Tissue Culture Studies Research Articles

Antimicrobial Activity of Biohardened Plant Extracts of Albizia Amara

Albizia amara is an important medicinal plant commonly found in dry forests of India. It belongs to leguminaceae and its common name in telugu is Nallaregoo (or) Chigaraku. All of the plant parts i.e., roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, seeds and bark, were exclusively used in traditional medicine for curing different diseases like diarrhea, skin diseases gonorrhea, poisonous bites and leprosy. Due to its wide pharmacological activities and presence of several therapeutic constituents, Albizia amara has been selected for tissue culture studies in the present investigation. A systemic approach for increasing the survival rate of tissue culture raised A.amara plantlets using bioinoculants was explored . The studies reported that biohardening of tissue cultured plantlets with mixed inoculum of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride enhanced plant survival rate (82 %). This microbial association helped in inducing systemic resistance in plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stress caused during acclimatization. The phytochemical studies of biohardened plants exhibited high antimicrobial activity due to the presence of more secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites probably due to their antagonistic properties gave protection against pathogenic attack during transplantation. Phytochemical analysis of different plant extracts like, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanolic, and petroleum ether extracts were studied. The ethyl acetate extract of dual inoculant treated plants showed maximum antimicrobial activity. In bacteria, it showed maximum zone of inhibition on B.cereus (11.5±1.73), followed by E.coli (10±0.82 mm) . In fungi, it showed maximum inhibition on F.oxysporum (13.25±0.28mm) followed by C.albicans (8.5±0.17mm). The above strategy helped in overall improvement of morphological, physiological and phytochemical characteristics of tissue culture plantlets.

Advancing woody plant regeneration: Insights from salix species tissue culture studies

Abstract. In this study, we established a sterile propagation and regeneration system for Mongolian willow in order to study its salt tolerance and adaptation in depth and to provide methods for future genetic improvement. Mongolian willow, belonging to the genus Willow in the family Populus, is valued for its high salt tolerance and ability to ameliorate high pH soils. However, its distribution in specific saline soil areas and sensitivity to drought and rainless environments make its reproduction limited. In this study, by stem segment induction method, we aseptically cultured apical and lateral shoots of Mongolian willow, respectively, and found that the apical shoots performed best in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IBA, while the lateral shoots grew well in MS medium supplemented with 6-BA, IBA and TDZ. In addition, this study investigated the effects of different combinations of phytohormones on healing tissue induction and found that the combination of NAA and 6-BA had the highest success and value-added rate. Further addition of TDZ significantly increased the induction rate. The study also dealt with the application of DNA methylation inhibitors in inducing adventitious shoots, and the results showed that the addition of this inhibitor in specific culture medium could significantly increase the induction rate of adventitious shoots. In this study, the regeneration system of Mongolian willow was successfully established, which provides a basis for its future genetic research and wide application.

Development of an Effective Sterilization Protocol for Plant Tissue Culture Studies in Superfruit Aronia [Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliot

Effective sterilization protocols are crucial for a successful tissue culture study in Aronia. These protocols directly influence contamination rates, shoot health, and root development. In this context, the aim of the study is to develop an effective sterilization protocol for plant tissue culture studies in Aronia [Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliot], commonly known as the "superfruit." In study, shoot tips of the Nero Aronia variety were used as material. The sterilized shoot tips were transferred to the respective plant tissue culture media in a randomized parcels trial pattern with three replicates, each containing three explants per replicate. Various concentrations and combinations of sterilizing agents, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), and ethanol (C2H5OH), were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in maintaining tissue health and reducing contamination. A total of twelve protocols were developed, incorporating different concentrations of these chemicals. The results showed that the combination of 5% NaOCl and 3% H2O2 provided the lowest average contamination rate (5%) and the highest average number of healthy (uncontaminated) explants (9.00 piece), demonstrating the sterilization efficiency of this combination. On the other hand, protocols containing HgCl2, especially at higher concentrations, resulted in impaired root development. High ethanol concentrations also contributed to effective sterilization, with the combination of 7% NaOCl and 80% ethanol yielding a low contamination rate (8%) and preserving tissue health. This study emphasizes the need to balance sterilization protocols between effective contamination control and tissue viability. The findings are expected to benefit the improvement and development of tissue culture techniques for Aronia and similar species, providing a basis for further research on effective sterilization practices, which are currently limited in Aronia tissue culture.

Chemical activation of biochar derived from coffee husk for the adsorption of phytohormones from waste coconut water

Abstract The potential of NaOH-activated biochar derived from waste coffee husks via pyrolysis for the extraction of phytohormones from waste coconut water was investigated. The raw coffee husk biochar (CHB) and coffee husk activated biochar (CHAB) were characterized and compared in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, elemental composition, surface functional groups, bulk density, phytohormone adsorption efficiency and equilibrium adsorption capacity. The phytohormone adsorption efficiency of the CHB and CHAB produced were 62.36% and 91.33%, respectively. Future work includes flask adsorption experiments and using the phytohormone content extracted from the coconut water for tissue culture studies. Collectively, results from this study present an alternative use of coconut and coffee wastes, and ultimately contribute to the waste management processes of the coconut and coffee industries.

3D printed gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels for perfusion culture of human trabecular meshwork cells and glaucoma studies.

Glaucoma, a progressive eye disease leading to irreversible blindness, currently affects over 70 million people globally. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is implicated in its development. IOP is carefully regulated by the trabecular meshwork (TM). However, studying TM behavior has been limited to traditional tissue culture studies or costly ex vivo cultures of animal and donor eyes. Developing novel functional TM models could enhance cell/tissue behavior understanding and aid therapeutic development for glaucoma. In this study, we 3D printed a simplified and reproducible model of the human TM (hTM) and studied hTM cell behavior under static and dynamic cultures. Gelatin Methacryloyl bioinks proved suitable for printing with viable and proliferative hTM cells expressing crucial marker genes in response to glucocorticoid induction. This, to our knowledge, is the first functional 3D printed hTM model and aims to facilitate TM research. Moreover, this easily reproducible model could also be applicable in the study of numerous other cell types throughout the body.

Abstract We108: Adipocyte Enhancer Binding Protein 1 (AEBP1) Inhibition as a Potential Anti-Fibrotic Therapy in Heart Failure

Introduction: Cardiac fibrosis is one of the major hallmarks of heart failure (HF) progression. Fibrosis is initiated as a repair mechanism following any kind of cardiac injury including a heart attack, inflammation, hypertension, etc. Briefly, fibroblasts are activated to form myofibroblasts that secrete collagen. Persistent fibroblast activation leads to excess collagen deposition leading to tissue stiffening and impaired contractility and thereby HF. To date, there is no anti-fibrotic therapy used in HF patients. Using bulk and snRNA sequencing data performed on myocardial tissue from HF patients, we identified adipocyte enhancer binding protein (AEBP1) to be significantly upregulated in activated fibroblasts. AEBP1 has been shown to play a crucial role in fibroblast activation following injury in the kidney, liver, and lungs. AEBP1 inhibition resulted in fibrosis attenuation in these organs. However, its role in cardiac fibrosis is not well understood. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that AEBP1 is crucial for cardiac fibroblast activation and AEBP1 inhibition will prevent collagen secretion and lead to improved cardiac function. Methods: Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCF) from non-failing donors were used for in vitro experiments. AdV-CMV-AEBP1 was used for AEBP1 overexpression (OE) and AdV-CMV-shAEBP1 was used to knockdown (KD) AEBP1 in vitro. AAV9-CMV-shAEBP1 was used for in vivo KD of AEBP1 in mice following myocardial infarction (MI). Human myocardial slices from n=6 HF patients were used and AdV-CMV-shAEBP1 was used to knockdown AEBP1 in human samples. Results and Discussion: AEBP1 OE in HCF resulted in fibroblast activation and collagen secretion (n=6, p=0.002). Contrarily, loss of AEBP1 significantly prevented fibroblast activation, evident from a reduction in transgelin (SM22) (n=6, p=0.02) and collagen (COL1A1) protein levels (n=6, p=0.01). AEBP1 KD in a mouse model of acute cardiac fibrosis resulted in reduced fibrosis and improved cardiac function (n=6, 12% absolute improvement compared to untreated mice, relative improvement in ejection fraction, p=0.02). Tissue culture studies of human HF myocardium showed a significant improvement in cardiac structure evident from reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (n=6 HF patients, p=0.05) and reduced fibrosis (n=6, p<0.0001) following AEBP1 KD. Overall, we show that AEBP1 plays a critical role in fibrogenesis, and its inhibition has the potential to attenuate fibrosis in acute and chronic HF.

Starches as solidifiers for medicinal plant micropropagations and biomass accumulations

In plant tissue and cell culture studies, media compositions are one of the most important factors affecting the micropropagation procedure's efficiency. Micropropagation studies can be conducted for commercial productions of medicinal plants, and low-cost options always have significance in large-scale productions. Some media component substitutes have been studied to reduce production costs. Agar, the media solidifier, is one of the most expensive components of media compositions. In this study, corn and wheat starches were used as media solidifiers at 80 and 100 g/L concentrations, and their effects on plant growth (shoot elongations, shoot, node, and root numbers) and biomass accumulations (shoot and root fresh and dry weights) in Lavandula officinalis and Digitalis purpurea node cultures were reported. The results showed that starch type and their concentrations significantly affected plant growth. Maximum multiple shoot number was recorded in medium supplemented with 80 g/L starch and was 61.3% higher than the control. Biomass accumulations were not statistically significant; however, higher biomass accumulations were detected in starch-added media than in control. Consequently, corn and wheat starches can be used at these concentrations as a substitute for agar to induce multiple shoot formations in L. officinalis and D. purpurea node cultures.

SenNet recommendations for detecting senescent cells in different tissues.

Once considered a tissue culture-specific phenomenon, cellular senescence has now been linked to various biological processes with both beneficial and detrimental roles in humans, rodents and other species. Much of our understanding of senescent cell biology still originates from tissue culture studies, where each cell in the culture is driven to an irreversible cell cycle arrest. By contrast, in tissues, these cells are relatively rare and difficult to characterize, and it is now established that fully differentiated, postmitotic cells can also acquire a senescence phenotype. The SenNet Biomarkers Working Group was formed to provide recommendations for the use of cellular senescence markers to identify and characterize senescent cells in tissues. Here, we provide recommendations for detecting senescent cells in different tissues based on a comprehensive analysis of existing literature reporting senescence markers in 14 tissues in mice and humans. We discuss some of the recent advances in detecting and characterizing cellular senescence, including molecular senescence signatures and morphological features, and the use of circulating markers. We aim for this work to be a valuable resource for both seasoned investigators in senescence-related studies and newcomers to the field.

Tissue Culture Studies on Shankhpushpi

Callus from root portion of seedlings of Convolvulus pluricaulis has been cultured on a medium (BM) based on Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium. Sucrose, 1.5%; casein hydrolysate, 1250 mg/l ; IAA, 15 mg/l ; kinetin 1.5 mg/l and GA, 0.5 mg/l, individually were found optimum for the maximum growth of callus.Maximum hypotensive activity was noticed in the extract of callus tissue cultured on BM supplemented with a higher concentration of casein hydrolysate.

Ölmez Otu (Helichrysum italicum (ROTH) G. DON) Bitkisinin in vitro Mikroçoğaltımı

Immortelle grass (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don), which spreads in the Southern Marmara and Aegean regions, can be grown in arid and semi-arid regions. In addition, due to its rich essential oil and secondary metabolite content, it has an important place in modern medicine and cosmetics, including traditional treatment methods. Although the propagation of plants by shoot regeneration in vitro has been achieved in many plant species, studies on tissue culture in immortelle grass are limited. This study aims to optimize the tissue culture study in immortelle grass and provide a basis for the next in vitro, molecular, and secondary metabolite studies. In addition, it promotes the plant by optimizing the healthy and disease-free seedling production method for cultural agriculture in the region. Three different (15%, 25%, and 35%) NaOCl concentrations were tested for 10 and 20 minutes during the sterilization phase of the explants. The most successful result was obtained in the medium containing 35% NaOCl for 10 minutes. Sterilized explants were transferred to MS and Gamborg B5 nutrient media containing BAP, GA, and NAA plant growth regulators for shoot regeneration. The best regeneration in explants was obtained in MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 1 mg L-1 GA, and 0.2 mg L-1 NAA. No growth was observed in trials containing Gamborg B5, and vitrification and darkening occurred in the explants. After four weeks, the shoots reaching a length of 3 cm were taken into MS and ½MS medium containing 0 MS, 0.5 mg L-1 IBA, 1 mg L-1 IBA, 1.5 mg L-1, and 2 mg L-1 IBA as a rooting medium. 100% rooting was observed in all prepared media within four weeks. As a result of micropropagation studies, the rooted plants were transferred to the acclimatization stage within three months and then moved to the pots in the greenhouse and to the field one month later.

Quantification of DNA Methylation by ELISA in Epigenetic Studies in Plant Tissue Culture: A Theoretical-Practical Guide.

This chapter describes a step-by-step protocol for rapid serological quantification of global DNA methylation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plant tissue culture specimens. As a case study model, we used the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), from which plumules were subjected to somatic embryogenesis followed by embryogenic calli multiplication. DNA methylation is one of the most common epigenetic markers in the regulation of gene expression. DNA methylation is generally associated with non-expressed genes, that is, gene silencing under certain conditions, and the degree of DNA methylation can be used as a marker of various physiological processes, both in plants and in animal cells. Methylation consists of adding a methyl radical to carbon 5 of the DNA cytosine base. Herein, the global DNA methylation was quantified by ELISA with antibodies against methylated cytosines using a commercial kit (Zymo-Research™). The method allowed the detection of methylation in total DNA extracts from coconut palm embryogenic calli (arising from somatic embryogenesis) cultivated in liquid or solid media by using antibodies against methylated cytosines and enzymatic development with a colorimetric substrate. Control samplesof commercially provided Escherichia coli bacterial DNA with previously known methylation percentages were included in the ELISA testto construct an experimental methylation standard curve. The logarithmic regression of this E. coli standard curve allowed methylation quantification in coconut palm samples. The present ELISA methodology, applied to coconut palm tissue culture specimens, is promising for use in other plant species and botanical families. This chapter is presented in a suitable format for use as a step-by-step laboratory procedure manual, with theoretical introduction information, which makes it easy to apply the protocol in samples of any biological nature to evaluate DNA global methylation associated with any physiological process.

Advances in Tissue Culture and Transformation Studies in Non-model Species: Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae).

In this chapter, we report advances in tissue culture applied to Passiflora. We present reproducible protocols for somatic embryogenesis, endosperm-derived triploid production, and genetic transformation for such species knowledge generated by our research team and collaborators in the last 20years. Our research group has pioneered the work on passion fruit somatic embryogenesis, and we directed efforts to characterize several aspects of this morphogenic pathway. Furthermore, we expanded the possibilities of understanding the molecular mechanism related to developmental phase transitions of Passiflora edulis Sims. and P. cincinnata Mast., and a transformation protocol is presented for the overexpression of microRNA156.

Advances in Tissue Culture and Transformation Studies in Non-model Species: Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae).

Over the years, our team has dedicated significant efforts to studying a unique natural dye-producing species, annatto (Bixa orellana L.). We have amassed knowledge and established foundations that support the applications of gene expression analysis in comprehending in vitro morphogenic regeneration processes, phase transition aspects, and bixin biosynthesis. Additionally, we have conducted gene editing associated with these processes. The advancements in this field are expected to enhance breeding practices and contribute to the overall improvement of this significant woody species. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol based on somatic embryogenesis and an optimized transformation protocol utilizing Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Abstract 14239: Extracellular Matrix Disorganization Caused by ADAMTS16 Deficiency Leads to Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Background: Extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in aortic valve development and aortic valve anomaly. ADAMTS gene mediated ECM dysfunction was reported to be related to aortic valve diseases. Hypothesis: The ADAMTS gene family members can contribute to aortic valve diseases. Methods: Morpholino based adamts gene-targeted phenotype-screening of outflow tract anomaly in zebrafish and the 19 ADAMTS family gene-targeted exon sequencing on a cohort BAV patients (304 BAV and 301 normal controls) were performed. Accordingly, both specific genetic tracing and different gene modified mouse models were generated to evaluate the role of specific genes in the aortic valve formation process. Movat’s pentachrome staining was used to describe the altered ECM maturation process. Bulk RNA-seq was performed on both mouse heart tissue and human iPSC-induced ECs to explore the potential molecular pathways, which was further confirmed in ex vivo embryonic outflow tract tissue culture studies. Results: We identified some novel adamts genes that resulted in cardiac outflow valve defects in zebrafish, while exon sequencing identified ADAMTS16 p.H357Q variant in an inherited BAV family. The generated Ad amts16-Cre; Rosa26-tdTomato mice showed Adamts16 -expressing cells were primarily restricted to valvular endothelial cells (VECs) at E12.5 and then expressed in valvular mesenchymal cells (VICs) at E13.5. Both Adamts16 +/- and Adamts16 +/H355Q mice exhibited an R-NC-type BAV phenotype, with progressive aortic valve thickening. Conditional Adamts16 mutant mouse models demonstrated that endothelial lineage cell deficiency in Adamts16 recapitulated the BAV phenotype, which was associated with worse ECM deposition without ECM trilaminar structure. Bulk RNA sequencing unveiled enhanced FAK signaling, which was accompanied by elevated fibronectin levels. Both in vitro iPSC-ECs culture and ex vivo embryonic tissue explant studies validated the altered FAK signaling resulted in exaggerated cell proliferation. Conclusions: Our present study identified a novel BAV-causing ADAMTS16 p. H357Q variant. ADAMTS16 deficiency led to BAV formation.

Role of Medicinal Plants in Managing Neurodegenerative Diseases

It is customary to use plants to treat human diseases. There has been a recent resurgence of interest. Field studies on ethnobotany have been conducted in a variety of developing nations worldwide. It shows worry over the potential loss of important knowledge regarding conventional medicine. Many times, neurological problems are not seen as common ailments. Like epilepsy, which is the most severe chronic ailment, they are mental illnesses. Millions of individuals are affected. Other diseases include Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, meningitis, and stroke. Speaking, breathing, movement, mood, and memory are all impacted by nervous system problems. A comprehensive treatment option is herbal medicine. Growing these significant herbs will increase the ecosystem's terrestrial variety and aid in biodiversity preservation. Some of the significant plants used in the treatment of nerve illnesses are Centella asiatica, Avena sativa, Lagenaria sicerana, Cassia tora, and Cassia fistula. A taxonomy categorization can be constructed based on medical applications and the relationships inferred between the many medicinal plant species' biochemical attributes and medicinal purposes. Studies in tissue culture and molecular characterization are also possible. The most potent medical plant used to treat mental disorders can be obtained, and significant medicinal plant gene flow will increase terrestrial biodiversity.

1671-P: T Cell Deficiency of STAT1 Reduces Obesity in Mice with High-Fat Diet or Aging

T cells accumulate in adipose tissue (AT) and change phenotypes, with increased polarization to Th1, in obesity, but the mechanisms for these changes and their contribution to metabolic functions remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that STAT1, a transcription factor, plays a role in AT T cell polarization, thus impacting obesity and related metabolism. Mice with Stat1 knockout in αβT cells (tStat1-KO) were generated by crossbreeding Stat1fl/fl mice and CD4-cre mice. Strikingly, with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding or aging, tStat1-KO, compared to cre noncarrier wild type (WT) littermates, developed less obesity, with lower body weight and fat mass (body weight: 43 ± 0.5 g in KO [n=33] vs 48 ± 0.8 g in WT [n=32] at 12 weeks on HFD and 32 ± 0.7 g in KO [n=27] vs 37 ± 0.6 g in WT [n=25] at the age of 50 weeks [on normal chow], P<0.001; fat mass: 14 ± 0.5 g in KO [n=6] vs 17 ± 0.7 g in WT [n=4] at 12 weeks on HFD, P=0.02 and 4.6 ± 0.3 g in KO [n=9] vs 8.6 ± 1.5 g in WT [n=4] at the age of 50 weeks, P=0.002). Compared to WT, tStat1-KO had similar food intake, but increased energy expenditure with increased white AT browning indicated by elevated UCP1 and PRDM16 levels in inguinal AT. tStat1-KO vs WT with HFD or aging had improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Analyses of AT showed a dramatic phenotypic switch from IFNγ+ Th1 to IL-5+ Th2 cells and increased eosinophils in perigonadal and inguinal AT of tStat1-KO vs WT fed HFD. Antibody neutralization of IL-5 reduced eosinophils but did not reverse less obesity in tStat1-KO fed HFD, suggesting that increased IL-5 and eosinophils may not account for reduced obesity in tStat1-KO. Adoptive transfer of Th1 cells in tStat1-KO and tissue culture studies showed that Th1 cells repressed white AT browning and reduced UCP1 in adipocytes. In summary, T cell ablation of STAT1 led to phenotypic switch from Th1 to Th2 cells in AT, correlated with reduced obesity, in mice with HFD or aging. These data support a role of STAT1 in AT T cell polarization, which may affect obesity development induced by HFD or aging. Disclosure Z.Lian: None. V.O'brien: None. X.D.Perrard: None. P.Saha: None. S.M.Hartig: None. C.M.Ballantyne: Consultant; Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Althera Pharmaceuticals, Amarin Corporation, Amgen Inc., Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc., AstraZeneca, ESPERION Therapeutics, Inc., 89bio, Inc., Abbott Diagnostics, Denka Seiken, Genentech, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Illumina, Matinas BioPharma Inc, Merck & Co., Inc., New Amsterdam Pharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer Inc., Regeneron, Roche Diagnostics, Research Support; Abbott Diagnostics, Akcea, Amgen Inc., Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Inc., ESPERION Therapeutics, Inc., Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron, Roche Diagnostics. H.Wu: None. Funding American Diabetes Association (1-17-IBS-082 to H.W.); National Institutes of Health (R01DK121348, R01AG065197); American Heart Association (968367)

Callogenesis of Moringa oleifera seed cotyledon

Moringa oleifera has gained much importance in the past two decades due to its multiple uses and benefits to agriculture and industries. All the parts of the moringa plant are used for medicinal and other purposes. The roots, flowers, bark, stem, leaves and seeds of moringa possess antimicrobial properties, and hence it’s being regarded as a miracle plant. Different combinations of growth hormones have been used for plant tissue culture studies in M. oleifera but the difficulty in predicting a suitable medium for callus induction using different growth regulators in different localities is a major challenge. Studying the effect of different concentrations of growth hormones on callus induction of M. oleifera seed cotyledon is necessary to develop a reliable protocol for callus induction which is a prerequisite for the source of new metabolites which are not present in the wild. The seed cotyledon of indigenous M. oleifera seeds was used as an explant for callus induction. Seeds were surface sterilized with 90% ethanol for 1 min, washed 3 times with sterilized distilled water, surface sterilized using 3.5% aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite containing few drops of Tween-20 for 10 min, followed by rinsing three times with sterile distilled water. The cotyledon explant was cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6- Benzyl amino purine (BAP), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Callus formation was monitored for a period of 5 weeks. The highest callus formation (90%) occurred on medium containing 1.0 mg/L BAP + 2.0 mg/L 2, 4-D + 0.5 mg/L NAA while the lowest callus formation (66%) was on medium containing 1.0 mg/L BAP + 2.0 mg/L 2, 4-D + 1.0 mg/L NAA. There was no callus formation on the medium lacking plant growth hormones. The T2 and T4 hormone combination would provide the basis for callus culture for the production of bioactive compounds and further in vitro genetic transformation in M. oleifera.

Determining the taxol contents of yew tree populations in western Black Sea and Marmara regions and analyzing some forest stand characteristics

Yew tree (Taxus baccata L.) is mainly populated in Türkiye, Europe, and Caucasia regions. It has natural anticancer compounds and is a source of raw materials used in modern medicine. The present study aimed to examine the taxol contents of yew trees naturally grown in Marmara and Western Black Sea regions by subjecting needle samples taken from 17 yew populations to extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass / mass spectrometer system (LC-MS/MS) analysis. It was also examined whether a relationship exists between some stand characteristics and taxoid contents of the needles. From these analyses, the highest taxol contents were found in Bartın-Gölderesi, Yığılca-Kurtkayası, İnebolu-Karagöl, and Yenice-Kızılkaya populations. The statistical analyses showed that there were significant relationships between compound contents and slope, humus content, total nitrogen content (%), and potassium (K). It is recommended to use these derivatives obtained from natural forests in sapling nursing and tissue culture studies, to produce pharmaceutical materials from leaves and protect and improve the current gene sources.

Influence of bio fabricated manganese oxide nanoparticles for effective callogenesis of Moringa oleifera Lam

The use of nanoscale fertilizers to boost crop output has increased in recent years. Nanoparticles (NPs) can stimulate the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in plants. It is the first report on biosynthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO-NPs) that mediate in-vitro callus induction of Moringa oleifera. To achieve better biocompatibility the leaf extract of Syzygium cumini was used to synthesize MnO-NPs. Scanning electron microscope SEM revealed spherical shaped morphology of MnO-NPs with an average diameter of 36 ± 0.3 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) depicted the formation of pure MnO-NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) authenticate the crystalline structure. UV–visible absorption spectroscopy depicted the activity of MnO-NPs under visible light. The biosynthesized MnO-NPs were concentration-dependent and revealed promising results in callus induction of Moringa oleifera. It was found that MnO-NPs enhance callus production of Moringa oleifera and keep the callus infection free by providing an optimum environment for rapid growth and development. Therefore MnO-NPs synthesized through the green process can be utilized in tissue culture studies. This study concludes that MnO is one of the essential plant nutrients that have tailored nutritive properties at a nano scale.

Ethnopharmacological Review of Medicinal Plants for Brain Disorders - A Review

It is customary to use plants to treat human diseases. There has been a recent Resurgence of interest. Field studies on ethnobotany have been conducted in a Variety of developing nations worldwide. It shows worry over the potential loss Of important knowledge regarding conventional medicine. Many times, Neurological problems are not seen as common ailments. Like epilepsy, which is The most severe chronic ailment, they are mental illnesses. Millions of individuals Are affected. Other diseases, such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, meningitis, and Stroke. Speaking, breathing, movement, mood, and memory are all impacted by Nervous system problems. A comprehensive treatment option is herbal medicine. Growing these significant herbs will increase the ecosystem’s terrestrial diversity And aid in biodiversity preservation [1]. Nerve illnesses are Centella asiatica, Avena sativa, Lagenaria sicerana, Cassia tora, and Cassia fistula. A taxonomy Categorization can be constructed based on medical applications and the Relationships inferred between the many medicinal plant species’ biochemical Attributes and medicinal purposes. Additionally to molecular characterisation, Tissue culture studies Do this. The most potent medicinal plant used to treat Nervous disorders can be obtained, and significant medicinal plant gene flow will Increase terrestrial biodiversity [2].