Tissues Of Human Body Research Articles

Viscoelastic Glucose Theory (VGT #8): Applying Viscoelastic Glucose Theory with Finger-Piercing Measured Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) as the Strain Along with the FPG Change Rate Multiplied by Body Weight in the Early Morning as the Stress, to Calculate the Predicted FPG Values and then Comparing Against Another Predicted FPG Values Using Statistical Linear Regression Model Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine

The author has studied strength of materials and theory of elasticity through his undergraduate courses at the University of Iowa. He also conducted research work to earn a master’s degree in Biomechanics under Professor James Andrews. At that time, he used the spring and dashpot models to simulate the behaviors of human joints, bones, muscles, and tendons in order to investigate the human-weapon interactions during the Vietnam war era. Later, he went to MIT to pursue his PhD study under Professor Norman Jones, who taught him theory of plasticity and dynamic plastic behaviors of various structure elements. He also took additional graduate courses in the field of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Since then, many advancements have been made in the biomechanics branch, especially with human body tissues that possess certain viscoelastic characteristics, such as bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons (connect bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone), fascia, and skin. For example, the author suffered plantar fasciitis for many years. He understood that the night splint dorsiflexes forefoot, at the back of the foot, increases plantar fascia tension to offer stress-relaxation for the pain. This model of muscles and tendons connecting the lower leg and foot is a form of viscoelastic study for medical problem solving. However, when dealing with human internal organs, it is not easy to conduct live experiments to obtain accurate measurements for the biomedical material properties. Although blood is a viscous material (time-dependent), its viscosity factor may fall between water, honey, syrup, or gel, the author’s research subject is “glucose” where the blood sugar amount is produced by the liver and also carried by red blood cells, not the blood itself. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) has nothing to do with either diet or exercise during sleep hours and is mainly relying on the pancreatic beta cell’s health condition, which produces and releases insulin, to control the glucose level in blood. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to measure material geometry or certain engineering properties of glucose, for example, to determine the viscosity of “glucose”. As a result, the best he could do is to apply the “concept of viscoelasticity and/or viscoplasticity” to construct an analogy model of time-dependent glucose behaviors.

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #5): Three Developed Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) Stress-Strain Diagrams for the PPG Levels of <140 mg/dL, 140- 170 mg/dL, and >170 mg/dL, to Illustrate the Correlation between Biomedical Diabetes Conditions and Biophysical Illustrations of Glucose Behaviors Using Linear Elasticity Theory (Time-Independent), Plasticity Theory (Time-Independent), and Viscoplasticity Theory (Time-Dependent) Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No.

The author has studied strength of materials and theory of elasticity through his undergraduate courses at the University of Iowa. He also conducted research work to earn a master’s degree in Biomechanics under Professor James Andrews. At that time, he used the spring and dashpot models to simulate the behaviors of human joints, bones, muscles, and tendons in order to investigate the human-weapon interactions during the Vietnam war era. Later, he went to MIT to pursue his PhD study under Professor Norman Jones, who taught him theory of plasticity and dynamic plastic behaviors of various structure elements. He also took additional graduate courses in the field of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Since then, many advancements have been made in the biomechanics branch, especially with human body tissues that possess certain viscoelastic characteristics, such as bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons (connect bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone), fascia, and skin. For example, the author suffered plantar fasciitis for many years. He understood that the night splint dorsiflexes forefoot, at the back of the foot, increases plantar fascia tension to offer stress-relaxation for the pain. This model of muscles and tendons connecting the lower leg and foot is a form of viscoelastic study and problem solving. However, when dealing with human internal organs, it is not easy to conduct live experiments to obtain accurate measurements for the biomedical material properties. Although blood itself is a viscous (time-dependent) material, its viscosity factor may fall between water, honey, syrup, or gel. The author’s research subject is “glucose” where the carbohydrates and sugar amount is produced by the liver and is carried by red blood cells, not the blood itself. It is nearly impossible to measure material geometry or certain engineering properties of glucose, for example, to determine the viscosity of “glucose”. Therefore, the best he could do is to apply the “concept of viscoelasticity and/or viscoplasticity” to construct an analogy model of time-dependent glucose behaviors.

Viscoelastic Glucose Theory (VGT #6): Applying Viscoelastic Glucose Theory with Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) as the Strain Along with the FPG Change Rate Multiplied by Body Temperature in the Early Morning as the Stress, to Illustrate the Viscoelastic Stress-Strain Diagram and Calculate the Predicted FPG Values Using the Perturbation Theory Model and Amplified Body Temperature Ratio as the “Perturbation Factor”,

The author has studied strength of materials and theory of elasticity through his undergraduate courses at the University of Iowa. He also conducted research work to earn a master’s degree in Biomechanics under Professor James Andrews. At that time, he used the spring and dashpot models to simulate the behaviors of human joints, bones, muscles, and tendons in order to investigate the human-weapon interactions during the Vietnam war era. Later, he went to MIT to pursue his PhD study under Professor Norman Jones, who taught him theory of plasticity and dynamic plastic behaviors of various structure elements. He also took additional graduate courses in the field of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Since then, many advancements have been made in the biomechanics branch, especially with human body tissues that possess certain viscoelastic characteristics, such as bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons (connect bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone), fascia, and skin. For example, the author suffered plantar fasciitis for many years. He understood that the night splint dorsiflexes forefoot, at the back of the foot, increases plantar fascia tension to offer stress-relaxation for the pain. This model of muscles and tendons connecting the lower leg and foot is a form of viscoelastic study for medical problem solving. However, when dealing with human internal organs, it is not easy to conduct live experiments to obtain accurate measurements for the biomedical material properties. Although blood itself is a viscous material (time-dependent), its viscosity factor may fall between water, honey, syrup, or gel. But the author’s research subject is “glucose” where the blood sugar amount is produced by the liver and also carried by red blood cells, not the blood itself. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) has nothing to do with either diet or exercise during sleep hours and is mainly relying on the pancreatic beta cell’s health condition, which produces and releases insulin, to control the glucose level in blood. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to measure material geometry or certain engineering properties of glucose, for example, to determine the viscosity of “glucose”. Therefore, the best he could do is to apply the “concept of viscoelasticity and/or viscoplasticity” to construct an analogy model of time-dependent glucose behaviors.

Viscoelastic Glucose Theory (VGT #9): Applying Viscoelastic Glucose Theory with Sensor Measured Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) as the Strain Along with the FPG Change Rate Multiplied by Averaged Value of Body Weight and Body Temperature in the Morning as the Stress, to Calculate the Predicted FPG Values and then Comparing Against Another Predicted FPG Values Using TwoVariables Regression Model Based

The author has studied strength of materials and theory of elasticity through his undergraduate courses at the University of Iowa. He also conducted research work to earn a master’s degree in Biomechanics under Professor James Andrews. At that time, he used the spring and dashpot models to simulate the behaviors of human joints, bones, muscles, and tendons in order to investigate the human-weapon interactions during the Vietnam war era. Later, he went to MIT to pursue his PhD study under Professor Norman Jones, who taught him theory of plasticity and dynamic plastic behaviors of various structure elements. He also took additional graduate courses in the field of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Since then, many advancements have been made in the biomechanics branch, especially with human body tissues that possess certain viscoelastic characteristics, such as bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons (connect bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone), fascia, and skin. For example, the author suffered plantar fasciitis for many years. He understood that the night splint dorsiflexes forefoot, at the back of the foot, increases plantar fascia tension to offer stress-relaxation for the pain. This model of muscles and tendons connecting the lower leg and foot is a form of viscoelastic study for medical problem solving. However, when dealing with human internal organs, it is not easy to conduct live experiments to obtain accurate measurements for the biomedical material properties. Although blood is a viscous material (time-dependent), its viscosity factor may fall between water, honey, syrup, or gel, the author’s research subject is “glucose” where the blood sugar amount is produced by the liver and also carried by red blood cells, not the blood itself. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) has nothing to do with either diet or exercise during sleep hours and is mainly relying on the pancreatic beta cell’s health condition, which produces and releases insulin, to control the glucose level in blood. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to measure material geometry or certain engineering properties of glucose, for example, to determine the viscosity of “glucose”. As a result, the best he could do is to apply the “concept of viscoelasticity and/or viscoplasticity” to construct an analogy model of time-dependent glucose behaviors.

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #4): Three Developed Postprandial Plasma Glucose Stress-Strain Diagrams for Normal, Pre-Diabetes, and Severe Diabetes Levels to Illustrate the Correlation Between Biomedical Conditions of the Disease and Biophysics Behaviors of Glucose Based on Linear Elasticity Theory (TimeIndependent), Plasticity Theory (Time-Independent), and Viscoplasticity Theory (Time-Dependent) Utilizing GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 581)

The author has studied strength of materials and theory of elasticity through his undergraduate courses at the University of Iowa. He also conducted research work to earn a master’s degree in Biomechanics under Professor James Andrews. At that time, he used the spring and dashpot models to simulate the behaviors of human joints, bones, muscles, and tendons in order to investigate the human-weapon interactions during the Vietnam war era. Later, he went to MIT to pursue his PhD study under Professor Norman Jones, who taught him theory of plasticity and dynamic plastic behaviors of various structure elements. He also took additional graduate courses in the field of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Since then, many advancements have been made in biomechanics, especially with human body tissues that possess viscoelastic characteristics, such as bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons (connect bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone), fascia, and skin. For example, the author suffered plantar fasciitis for many years. He understood that the night splint dorsiflexes forefoot, at the back of the foot, increases plantar fascia tension to offer stress-relaxation for the pain. This model of muscles and tendons connecting the lower leg and foot is a form of viscoelastic problem. However, when dealing with human internal organs, it is not easy to conduct live experiments to obtain accurate measurements for the biomedical material properties. Although blood itself is a viscous (time-dependent) material, its viscosity factor may fall between water, honey, syrup, or gel. The author’s research subject is “glucose” where the carbohydrates and sugar amount is produced by the liver and is carried by red blood cells, not the blood itself. It is nearly impossible to measure material geometry or certain engineering properties of glucose, for example, to determine the viscosity of “glucose”. Therefore, the best he could do is to apply the “concept of viscoelasticity and/or viscoplasticity” to construct an analogy model of time-dependent glucose behaviors.

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #11): From Time-domain Through Space-Domain to Frequency-Domain to Analyze and Study Glucose Characters and Behaviors of Two Collected Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) Datasets for the PPG Level <120 mg/dL Versus >150 mg/dL Using Elasticity & Plasticity Theory (Time-Independent), and Viscoelasticity & Viscoplasticity Theory (Time-Dependent) Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 590)

The author has studied strength of materials and theory of elasticity through his undergraduate courses at the University of Iowa. He then conducted research work to earn a master’s degree in Biomechanics under Professor James Andrews. At that time, he used the spring and dashpot models to simulate the behaviors of human joints, bones, muscles, and tendons in order to investigate the human-weapon interactions during the Vietnam war. Later, he went to MIT to pursue his PhD study under Professor Norman Jones, who taught him theory of plasticity and dynamic plastic behaviors of various structure elements. He also took additional graduate courses in the field of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Since then, many advancements have been made in the biomechanics branch, especially with human body tissues that possess viscoelastic characteristics, such as bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons (connect bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone), fascia, and skin. For example, the author suffered plantar fasciitis for many years. He understood that the night splint dorsiflexes forefoot, at the back of the foot, increases plantar fascia tension to offer stress-relaxation for the pain. This model of muscles and tendons connecting the lower leg and foot is a kind of viscoelastic study and biomedical problem solving. However, when dealing with human internal organs, it is not easy to conduct live experiments to obtain accurate measurements for the biomedical material properties. Although blood is a viscous (time-dependent) material, its viscosity factor may fall between water, honey, syrup, or gel. The author’s research subject is “glucose” where the carbohydrates and sugar amount is produced by the liver and is carried by red blood cells, not the blood itself. It is nearly impossible to measure material geometry or certain engineering properties of glucose, for example, to determine the viscosity of “glucose”. Therefore, the best he could do is to apply the “concept of viscoelasticity and/or viscoplasticity” to construct an analogy model of time-dependent glucose behaviors.

Human Bones Solubility in Seawater

Introduction: In January 1968, an Israeli submarine "Dakar" sank in the Mediterranean Sea. The Dakar’s wreckage was not found until May 1999, when it was located between the islands of Cyprus and Crete at depth more than 3,000 m by the Nauticos Corporation, the same company which found a British passenger liner "Titanic" that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean after it collided with an iceberg. The possibility to recover any existing remains of the crew members in the sunken submarine “Dakar” and to give them Jewish burial had been widely discussed in Israel. Background: The human bones consist of mineral and organic matrixes. Therefore, the solubility of the bones in seawater will depend on the behavior of these two matrixes. The main mineral component of human bones is a calcium phosphate mineral which is similar in composition and structure to minerals within the apatite group. Thus, the human bones are rigid body tissue consisting of biological cells embedded in an abundant, hard intercellular material. Objective: The main objective is to study the possibility of solubility of human bones after prolonged time in deep waters. Methods: The solubility of minerals in natural waters can be calculated from thermodynamic considerations provided that the equilibrium constants are known, and ionic activity coefficients can be obtained. Using the approaches developed by Pitzer's scientific school for ionic activity coefficients calculations it was demonstrated in this article that neither hydroxyapatite nor fluorapatite can be dissolved in seawater. Results: It is well known, according to various publications, that no skeleton remains were found in most cases of sunken ships wreckage in deep seawaters. The question is how this contradiction can be explained if mineral constituents of human bones could not be dissolved in seawater, but no skeletons have been found in sunken ships being prolonged time in deep depths. We assume that the reason for this phenomenon is that skeleton bones in addition to mineral matrix contain organic constituents which can be dissolved in seawater due to various natural biological and chemical processes. After the dissolution of the organic constitutes of the bones, the bones remains could not be preserved as a whole in sunk ships. Conclusion: It can be assumed that due to the dissolution of human bones' organic contents in seawater, human bodies’ remains cannot be found in most cases in sunken ships after a prolonged time in deep waters.

Biocompatible Materials in Otorhinolaryngology and Their Antibacterial Properties.

For decades, biomaterials have been commonly used in medicine for the replacement of human body tissue, precise drug-delivery systems, or as parts of medical devices that are essential for some treatment methods. Due to rapid progress in the field of new materials, updates on the state of knowledge about biomaterials are frequently needed. This article describes the clinical application of different types of biomaterials in the field of otorhinolaryngology, i.e., head and neck surgery, focusing on their antimicrobial properties. The variety of their applications includes cochlear implants, middle ear prostheses, voice prostheses, materials for osteosynthesis, and nasal packing after nasal/paranasal sinuses surgery. Ceramics, such as as hydroxyapatite, zirconia, or metals and metal alloys, still have applications in the head and neck region. Tissue engineering scaffolds and drug-eluting materials, such as polymers and polymer-based composites, are becoming more common. The restoration of life tissue and the ability to prevent microbial colonization should be taken into consideration when designing the materials to be used for implant production. The authors of this paper have reviewed publications available in PubMed from the last five years about the recent progress in this topic but also establish the state of knowledge of the most common application of biomaterials over the last few decades.

Performance evaluation of compact FSS‐integrated flexible monopole antenna for body area communication applications

SummaryThis article presents a compact wearable antenna integrated with a novel frequency selective surface (FSS) made of textile materials. The antenna can be applied in wearable health monitoring applications aimed at the 2.45‐GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. An array of 4 × 4 octagonal slot‐shaped FSS (106 × 106 mm2) superstrate enhances the performance of the modified Koch curve planar monopole antenna (44.85 × 39 mm2). The Jeans substrate prototype with the overall dimensions of 1.128λ0 × 1.128λ0 × 0.319λ0 covers the bandwidth of 2.45‐GHz ISM band from 2.24 to 2.76 GHz (S11 ≤ −10 dB). The band rejection and reflective nature of the proposed FSS suppress the back radiation and improves the antenna's gain by −20 dB and 6.3 dBi, respectively. The specific absorption rate (SAR) level is reduced to 0.445 W/kg from 24.995 W/kg with a higher reduction rate of 98.21%. Many literature reports produced higher gain and lower SAR but exhibited reduced efficiency when the antenna is placed near the human body. The wearable antenna's frequency response tends to vary under bending conditions for narrowband antennas. Wide‐band monopole antennas produce omnidirectional radiation pattern which tends to affect human body tissues. So stable polarization‐insensitive FSS is placed behind the antenna to enhance the antenna's gain and avoid back radiation. The proposed antenna exhibits stable performance under bending conditions with fractional bandwidth of 22.2%, gain of 8.83 dBi, and produces a better efficiency of 91.30% when the antenna is positioned in the vicinity with human body models. The experimental validation shows that the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for wireless body area networks.

Modulating the Properties of Poly(glycerol sebacate)-Based Polyurethane Hydrogels Using an Organoclay.

Elastomeric hydrogels are promising in soft tissue applications due to their biomimetic mechanical and physical behaviors. In this study, we design and synthesize a poly(glycerol sebacate)-based polyurethane-clay nanocomposite hydrogel system with controllable mechanical, swelling, drug release, and biodegradation behaviors. The polymer-clay nanocomposites are synthesized by in situ polymerization in the presence of a solvent, which facilitates the dispersion of clay within the polymer matrix and their bonding. The nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit higher water swelling ratios in comparison to the neat polymer. The fully swollen hydrogels are capable of enduring complex mechanical deformations such as stretching and knotting, while the tensile moduli of the hydrogels mimic various soft tissues in human body. The mechanical behavior of hydrogels is significantly enhanced by the addition of no more than 3 phr clay, showing higher stiffness, strength, ductility, and toughness. The drug loading and release behavior of the hydrogels is investigated with three model drugs, showing selective drug loading capacity and sustained release, based on the Coulombic interaction between the clay and drug molecules. Biodegradation tests under a simulated body condition reveal a highly tunable degradation rate by the clay content in the nanocomposite hydrogels. Good cytocompatibility by the cell metabolic assay with mouse fibroblasts in vitro is also demonstrated. Finally, three-dimensional microporous foam is manufactured as a proof-of-concept study.

Chemical design of homochiral heterocyclic organic ferroelectric crystals

Single component organic ferroelectrics of spirooxazacamphorsultam derivatives, 1-SSR and 1-RRS, exhibit well-defined ferroelectricity (Ps = 2.2 μC cm-2) and piezoelectricity (d33 = 10 pC N-1) below their melting point. More importantly, they possess a low acoustic impedance value of 2.7 × 106 kg s-1 m-2, which is well-matched with body tissues.

Current views on methods of determining the age of injuries in the practice of the forensic expert

The review objective is to summarize the current data on new methods development for detection and determination of the age of injuries (AI) and to analyze the prospects of their use in the practice of forensic medical experts. The injury healing processes in various human body tissues are described in detail, and data on biomarkers of healing and their role are provided. Three main diagnostic methods for AI were analyzed: immunohistochemical, molecular biological study, and biophysical objectivization. Their advantages and disadvantages, as well as ways of further improvement of these methods, are considered.

A Soft Surface Based Low Profile Wearable Antenna for Biomedical Telemetry

A soft surface based low profile wearable antenna operating on 5.8 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (5.725-5.875 GHz) is presented for high speed biomedical telemetry. The flexible substrate of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) foam makes the structure water proof, ultra-violet resistant and mechanically stable. First, the basic antenna structure (reference) with inset feeding is designed. Initially, the forward to back power ratio obtained is 14.1 for basic design. The back radiation is further reduced by introducing soft surface around the patch. Use of two different materials as soft surface has been studied and analyzed. The maximum gain of 5.2 dBi and Front to Back Ratio (FTBR) of 25.63 is achieved for the chosen resonant frequency. The absorption of electromagnetic field by the body is reduced by 9.35 % and gain is improved by 23.68/24.40 % with reference to our basic design of antenna without soft surface. The value of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is 1.26 W/kg for 10 gm of human body tissue which is within the specified limits. The software simulated and experimented results are presented.

Mass Stopping Power and Range of Protons in Biological Human Body Tissues (Ovary, Lung and Breast)

In this work, the mass stopping power and range of protons in biological human body tissues (ovary, lung and breast) were calculated at the energy ranging from 0.04 MeV to 200 MeV using the MATLAB Program. The data relating to the densities, average atomic number to mass number and excitation energy for the present tissues were collected from ICRU Report 46. The mass stopping power was calculated by the Bethe formula. Moreover, the simple integration (continuous slowing down approximation) method was employed for calculating protons range at the tissues. The results of the mass stopping power versus energy and the range versus energy were presented graphically and the empirical formulae for calculating the mass stopping power and the ranges were obtained. The present results for mass stopping powers and ranges were compared with the results obtained by others. Good agreements were found between them, especially at the energy ranging from 3 to 200 MeV.

The Effect of Aspergilius Niger Fungus on the Development of Fungus Defect in Matured Raw Meat

Meat is a source of complete proteins of animal origin, which is necessary for the construction of human body tissues, synthesis and exchange of substances. In the RA, serious attention is paid to obtaining meat raw materials, sanitary and hygienic requirements and storage. However, even a high level of control does not allow consumers to be protected from the presence of low-quality and defective meat raw materials at consumption points. Sometimes they occur in meat raw materials of non-slaughterhouse origin, sometimes as a result of violating the rules of storage and transportation. The purpose of the work is to select and separate defective beef raw materials and to find out the defect causes.

Modelling Multilayer Communication Channel in Terahertz Band for Medical Applications

In this work we present a multi-layer channel model for terahertz communication that incorporates both layers of human body tissues and textile layers. Many research works tackled communication channel modelling in human body alone while some other research focused on textile characterization/modelling alone. There is a real gap in connecting these different models. To investigate this, a multi-layer channel model for terahertz communication is developed, this model assumes external textile layer stacked over layers of human body tissues. The electromagnetic properties of the different layers are extracted from previous works that used time domain spectroscopy (TDS) in the terahertz band to characterize each of the considered layers. The model is implemented as a flexible MATLAB/Octave program that enables the simulation of layers with either fixed or random depths. This paper aims to pave the way to connecting patients’ in-body nano-nodes with off-body (on-cloth) nano-nodes by building such a combined channel model. This helps in many applications especially in the medical field. For example, having connected nano-nodes can help in diagnosing diseases, monitoring health by sending information to the external environment, treatment (e.g., increasing or decreasing a certain dose depending on the monitoring), etc. The obtained results show how the THz signal can be affected when it propagates through heterogeneous mediums (i.e., human body tissues and textile). Various types of path-loss has been calculated for this purpose and verified by comparison with results from previous research on separate models of human body and textile.

Forensic medical characteristics of firearm exit wounds in cases with armour protection

BackgroundThe very limited literature about the characteristic morphology of the firearm ammunition wounds in the body armored victims led authors to conduct an experimental study to understand this issue of great forensic and medico-legal importance. PurposeAn autopsy of a male sniper was fraught with a challenge to differentiate between a firearm ammunition entry and exit wound. He was wearing body armour when shot at during a hostage rescue operation. The study was conducted to standardize the findings and answer the queries in such cases of forearms with inherent legal implications. MethodologyThe modifying effect of the clothing and the armour on the firearm injuries in humans was studied by test firings on animal (pig) cadaver tissues, which has closest simulation to the human body tissues. These firings were preceded by X-ray fluorescence, and followed by stereoscopic and spectroscopic examinations. All the events were recorded by the high-resolution video camera shoots. ResultsAn extensive cavitation in the form of a cone shaped crater, and a tissue defect with precipitated edges and patching of the epidermal layers indicated a firearm entry and exit wound, respectively, in victims wearing body armour at the time of the firearm injury.

The Role of Adipokines in Cardiovascular Pathology

The recent decades saw a steady growth of obesity incidence worldwide. Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus and is also associated with a shorter life expectancy. Not only hemodynamic but also hormone metabolic processes, arising from excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in human body, underlie the development of CVDs. Adipose tissue has now been proved to be a hormone-active substrate. Studies of the influence of adipokines will bring us closer to understanding cardiovascular pathogenesis and help personalize prophylactic strategies.

Multi-scale adaptions of dynamic bio-interfaces

Biodevices including wearable sensors, medical implants or protheses (e.g., tissue engineering scaffolds and neural electrodes), have attracted extensive attentions over the past several decades due to their great potentials in multiple areas of healthcare, diagnostics, and rehabilitation. The performances and efficiency of biodevice-tissue integration and adaption are significantly affected by their bio-interfaces, which should be therefore carefully considered and optimized. This perspective briefly summarizes the emerging biodevices with bio-inspired dynamic bio-interfaces for accommodating the dynamic natures of cell functions or human body tissues on molecular-, nano-/micro-, and macro-scales, which hold promises to bring in breakthroughs to some future technologies such as personalized medicine, artificial organs, and human-machine interaction and integration.

Molecular and clinical analysis of genes involved in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is the abnormal growth of stomach cells. The symptoms of this disease include difficulty in swallowing, heartburn, stomach pain, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the stool. Gastric cancer is a multifactorial and genetic disease, and many genes and factors are involved in it. DCC and CDH1 are the genes silenced by hypermethylation in gastric cancer and play an influential role in suppressing gastric cancer tumors. The aim of this study was bioinformatics analysis at the genome and proteome level and evaluation and comparison of the expression of DCC and CDH1 genes in different human body tissues. The results of this study showed that the CDH1 gene is more expressed in the thyroid gland and Parathyroid gland and the DCC gene is more expressed in the testis, hippocampal formation, basal ganglia, midbrain, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus. The expression analysis of these genes showed that both genes generally are more active in glands and have little expression in other body organs. Cellular analysis of DCC and CDH1 genes by antibodies that bind to the proteins of the target genes showed that both genes are active in the Golgi apparatus, with the difference that the DCC gene is more present in the nucleus and the CDH1 gene is more present in the plasma membrane. The expression level of the CDH1 gene is relatively higher than that of the DCC gene. Also, phenotypic studies of the DCC gene showed that this gene is related to colorectal cancer, and it was found that the CDH1 gene is effective in Blepharocheilodontic syndrome 1. Finally, considering the role of CDH1 and DCC genes as tumor suppressor genes, these items can be used for targeted treatments in gastric cancer.