Tissues Of Female Rats Research Articles

Abstract 4804: Sex-specific differences in Benzo(a)Pyrene [B(a)P]-induced colon carcinogenesis

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. It has also been reported that colon cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in men than woman, but there is yet a determined mechanistic link to show the factors that underlie the sex-specific differences in CRC initiation and progression. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family of compounds is a well-characterized environmental toxicant that has been proven to be a major contributor to the development of sporadic colon cancer. Published studies indicate that Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), a receptor for [B(a)P], bind to estrogen receptor (ER) and negatively affect AhR-target gene transcription. This study aims to elucidate the sex-specific differences in B(a)P-induced colon cancer in adult Polyposis In the Rat Colon (PIRC) model. We hypothesize that sex-specific differences in B(a)P biotransformation modulates the formation of colon tumors in PIRC rats. Groups of female and male PIRC rats (n = 8) received sub-chronic exposure to 25, 50 and 100 µg B(a)P/kg body wt. via oral gavage for 60 days. Female and male rats that received no [B(a)P] treatment served as controls. [B(a)P] was shown to have no significant effect on body weight of these rats and female PIRC rats that received 25, 50 and 100 µg B(a)P/kg body wt. showed significant decrease in total polyp count when compared to males with respective treatments. Polyp sizes of female PIRC rats receiving 25, 50 and 100 µg B(a)P/kg body wt. were increased when compared to males respectively. Histopathological analysis of colon polyps revealed that female animals exhibited low-grade to no dysplasia while high-grade dysplasia was recorded in male animals treated with corresponding doses. Phase 1 enzyme, Cytochrome P450 isoform 1A1 (CYP1A1), and phase 2 enzyme, Sulfotransferase Family 1A Member 1 (SULT1A1), were downregulated in colon tissue of female PIRC rats receiving 25, 50 and 100 µg B(a)P/kg body wt. when compared to male counterparts. In future studies, by measuring the expression of other phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolizing enzymes (DME), along with measuring circulating estrogen levels, analyzing [B(a)P] metabolite profile, and probing B(a)P-DNA interactions, we will provide insight into if and how estrogen receptor protects females from developing colon cancer. This research was funded by NIH grants 5RO1CA142845-04, 5R25GM059994-3, and G12MD007586-29. Citation Format: Kenneth J. Harris, Kelly L. Harris, Mary K. Washington, James Amos-Landgraf, Aramandla Ramesh. Sex-specific differences in Benzo(a)Pyrene [B(a)P]-induced colon carcinogenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4804. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4804

Effect of Chronic Treatment with Grape Juice during Pregnancy and Nursing in Central Nervous System of Female Wistar Rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic treatment with purple grape juice (Vitis labrusca L.), by free access or gavage, during the pregnancy and lactation on the behavior and parameters of oxidative stress on the central nervous system tissues of female Wistar rats. The female Wistar rats (n=40) were mated, and the pregnancy was confirmed by vaginal swab. After the pregnancy was confirmed, the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: water (free access); water (gavage); juice (free access); juice (gavage). The animals were treated with water or juice (free access or gavage). The gavage was done once a day at a dose of 7µL/g of body weight. On the open field test, we observed that the grape juice was able to increase the latency time, decrease the time to rearing and lower the time and the frequency crossing. In the plus maze test, the grape juice was able to decrease the time spent in the open arm, which suggests anxiolytic characteristics to the juice. On the oxidative stress analyzes, the grape juice was capable to reduce the lipid per oxidation, however, it was not able to reduce the protein oxidation induced by the damage provoke by the gavages. Grape juice increased non-enzymatic defenses (sulfhyidryl content) in the cerebral cortex. The activity of the SOD and CAT enzymes were modulated by grape juice differently depending on the tissue evaluated. We observed that the SOD/CAT ratio also presented a different behavior in each of the tissues. We conclude that pregnancy can be an important factor to alter various parameters, on behavioral or biochemical assays. However, we found that grape juice was able to improve some parameters, reducing the stress caused by gavage in brain structures.

Stereolojical investigation of soybean (Glicine max L.) extract effect to kidney tissue in female rats

Stereolojical investigation of soybean (Glicine max L.) extract effect to kidney tissue in female rats

Gene expression changes in immune response pathways following oral administration of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in female Wistar Han rats

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a brominated flame retardant used globally at high volumes, primarily in the epoxy resin of circuit boards. It has been detected in the environment and in humans. The National Toxicology Program found that chronic oral TBBPA treatment of 250mg/kg and higher caused an increased incidence of uterine lesions in female Wistar Han rats. The present laboratory has previously reported changes in gene expression associated with estrogen homeostasis in liver and uterine tissue of adult female Wistar Han rats after five days of gavage with 250mg/kg of TBBPA. Microarray analysis of tissue from these same TBBPA-treated rats was performed to detect additional pathways perturbed by TBBPA. Microarray analysis of uterine tissue detected downregulation of genes in pathways of the immune response following TBBPA treatment. These results, along with validation of associated gene expression changes using droplet digital PCR, are reported here. Our findings suggest mechanisms that may be related to estrogen-mediated immunosuppression.

The Effects of Supplementary Cr3 (Chromium(III) Propionate Complex) on the Mineral Status in Healthy Female Rats

More and more people use food supplements for various reasons, e.g. to prevent mineral deficiency and diseases (e.g. osteoporosis, diabetes, anaemia). Supplements containing Cr(III) are purchased primarily for weight loss and antidiabetic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementary Cr3 {chromium(III) propionate complex, [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]NO3)} on the mineral status in female Wistar rats. The study was carried out on 30 female Wistar rats, divided into five groups (six animals in each): a control group and test groups fed Cr3 supplemented diets with 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg Cr · kg−1 diet (equivalent to 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg Cr ·kg−1 body mass (b.m.) per day) given as Cr3 for 4 weeks. Supplementary Cr3 increased the Cr content in tissues in a dose-dependent manner. High dietary doses of Cr3, 20 and 100 mg Cr · kg−1 b.m., increased the Cu content in the liver and spleen as well as the Zn content in the kidneys but decreased the liver Ca content. Doses of 50–100 mg Cr ·kg−1 b.m. decreased the serum Fe concentration and the Fe content in the liver and kidneys. Supplementation with Cr3 at doses of 10 and 100 mg Cr ·kg−1 b.m. did not affect the Mg content in the rats’ tissues. In conclusion, high dietary doses of Cr3 (10 and 100 mg Cr· kg−1 b.m.) given for 4 weeks affected the mineral status of Fe, Zn, Cu and Ca in the tissues of healthy female Wistar rats.

Вміст мікроелементів у тканинах самиць щурів F0 та самців F1 за випоювання нано і хімічно синтезованого германію цитрату

Вміст мікроелементів у тканинах самиць щурів F0 та самців F1 за випоювання нано і хімічно синтезованого германію цитрату

РЕГУЛЯТОРНИЙ ВПЛИВ НАНОГЕРМАНІЮ ЦИТРАТУ НА ВМІСТ МАКРОІ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ У ТКАНИНАХ ВАГІТНИХ САМИЦЬ ЩУРІВ F1

The probable intergroup changes in the content of macro- and microelements in the blood, internal organs and femur of pregnant females have been established for the prolonged release of various doses of nanogermanium citrate obtained by the method of nanotechnology.The inhibitory effect of citrate Ge on Ca content in the blood of animals in all experimental groups was detected, but the concentration of P was significantly increased with the release of low doses of citrate Ge. Characteristically, the effects of 10 and 20 mkg Ge indicated a significantly lower content of Cu, Co, Fe and Zn in the liver, but high content of Mn in the liver, kidneys and femur muscle. The injection of a high dose of HGeCit, in the amount of 200 mkg of Ge, results in an increase in Fe and Zn in the liver and Cu in the muscle, but a decrease in the Mn in the lungs. The unequal effects of various doses of Ge citrate on the content of individual elements in the tissues of pregnant female F1 rats is confirmed by analogous changes in the absolute content of microelements in terms of the mass of investigated organs.

Iron Overload Effect on Serum Levels of Glucose, Insulin and HOMA-IR was Ifluenced by the Type of Fat in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed High-Fat-Diets

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effect of iron supplementation on serum levels of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR, and to examine the histological iron deposition in tissue in female Sprague-Dawley rats fed high-fat-diets (HFDs). Methods: Rats were divided into three main groups: normal fat diet (NFD), high saturated fat diet (HSFD) and high monounsaturated fat diet (HMUSFD). After 6 weeks, rats were sub-divided into three sub-groups for intraperitonial injection of iron (control group, dose1 group (Do1); 15 mg/kg body weight (BW) and dose 2(Do2); (75 mg/kg BW). Serum glucose and insulin were measured. Also, the histological examination of iron deposition after Perl’s Prussian staining was examined. Results: We indicated that a high dose of iron supplementation decreased total weight gain significantly by 3 folds in rats that were fed the NFD and 2.5 folds in rats that were fed the HMUFD as compared to control sub-groups (p<0.05). Moreover, mean HOMA-IR levels increased significantly in rats received a high dose of iron as compared to controls in the NFD and the HSFD groups (p<0.05) but not in HUSFD. However, liver iron accumulation was increased in HFDs groups compared to NFD. Conclusion: The findings showed that iron overload complications could be influenced by the degree of saturation of dietary fat. However, the high dose of iron supplementation decreased total weight gain and increased liver weight, accompanied by insulin resistance. It is noteworthy that the diet rich in olive oil could have a protective effect against insulin resistance and adipose tissue iron accumulation.

Melatonin and Metformin Diminish Oxidative Stress in Heart Tissue in a Rat Model of High Fat Diet and Mammary Carcinogenesis.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of long-term administration of the oral antidiabetic metformin or the pineal hormone melatonin, and a combination thereof, in preventing oxidative stress in the heart tissue of female Sprague-Dawley rats with mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) (50mg/kg) given on the 42nd postnatal day. Metformin and melatonin were administered 12days before and 16weeks after the carcinogen. During the experiment, all animals were fed a high fat diet (10% total fat, 2.5% from lard, and 7.5% from palm oil). The findings are that mammary carcinogenesis generated oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, estimated from thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidatively modified protein content (aldehyde and ketone derivatives), and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were all augmented. Metformin caused a decrease in oxidative stress in the heart, accompanied by a decrease in diene conjugates, the elimination of ROS (stable total antioxidant status), and the activation of catalase and glutathione reductase. Melatonin caused an increase in total antioxidant status and a substantial reduction in ROS as estimated from aldehyde and ketone derivatives, lipid peroxidation at the initial (diene conjugates) and terminal stages (TBARS), and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Metformin and melatonin combined reversed the effects of NMU on oxidative stress. In conclusion, melatonin reduces the level of oxidative stress in the heart tissue, caused by NMU carcinogenesis and a high fat diet, significantly stronger than metformin.

Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptors in female mole rat (Spalax leucodon) tissues

Androgens exert their effects through androgen receptors (AR) in tissues. We investigated the distribution of AR in female mole rat tissues. Tissues were excised, fixed with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained after microwave antigen retrieval for immunohistochemistry. Immunostaining of AR immunostaining was detected in the nucleus or cytoplasm of the cells in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, anterior pituitary, lung, liver, uterus and skin. Granulosa and some thecal cells in the ovary, cardiac muscle cells and adipose cells exhibited a nuclear reaction for AR. In the kidney, labeling of AR was restricted to the cytoplasm of tubule cells. We found that AR could be detected using immunohistochemistry in the nucleus or cytoplasm or both in the presence of androgens.

Chronic iron overload induces gender-dependent changes in iron homeostasis, lipid peroxidation and clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

To analyze iron- and gender-dependent mechanisms possibly involved in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in this study we evaluated the effects of iron overload (IO) on iron status and lipid peroxidation processes (LPO) in tissues of female and male DA rats during chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a well-established MS animal model.Rats were treated by iron sucrose (75mg/kg bw/day) or with saline solution during two weeks before the sensitization with bovine brain homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant. Clinical signs of EAE were monitored during 29 days. Serum and tissues of CNS and liver were sampled before immunization and at day 13th post immunization (during acute phase of EAE). The determination of ferritin, iron, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and evaluation of histopathology were performed by ELISA, ICP spectrometry and immunohistochemistry.Results showed that IO in female EAE rats accelerated the onset of disease. In contrast, in male rats it accelerated the progression of disease and increased the mortality rate. During acute phase of EAE female IO rats sequestered more Fe in the liver, spinal cord and in the brain and produced more ferritin than male EAE rats. Male rats, however, reacted on IO by higher production of MDA or 4-HNE in the neural tissues and showed greater signs of plaque formation and gliosis in spinal cord.The data point to sexual dimorphism in mechanisms that regulate peripheral and brain iron homeostasis and imply that men and women during MS might be differentially vulnerable to exogenous iron overload.

Fructose and stress induce opposite effects on lipid metabolism in the visceral adipose tissue of adult female rats through glucocorticoid action.

Daily exposure to stress and excessive fructose intake coincides with the growing rate of obesity and related disorders, to which women are more prone than men. Glucocorticoids, the main regulators of energy balance and response to stress, have been associated with the development of metabolic disturbances. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of fructose overconsumption and/or chronic stress on glucocorticoid signalization and lipid metabolism in female rat adipose tissue. We examined the effects of fructose-enriched diet and chronic unpredictable stress, separately and in combination, on glucocorticoid signaling in terms of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD1)-catalyzed corticosterone regeneration, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) intracellular distribution, hormone binding and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lipolysis (hormone-sensitive lipase) and lipogenesis (lipoprotein lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of adult female rats. Additionally, the nuclear level of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was analyzed. The combination of stress and fructose-enriched diet led to an elevation in HSD1 expression and intracellular corticosterone concentration, whereas GR nuclear accumulation was enhanced after separate treatments. Furthermore, fructose was shown to induce the expression of all examined lipogenic genes and nuclear accumulation of PPARγ, thereby stimulating adipogenesis, while stress upregulated HSL, reducing the adipose tissue mass regardless of fructose consumption. Prolonged overconsumption of fructose and chronic exposure to stress promote opposite effects on lipid metabolism in the VAT of adult female rats and suggest that these effects could be mediated by glucocorticoids.

THE EFFECTIVE ROLE OF GINGER AGAINST THE OVOTOXICITY INDUCED BY 7, 12-DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE IN RAT: ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES

The present study aims to evaluate the role of ginger extract against the ovotoxic and/or carcinogenic effects induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in the ovarian tissues of female albino rats. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has acquired considerable attention as a botanical dietary due to its active biological constituents of phenolic substances ([6]-gingerol and [6]-paradol) that possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative properties and exerts substantial anti-carcinogenic activities. In the present study, a single dose of 40 mg/kg of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was used to induce ovotoxicity, and aqueous extract of ginger concentration (120 mg/ml) every other day as a possible protective substance. The ultrastructural observations of DMBA-treated group showed some differences such as fibroblast cells with condensed chromatin, primordial follicles area exhibiting scattered cytoplasmic organelles and ruptured-plasma membrane, some granulosa of the secondary follicles showing cytoplasmic vacuolization and some others revealing multi-nucleated. The ultrastructural observations of combined DMBA and ginger treated rats revealed more or less normal fibroblasts, primordial follicular cells, granulosa of secondary follicles and improvement in the number and shape of mitochondria. Concerning the immunohistochemical observations, the ovary of DMBA treated rats showed a significant increase in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA LI, P ≤ 0.001) with respect to control and/or ginger treated rats. However, DMBA and ginger treated rats showed a significant increase in the PCNA LI (P ≤ 0.01) with respect to control and/or ginger treated rats and a significant decrease (P≤ 0.001) with those of DMBA treated rats. In conclusion, ginger may play a possible role as a protective agent against the ovotoxicity and/or carcinogenicity of DMBA showing an improvement of the ovarian tissue.

The herbicide glyphosate is a weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase in rats.

The current work evaluated the inhibitory potency of the herbicide glyphosate (GLP) on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in male and female rat tissues. The AChE activity in brain was higher (p<0.05) than those observed in kidney (females: 2.2-fold; males: 1.9-fold), liver (females: 6-fold; males: 6.9-fold) and plasma (females: 14.7-fold; males: 25.3-fold). Enzyme activities were higher in presence of 10mM GLP compared to those measured at an equimolar concentration of the potent AChE inhibitor dichlorvos (DDVP). Moreover, IC50s for GLP resulted between 6×10(4)- and 6.8×10(5)-fold higher than those observed for DDVP. In conclusion, GLP is a weak inhibitor of AChE in rats.

Lipoic acid stimulates bone formation in ovariectomized rats in a dose-dependent manner.

This study was undertaken to determine the osteotropic effect of different doses of lipoic acid (LA) on the mineralization of bone tissue in female Wistar rats with experimental osteopenia induced by bilateral ovariectomy. Fifty-six rats were randomly selected and submitted to either a sham operation (n = 8) or an ovariectomy (n = 48). The ovariectomized rats were randomly placed into two control groups, treated subcutaneously with either physiological saline or 17β-estradiol in the dose of 4 μg/kg body mass per day, and four experimental groups that received LA subcutaneously in the doses of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body mass per day (n = 8 in each group). After 28 days of experimental treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and body mass, total skeletal density, and body composition were recorded. Blood serum and isolated femora were stored for further analysis. Our results revealed that the osteoprotective effect of LA was dose-dependent and was observed in rats treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of LA. Moreover, the LA applied to the ovariectomized rats in the dose of 50 mg/kg not only stopped the bone resorption, but stimulated its formation.

Effects of short-term severe and long-term mild STZ-induced diabetes in urethral tissue of female rats.

To estimate and compare the alterations in the urethral tissues of female rats with two diabetes models: short-term severe and long-term mild diabetes. To induce mild diabetes (blood glucose levels between 120 and 300 mg/dl), female newborns received streptozotocin (100 mg/kg body weight, sc route), and to induce short-term severe diabetes (blood glucose levels > 300 mg/d), adult animals received streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, iv route). The rats were killed on day 133 of the experimental via an i.p. Thiopentax® injection of 80 mg/kg, and the urethrovaginal tissues were harvested. Morphometric, pathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses were conducted. In the long-term mild diabetes group, collagen deposition, severe fibrosis, lipid droplets and numerous subsarcolemmal, and intermyofibrillar mitochondria were observed. In the short-term severe diabetes group, centrally located myonuclei and a significantly reduced striated muscle area were noted. Both diabetic models exhibited similar immunohistochemistry patterns, with changes from fast to slow fibers and a decrease in the numbers of fast fibers. Either long-term mild hyperglycemia or short-term severe hyperglycemia have detrimental impacts on muscle health. They are both involved in the failure to maintain healthy skeletal muscle that may contribute to the development of pelvic floor dysfunctions via different pathways. These results have important implications for monitoring and prevention strategies for improving the quality of life of women with diabetes mellitus and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:574-579, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Antiproliferative potential of aqueous leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens on DMBA-induced breast cancer in female albino rats

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most common cancer and a major cause of death in women, makes up about one-tenth of all new cancer diagnoses worldwide. Breast cancer and other cancer forms are heterogeneous diseases with varied morphological appearances, molecular features, behavior, and response to therapies (using surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy). Despite the achievement of objective responses, the available treatments are associated with significant limitations in safety and efficacy. Several plant products (barks, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds) have been characterized as effective in cancer chemoprevention with minimal or no side effects. AimsThis study is aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative potential of aqueous leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens on 7,12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene (DMBA)-induced-breast cancer in female albino rats. Materials and methodsM. pruriens, thirty (30) female albino rats and 7,12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene were used for this study. Hot extraction protocol was employed in the preparation of aqueous extract of M. pruriens leaves. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of aqueous leaf extract of M. pruriens and weight determination was employed using standard protocol. Comet assay protocol was employed to determine level of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation while hematoxylin and eosin were used for histological assay. ResultsPhytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugar, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, phenols and steroids. Flavonoid was quantitatively determined to be present in the highest amount. Histological assay revealed the presence of atrophy of seromucous glands with surrounding stromal fibrosis and hyperplasia of serous and mucinous. There was a significant weight difference between the control and treatment groups. Determination of length and weight of isolated tumor from rat induced with DMBA only was 2.4cm and 2.8g respectively. DNA smears obtained from single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) suggested possible DMBA-induced damage which was significantly prevented owing to the effect of the leaf extract of M. pruriens. ConclusionThis study has shown that the leaf extract of M. pruriens could be used as a prophylactic measure against DMBA-induced cell proliferation in the breast tissues of female albino rats.

Dietary Fructose Activates Insulin Signaling and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue: Modulatory Role of Resveratrol.

The effects of high-fructose diet on adipose tissue insulin signaling and inflammatory process have been poorly documented. In this study, we examined the influences of long-term fructose intake and resveratrol supplementation on the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling and the levels of inflammatory cytokines and sex hormones in the white adipose tissues of male and female rats. Consumption of high-fructose diet for 24 weeks increased the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling including IR, IRS-1, IRS-2, Akt, PI3K, eNOS, mTOR, and PPARγ, despite induction of proinflammatory markers, iNOS, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-18, MDA, and ALT, as well as anti-inflammatory factors, IL-10 and Nrf2 in adipose tissues from males and females. Total and free testosterone concentrations of adipose tissues were impaired in males but increased in females, although there were no changes in their blood levels. Resveratrol supplementation markedly restored the levels of MDA, IL6, IL-10, and IL-18, as well as iNOS, Nrf2, and PI3K mRNA, in adipose tissues of both genders. Dietary fructose activates both insulin signaling and inflammatory pathway in the adipose tissues of male and female rats proposing no correlation between the tissue insulin signaling and inflammation. Resveratrol has partly modulatory effects on fructose-induced changes.

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Changes Induced by BisphenolA in Reproductive Tissues of Female Rat

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental chemical that has beenwidely used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics andepoxy resins for many years. Due to its major applications inthe production of plastic food or beverage containers andthe coating of food cans, people of different ages are inevitably exposed to BPA in daily life. It is a contaminant with increasing exposure to it and exerts both toxic and estrogenic effects on mammalian cells. Aim of the work: the present study was designated to evaluate the histopathological and immunohistochemical effect of BPA on the histoarchitecture of pituitary ,adrenal,ovarian and uterine axis of female albino rats and the ameliorative effect of antiestrogen drug and stem enhance Experimental model and methods: 20 female albino rats weighing 100 – 120 g. were kept under observation for about 15 days before the onset of the experiment for adaptation, then the rats were classified into 4 groups 5 rats for each , the first group was left without any treatment for 30 days as negative control group , the second group was administered with 20 mg/kg.bw of BPA for 15 consecutive days as positive control, the third group administered with 20 mg/kg.bw of BPA for 15 consecutive days and then treated withantiestrogen drug as 0.1 mg/100gm.bw for 15 day, the fourth group administered with the same dose for the same period and the treated with stem enhance (4.5 mg/100.bw) for 15 days.All rats are scarified and organs were histologically examined after processing Results:the results showed thatPA has a histopathological effects on vital organs (pituitary, adrenal,ovary,oviduct and uterus) even for a short period with minimal ameliorative effect of antiestrogen drug and stem enhance.

Gender-specific effects of intrauterine growth restriction on the adipose tissue of adult rats: a proteomic approach.

BackgroundIntrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may program metabolic alterations affecting physiological functions and lead to diseases in later life. The adipose tissue is an important organ influencing energy homeostasis. The present study was aimed at exploring the consequences of IUGR on the retroperitoneal adipose tissue of adult male and female rats, using a proteomic approach.Methods and ResultsPregnant Wistar rats were fed with balanced chow, either ad libitum (control group) or restricted to 50 % of control intake (restricted group) during the whole gestation. The offspring were weaned to ad libitum chow and studied at 4 months of age. Retroperitoneal fat was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry.Both male and female restricted groups had low body weight at birth and at weaning but normal body weight at adulthood. The restricted males had normal fat pads weight and serum glucose levels, with a trend to hyperinsulinemia. The restricted females had increased fat pads weight with normal glucose and insulin levels.The restricted males showed up-regulated levels of proteasome subunit α type 3, branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, elongation 1- alpha 1, fatty acid synthase levels, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase and ATP synthase subunit alpha. These alterations point to increased proteolysis and lipogenesis rates and favoring of ATP generation.The restricted females showed down-regulated levels of L-lactate dehydrogenase perilipin-1, mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase E1, and transketolase. These findings suggest impairment of glycemic control, stimulation of lipolysis and inhibition of proteolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and lipogenesis rates.In both genders, several proteins involved in oxidative stress and inflammation were affected, in a pattern compatible with impairment of these responses.ConclusionsThe proteomic analysis of adipose tissue showed that, although IUGR affected pathways of substrate and energy metabolism in both males and females, important gender differences were evident. While IUGR males displayed alterations pointing to a predisposition to later development of obesity, the alterations observed in IUGR females pointed to a metabolic status of established obesity, in agreement with their increased fat pads mass.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0088-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.