated that the growth hormone (somatotrophin) isolated from primate pituitary glands is chemically distinct from the bovine hormone, and that the primate hormones are metabolically active in human subjects whereas the bovine hormone is not. In this communication, we wish to report some comparative investigations which have been carried out in the author's laboratory on the biochemical endocrinology of pituitary growth hormone. Recent reviews on some aspects of the subject have been published (Li 1957, 1958, 1959; Russell & Wilhelmi 1958; Knobil & Greep 1959). There are now growth hormone preparations from pituitary glands of six different species, namely, ox (Li,

Investigations of tocopherol deficiency in infancy and childhood. Studies of ceroid pigment deposition.

The tocopherols, or vitamin E-active substances have received fitful scientific attention and occasional notoriety in recent years. Reproducible tocopherol deficiency states have been well documented as they affect a wide variety of tissues in various species of experimental animals. The signs of tocopherol deficiency in experimental animals most frequently appear in the reproductive system, smooth and skeletal muscles, blood vessels, and the hematopoietic system. To date, no clinical syndrome of tocopherol deficiency has been defined in man. Progress in the understanding of the role of tocopherol in human physiology has undoubtedly been hampered by its widespread and often uncontrolled therapeutic use for conditions in which tocopherol deficiency has never been demonstrated. Facetious slogans, such as E for Everything have surely diverted the serious investigator's attention from tocopherol, which Gordon has aptly called a shady lady to be approached gingerly by respectable or discreet investigators in human nutrition. 1 The pediatric

Distribution of γ‐aminobutyric acid and other amino acids in nervous tissue of various species

Distribution of γ‐aminobutyric acid and other amino acids in nervous tissue of various species