Tissue Copper Research Articles

The effects of dietary cadmium on growth, antioxidant defence system and feed evaluation performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary cadmium exposure on growth performance, changes in manganese, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, and cadmium metals in liver and muscle tissue, liver antioxidant enzymes, and the histology of the fish. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with weights of 39.45 ±1.13 g was used in the experiment conducted in 2 groups and three replicates. The Control group was fed a cadmium-free diet, and the Cadmium group was fed a diet containing 5.03 µg/kg of cadmium twice a day until satiation. It was determined that cadmium intake through the diet affected growth rate and the feed evaluation performance negatively. In fish exposed to cadmium, manganese, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase values in both muscle and liver tissues were significantly (p<0.05) decreased, whereas cadmium levels in muscle and liver and malondialdehyde levels in liver were significantly (p<0.05) increased. The histopathological examination of the liver revealed that cadmium caused liver damage. These results showed that rainbow trout exposed to dietary cadmium were highly sensitive to the metal, and the decreased levels of metals such as copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium in the liver tissue, which are involved in the antioxidant defence system, can be considered an indicator of the weakening of the antioxidant defence system.

Toxicity risks associated with heavy metals to fish species in the Transboundary River – Linked Ramsar Conservation Site of Tanguar Haor, Bangladesh

The presence of trace metals in aquatic ecosystems can have detrimental effects on fish survival. The Tanguar haor, a Ramsar conservation wetland, receives sediment and water from multiple transboundary rivers. However, there have been limited studies on the metal concentrations in fish species in this sediment-rich wetland. This study aimed to analyze the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in water, sediment, and fish tissues. Higher concentrations of Cd and Pb were found in the water and sediment. All these metals were detected in eight fish species, including benthic and pelagic species. Among them, Systomus sarana, a pelagic fish that also consumes benthic organisms, exhibited a higher metal pollution index than other fish, particularly benthic species. The release of higher metal concentrations from sediment into the water has the potential to impact the accumulation of metals in fish. SynopsisThis study on metal concentrations in fish species will aid policymaking on ecotoxicology research for transboundary river-connected wetlands.

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Marine Fish Caught from the Northwest Persian Gulf.

Marine fish may become contaminated as a result of environmental pollution including hazardous metals. Due to the presence of metalloids and toxic metals such as cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc in fish tissue, it may endanger health, considering the countless benefits of consuming fish, which can harm the human body if consumed in toxic amounts. Therefore, it is vital to monitor the concentration of metals in fish meat to ensure compliance with food safety regulations and protect the consumer. We considered the levels of Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in 60 marine fish samples (3 species) collected from coastal areas of the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf and estimated their health risk. Mean concentrations of Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd were 1.88 ± 0.07 µg/g, 27.16 ± 8.11 µg/g, 11.55 ± 4.12 µg/g, 14 ± 0.06 µg/g, and 0.19 ± 0.03 µg/g wet weight. Estimated average daily intakes (EDIs) for adults and children of Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd were 0.89-4.15 μg/kg bw/day, 12.89-60.02 μg/kg bw/day, 5.47-25.53 μg/kg bw/day, 0.54-2.51 μg/kg bw/day, and 0.09-0.42 μg/kg bw/day. Our analysis revealed elevated levels of Ni and Pb in the fish samples, raising concerns about potential health hazards associated with their consumption. This study provides critical insights into heavy metal contamination in marine fish, highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring and proactive measures to ensure safe seafood consumption in the northwest Persian Gulf.

113 Effect of Birth Weight on Tissue Copper, Iron, and Zinc Concentrations in Piglets

Abstract Pigs (n = 3,990) were used in a previous study to determine if supplemental zinc fed to sows at various timepoints during gestation would reduce pre-weaning mortality. Additionally, data were analyzed to evaluate the effect of birth weight on tissue concentrations and distribution of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in piglets. Mixed parity sows were fed 1 of 3 diets: a control corn-soybean meal diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn supplied by zinc hydroxychloride, a diet consisting of the control + 141 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (266 ppm total supplemental Zn) fed from 5 days after breeding to farrowing, or the control diet fed from breeding to farrowing + 2,715 ppm of supplemental Zn from ZnSO4 (2,840 ppm total supplemental Zn) starting on day 110 of gestation until farrowing. Two low and 2 average birth weight pigs (n = 122) were selected from 10 sows per treatment group to assess Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations of serum and tails. Serum was collected from each pig at day 1 of age and tails were collected on day 2 of age. Liver tissue was collected from a subset of pigs (n = 65) that died naturally or were euthanized within 2 days of age. The statistical model included fixed effects of treatment and farrowing group, the random effect of their interaction, and the random effect of pig nested within sow. Serum concentrations of each trace element did not differ by birth weight (Table). Low birth weight piglets had greater concentrations of Fe (P = 0.018) and Cu (P = 0.031) in their tails than average birth weight pigs. No differences were observed in tail Zn concentration by birth weight. Notably, pigs that died naturally weighed less at birth than euthanized pigs (P < 0.001). Moreover, pigs that died naturally had greater hepatic Fe concentrations (P < 0.001) and tended to have greater liver Cu concentrations (P = 0.098) compared with euthanized pigs. The associations between tissue iron and copper concentrations and birth weight of piglets may have nutritional and pathophysiological implications and thus warrant further investigation.

Removal of heavy metals using sorbents and biochemical indexes in rats

A wide range of negative effects of heavy metals on the body of mammals predetermined the relevance of the search for ways to reduce the toxic effects of these chemical compounds. Solving this problem is possible by using sorbents. The research aims to determine the effect of sorbents on the content of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) in the rat tissues. Toxicological, physicochemical, and biochemical methods were used. Phillipsite sorbent reduced the content of copper and zinc in the blood of rats by 1.6 times, cadmium by 2 times and lead by 2.6 times. The content of copper and zinc in rat livers decreased by 1.4 times, and cadmium and lead – by 2 times. The content of the studied metals in kidney tissues decreased by half. A similar decrease in the level in the tissues was noted when using the chabazite sorbent for all heavy metals studied. Administration of the clinoptilolite sorbent into the body of rats contributed to a 2-fold decrease in the blood content of copper and zinc, cadmium, and lead by 2.6 and 3 times, respectively. A 1.6-fold decrease in copper and zinc levels and a 3-fold decrease in cadmium and lead levels were detected in the liver tissues. When mordenite sorbent was administered to animals, the content of copper and zinc in the blood decreased by 1.5 times, and cadmium and lead by 3 times compared to the control. The content of all studied metals in the liver of rats decreased by 2.4 times. The use of these sorbents in animal husbandry will contribute to the reduction of the content of heavy metals in animal tissues, which will ensure the production of high-quality and safe products, as well as contribute to the preservation of human health

B-165 Establishment of a Labile Bound Copper and Labile Bound Copper Ratio Reference Interval in a Healthy Adult Population

Abstract Background While clinical tests are available to aid in the diagnosis of Wilson’s Disease (WD), some such as total copper determination lack sensitivity and specificity, while others such as liver tissue copper assessment are costly and invasive. WD affects copper metabolism and is known to cause low serum copper concentrations. In addition, an elevated percentage of total serum copper exists as non-protein bound or labile bound copper (LBC). Previous studies have shown that measuring the ratio of labile bound copper to total serum copper may aid in the diagnosis of WD. To support the utility of a laboratory developed test using serum LBC ratios to aid in the diagnosis of WD, serum samples from healthy donors were used to establish a reference range for LBC and the ratio of LBC to total copper in adults. Methods Serum samples were collected in trace metal free tubes from 214 donors (n = 110 male, n = 104 female) between the ages of 19–80 years old, selected against pre-determined exclusion criteria including acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, renal failure, biliary cirrhosis, celiac disease, and leukemia. Prior to analysis, samples went through a centrifugation-based preparation process to isolate the LBC fraction using molecular weight size exclusion filters and EDTA chelation. Samples were then analyzed via ICP-MS in kinetic energy discrimination (KED) mode to directly measure the LBC and total copper concentrations. LBC ratio values were determined from the LBC/total copper concentrations. Results Preliminary reference ranges were developed for both LBC and the LBC ratio based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles with 95% confidence intervals. Established sex specific reference intervals for total copper were deemed acceptable per CLSI guidelines in document EP28-A3c, with ≤10% of results from this sample set falling outside of the established intervals. No statistically significant relationship was found in the mid-95th percentile between LBC concentration or ratio with age or sex. The reference intervals for LBC concentration were calculated as 13.41–104.66 and 11.69–106.50 ng/mL for females and males respectively. The reference intervals for LBC ratio were calculated as 1.04–8.12 and 1.17–10.48 for females and males respectively. Conclusions A reference range of LBC and LBC ratio has now been determined for the healthy adult population. Further testing can now be done on disease state populations to determine the sensitivity and specificity of LBC ratio in the detection, monitoring, or diagnosis of WD.

Wilson's Disease: A Prevalence Study in a Portuguese Population.

Introduction Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare and underdiagnosed genetic disorder caused by anomalous tissue copper deposition, and for which epidemiological studies, specifically in Portugal, are scarce. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of WD and provide a description of its main clinical and laboratory features. Methods A retrospective study was carried out, with a search between 1995 and 2015, of all patients with a minimum follow-up of three months and birth confirmed in the northern region of Portugal, with an estimated population of 3,689,682 inhabitants. Database collection was based on the Portuguese National Health Service's clinical coding system, relying on clinical data from 13 northern Portuguese hospitals, liver biopsy histology results, and hospital prescription records. Clinical and biochemical correlations were statistically assessed using chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests. Results Over the 20-year period, a prevalence of 1:37.000 and an incidence of one per million person-year was found. A total of 94 patients were analyzed, with a slight male predominance (53%), the majority with the onset of clinical manifestations in pediatric age (56%), with a median age at diagnosis of 16.6 years (interquartile range of 12.3-20,.8 years). Most patients presented with predominant liver disease (54.8%), with more than a third with cirrhosis; mixed hepatic and neurological manifestations in 17.9%; and mainly neurological symptoms in 10.7% of the patients. Neurological impairment was strongly associated with delayed development of the manifestations of the disease (p = 0.001) and also a higher detection of Kayser-Fleischer rings (p < 0.001), present in 27.0% of the patients. Regarding therapy, penicillamine has been the most widely used, with adverse reactions reported in 24.8%. At six and 12 months after initiation of therapy, a significant decrease in liver enzymes was found (ALT: p = 0.002; AST: p = 0.002, respectively), but no significant reduction was observed in urinary copper excretion. Conclusion This was one of the first studies regarding WD prevalence in a Portuguese population, contributing to a better understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of WD in the northern region of Portugal. WD should be considered in any individual with unexplained hepatic or neurological manifestations, and initial symptoms may manifest at an early age, even in children less than five years old.A high percentage of patients were identified in the early stages of the disease by asymptomatic elevation of transaminases. Following copper chelation therapy, cytolysis markers appear to be more sensitive indicators of treatment response.

Comparing the performance of Cyperus papyrus and Typha domingensis for the removal of heavy metals, roxithromycin, levofloxacin and pathogenic bacteria from wastewater

Contamination of heavy metals and antibiotics would threaten the water and soil resources. Phytoremediation can be potentially used to remediate metal and antibiotics contaminated sites. The current study was carried out over a period of 12 months to assess the efficiency of the macrophytes Typha domingensis and Cyperus papyrus with different substrate materials to remove heavy metals and two antibiotics, roxithromycin and levofloxacin, from wastewater for reuse in agriculture. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (copper, nickel, iron, cadmium, zinc, lead, and chromium) in water and plant tissues were determined. The results showed that C. papyrus had a greater capacity than T. domingensis to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (80.69%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (69.87%), and ammonium (NH4+) (69.69%). Cyperus papyrus was more effective in retaining solid pollutants. The bioaccumulation factors (BCF) roots of C. papyrus were higher levels of most metals than those of T. domingensis. The highest root–rhizome translocation factor (TF) values of C. papyrus were higher than T. domingensis. The bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms, as well as Faecal streptococci) and the potential pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) showed removal efficiencies ranging between 96.9% and 99.8%. The results indicated that the two systems could significantly reduce the concentration of antibiotics in wastewater, with roxithromycin showing higher elimination rates than levofloxacin. The results showed maximum removal of the heavy metals in constructed wetlands CWs planted with T. domingensis. The presence of zeolite and C. papyrus in the effluent of CWs significantly improved treatment capacity and increased pollutant removal efficiency.

Heavy metal concentrations in Canada geese, snow geese, mallards, and American coots from the northern Rocky Mountains in Montana

AbstractThe presence of metals in migratory bird tissues is well established and mining as an anthropogenic source of exposure to metals is well reported in the scientific literature. Determining the difference between what are hypothesized as normal metal levels and those associated with acute mining toxicity is challenging as spatial and temporal overlap of migratory birds with anthropogenic point sources can be highly variable at individual, population, and species levels. We examined the concentrations of 5 geologically prominent metals and metalloids in the region (arsenic, cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc) in tissues (kidney, n = 64; liver, n = 65; and muscle, n = 65) from 4 species common to the northern Rocky Mountains in western Montana (Canada goose, Branta canadensis, n = 12; snow goose, Anser caerulescens, n = 15; mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, n = 32; and American coot, Fulica americana, n = 6), to identify metal concentrations for comparison to acute mining‐associated mortalities. Metal levels were highly variable across tissue types for all species. For example, the highest concentrations of copper, manganese, and zinc were measured in the liver (18,300, 3,960, and 38,200, respectively; ug/kg), while cadmium levels were highest in the kidney (973 ug/kg). Among species and tissue types, metal levels were also highly variable. For example, copper levels in mallards were highest in the kidney (6,700 ug/kg) and lowest in muscle (2,780 ug/kg). In contrast, copper levels in American coots were highest in muscle (14,400 ug/kg) and lowest in the kidney (5,060 ug/kg). While the wide variation in metal concentrations among species and tissue types measured in our study can make for difficult comparisons, the results are similar to control cases from other peer‐reviewed publications, and several times lower than dose‐response experiments and incidents in which mining‐associated mortality was known. Our results provide metal concentrations in migratory bird species that utilize the northern Rocky Mountains through Montana, which are essential data for assessing exposure, risk, and mortality associated with anthropogenic activities in the region.

Amounts of tissue magnesium and some trace elements in cats with mammary tumors related to various clinicopathological parameters

BackgroundMammary tumors are one of the major malignancies seen in cats. Researchers have indicated the similarity between the epidemiological and clinicopathological patterns of feline mammary tumors and human breast cancer (HBC). In recent years, the investigation of trace elements in cancer tissues becomes prevalent in HBC due to the role of these elements in biochemical and physiological processes. This study, it is aimed to evaluate some trace elements in feline mammary tumors according to clinical and pathological findings. MethodsA total of 60 tumoral masses from 16 female cats with mammary tumors were included in the study. The study groups were formed according to histopathology as malignant epithelial tumor (MET; n = 39) and hyperplasia and dysplasia (H&D; n = 21). Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) trace elements in mammary tissues were analyzed by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer. ResultsThe mean age and weight of the cats were 11.75 ± 0.75 years and 3.35 ± 0.21 kg; respectively. Eleven of 16 cats were intact whereas the rest of them had been spayed. Metastases were observed in 10 cats. Tissue Mg level in group MET was significantly higher than in group H&D (P < 0.01) while the other elements had not significant differences between the groups. In group MET, analyzed elements were not statistically significant related to the inflammation, ulceration and invasion to the peripheral muscle (P > 0.05). However, tissue Fe level was significantly higher in T2 than in T3 (P < 0.05). The mean levels of tissue Fe, Mg and Mn had significant differences related to histological grading as P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001; respectively. A mild to severe correlation was found between tissue Zn and Se, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Mn levels. ConclusionTissue Mg and some trace elements were evaluated in feline mammary tumours in regard to various clinicopathological parameters. Tissue Mg level was sufficient to differentiate the malignant epithelial tumors from hyperplasia and dysplasia. However, Mn and Se tended to distinguish different tumor types. Tissue Fe, Mg and Mn had significant differences related to histological grading. Also, the Fe level was significantly higher in T2 than in T3 and Zn level tended to be higher in T3 than in T1. It was concluded that Mg, Se, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn provided useful information on the pathogenesis of feline mammary tumors. Further research is needed on the tissue and serum concentrations of trace elements which may provide valuable information for the disease prognosis.

Antioxidant 1 copper chaperone gene expression and copper levels in dog osteosarcoma patients.

Twenty-four dogs with OS underwent limb amputation. Serum, OS tumour, and normal bone were harvested at time of surgery. RNA was extracted and gene expression was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Tissue and blood copper concentrations were also determined with spectrophotometry. Compared to bone, tumour samples had significantly higher expressions of antioxidant 1 copper chaperone (ATOX1, p = .0003). OS tumour copper levels were significantly higher than that of serum (p < .010) and bone (p = .038). Similar to our previous observations in mouse and human OS, dog OS demonstrates overexpression of genes that regulate copper metabolism (ATOX1), and subsequent copper levels. Dogs with OS may provide a robust comparative oncology platform for the further study of these factors, as well as potential pharmacologic interventions.

Rationale and design of a randomised trial of trientine in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

AimsHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterised by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), myocardial fibrosis, enhanced oxidative stress and energy depletion. Unbound/loosely bound tissue copper II ions are powerful catalysts of oxidative stress...

Copper-related genes predict prognosis and characteristics of breast cancer.

The role of copper in cancer treatment is multifaceted, with copper homeostasis-related genes associated with both breast cancer prognosis and chemotherapy resistance. Interestingly, both elimination and overload of copper have been reported to have therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. Despite these findings, the exact relationship between copper homeostasis and cancer development remains unclear, and further investigation is needed to clarify this complexity. The pan-cancer gene expression and immune infiltration analysis were performed using the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) dataset. The R software packages were employed to analyze the expression and mutation status of breast cancer samples. After constructing a prognosis model to separate breast cancer samples by LASSO-Cox regression, we examined the immune statement, survival status, drug sensitivity and metabolic characteristics of the high- and low-copper related genes scoring groups. We also studied the expression of the constructed genes using the human protein atlas database and analyzed their related pathways. Finally, copper staining was performed with the clinical sample to investigate the distribution of copper in breast cancer tissue and paracancerous tissue. Pan-cancer analysis showed that copper-related genes are associated with breast cancer, and the immune infiltration profile of breast cancer samples is significantly different from that of other cancers. The essential copper-related genes of LASSO-Cox regression were ATP7B (ATPase Copper Transporting Beta) and DLAT (Dihydrolipoamide S-Acetyltransferase), whose associated genes were enriched in the cell cycle pathway. The low-copper related genes scoring group presented higher levels of immune activation, better probabilities of survival, enrichment in pathways related to pyruvate metabolism and apoptosis, and higher sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. Immunohistochemistry staining showed high protein expression of ATP7B and DLAT in breast cancer samples. The copper staining showed copper distribution in breast cancer tissue. This study displayed the potential impacts of copper-related genes on the overall survival, immune infiltration, drug sensitivity and metabolic profile of breast cancer, which could predict patients' survival and tumor statement. These findings may serve to support future research efforts aiming at improving the management of breast cancer.

Simultaneous Heavy Metal Determination in Mussels by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) Using Thick Film Modified Graphite Electrodes

Heavy metals are potent polluters of marine ecosystems. Consumption of contaminated seafood may lead to adverse health effects. In this work, thick film modified graphite sensors are used as working electrodes for the simultaneous determination of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in mussel tissue from the Sea of Japan. The samples were prepared by HNO3 wet mineralization and analyzed in pH 4 acetate buffer by anodic stripping voltammetry. The analytical signal was studied as a function of accumulation potential, accumulation time, and sweep rate to determine the optimal electrolysis conditions. Standard addition method was used to evaluate the heavy metal concentrations to minimize matrix effects. The developed procedure is rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible, and has high selectivity and low limits of detection for the analytes. The relative standard deviations for the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn are 13%, 21%, 7.7%, and 15%, respectively. The accuracy was confirmed by comparing the results with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Measurement of trace elements in murine liver tissue samples: Comparison between ICP-MS/MS and TXRF

BackgroundTrace elements exhibit essential functions in many physiological processes. Thus, for research focusing on trace element homeostasis and metabolism analytical methods allowing for multi-element analyses are fundamental. Small sample amounts may be a big challenge in trace element analyses especially if also other end points want to be addressed in the same sample. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, and selenium) in murine liver tissue prepared by a RIPA buffer-based lyses method. Methods and resultsAfter centrifugation, lysates and pellets were obtained and trace elements were analyzed with TXRF in liver lysates. The results were compared to that obtained by a standard microwave-assisted acidic digestion with subsequent ICP-MS/MS analysis of the same liver tissue, liver lysates, and remaining pellets. In addition, trace element concentrations, determined in murine serum with both methods, were compared. For serum samples, both TXRF and ICP-MS/MS provide similar and highly correlating results. Furthermore, in liver lysate samples prepared with RIPA buffer, comparable trace element concentrations were measured by TXRF as with the standard digestion technique and ICP-MS/MS. Only marginal amounts of trace elements were detected in the pellets. ConclusionTaken together, the results obtained by the present study indicate that the RIPA buffer-based method is suitable for sample preparation for trace element analyses via TXRF, at least for the here investigated murine liver samples.

Copper Uptake and Its Effects on Two Riparian Plant Species, the Native Urtica dioica, and the Invasive Fallopia japonica.

Copper accumulating in stream sediments can be transported to adjacent riparian habitats by flooding. Although being an essential element for plants, copper is toxic at high concentrations and restricts, among other things, plant growth. Besides copper, invasive plants, such as Fallopia japonica, which are known to be tolerant toward heavy metals, modify riparian habitats. If the tolerance of F. japonica is higher compared to native plants, this could accelerate invasion under high heavy metal stress. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effect of copper on two common riparian plants, the invasive F. japonica and the native Urtica dioica. We performed a pot experiment with a gradient from 0 to 2430 mg kg-1 of soil copper. We hypothesized that (i) negative effects on plant growth increase with increasing soil copper concentrations with F. japonica being less affected and (ii) accumulating higher amounts of copper in plant tissues compared to U. dioica. In support of our first hypothesis, growth (height, leaf number) and biomass (above- and belowground) of F. japonica were impacted at the 810 mg kg-1 treatment, while the growth of U. dioica was already impacted at 270 mg kg-1. Due to 100% mortality of plants, the 2430 mg kg-1 treatment was omitted from the analysis. In contrast, chlorophyll content slightly increased with increasing copper treatment for both species. While U. dioica accumulated more copper in total, the copper uptake by F. japonica increased more strongly after exposure compared to the control. In the 810 mg kg-1 treatment, copper concentrations in F. japonica were up to 2238% higher than in the control but only up to 634% higher in U. dioica. Our results indicate that F. japonica might be able to more efficiently detoxify internal copper concentrations controlling heavy metal effects compared to the native species. This could give F. japonica a competitive advantage particularly in polluted areas, facilitating its invasion success.

A Case Report on Young Adult with Wilsons Disease

Introduction: Wilsons disease is a rare inherited disorder which is characterized by impaired copper excretion which leads to excessive deposition of copper in many tissues and organs like brain, liver, and eye. This is also characterized by KaiserFleischer ring, low serum ceruloplasmin levels and elevated urinary copper excretion.1 Aims: To observe the pharmacological along with non-pharmacological therapy for better clinical care as directed by pharmacist counselling. Case details: A 26year male patient came to the neurology department with chief complaints of involuntary tremors of both hands and difficulty in walking in the last one month associated with swaying to one side in the last 20 days. Discussion: On examination the patient is having Kaiser-Fleisher ring positive and upon further investigation Magnetic resonance imaging brain was performed which revealed the features in favor of Wilson’s disease. And for this condition the patient is treated with chelating agents and benzodiazepines. Conclusion: There is no cure for this disease and the patient should require lifelong medication with good adherence. We can minimize the symptoms by eliminating the excess copper from the body. Patient should also follow the pharmacological along with non-pharmacological therapy for better clinical care as directed by pharmacist counselling.

EFFECT OF LEAD, COPPER ON GLYCOGEN CONTENT IN MUSCLE, LIVER, GILL, AND KIDNEY TISSUES OF FRESHWATER FISH Labeo rohita

Heavy metals harm the aquatic ecosystem by persisting in the environment and having the ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic species. Lead is a typical dangerous heavy metal with a very long biological half-life that is not biodegradable and is physiologically non-essential. The goal of the current study was to measure the amount of glycogen in Labeo rohita's muscle, liver, gills, and kidney after exposure to sublethal amounts of lead and copper for 4, 7, 15, and 30 days. The data showed a substantial drop in glycogen levels in the Labeo rohita experimental fish. Both the low concentration (26.426 mg/L) and the high concentration (75.467 mg/L) of muscle glycogen had decreased by a significantly significant amount (P 0.001) after 30 days compared to the control. The amount of hepatic glycogen (7.228 mg/g) was significantly (P 0.001) lower after 30 days compared to the control group. After 30 days of exposure, the reduction in gill glycogen content was found to be (0.689 mg/g) in high concentration and (1.2813 mg/g) in low concentration, in comparison to the control. Both the high concentration of renal glycogen (2.71 mg/g) and the low concentration of renal glycogen (3.16 mg/g) were found to be considerably lower (P 0.001) than the control at 30 days. The impact of poisonous Lead and Copper in some fish tissues was taken into account when evaluating the fish's response to a stressor. As a result, we can detect cadmium stress in fish by looking at their glycogen content.

Inimical impact of high-fat diet on expression of heme oxygenase-1, trace metals content, and associated intestinal histopathology.

A high-fat diet (HFD) is one of the most prominent causative factors for obesity and metabolic inflammation. The effects of HFD overconsumption on intestinal histology, expression of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and transferrin receptor-2 (TFR2) remain elusive. The present study was conducted to analyze the effect of HFD on these parameters. To develop the HFD-induced obese model, rat colonies were divided into 3 groups; the control group was reared on normal rat chow, whereas groups I and II were given HFD for 16 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining revealed marked epithelial changes, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and destruction of mucosal architecture in both experimental groups as compared to the control group. Sudan Black B staining showed a high triglyceride deposition in the intestinal mucosa of animals fed on HFD. Atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed a decrease in tissue copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) concentration in both HFD experimental groups. Whereas the cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) levels were comparable to controls. The mRNA expression levels of HO-1 and TFR2 were found to be significantly upregulated in HFD groups compared to the control group. Hence, HFD consumption leads to histopathological changes and altered gene expression in the rodent intestine. So, one should remove HFD from daily meals to avoid related metabolic complications.

Uptake of Engineered Metallic Nanoparticles in Soil by Lettuce in Single and Binary Nanoparticle Systems

Novel nano-based fertilizers, pesticides, sensors, and nutrient delivery systems for agricultural applications have been widely reported. However, several key questions remain regarding nanoparticle (NP)–plant interactions, such as the impact of interactions of co-existing NPs on their accumulation in plants, especially in plants grown in soil systems. In this study, soil-grown lettuce was exposed to different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) alone (0–200 mg/kg) or in combination with 100 mg/kg cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) in a greenhouse study. As expected, the concentrations of AgNPs and CeO2NPs in plant tissues were markedly increased in plant tissues grown in NP-treated soil. Surprisingly, the size of AgNPs in roots was much smaller than those in shoots and in freshly prepared suspensions, suggesting that smaller AgNPs were preferably taken up by plant roots and then aggregated into large NPs in lettuce shoots. The noticeably smaller AgNPs might stem from the dissolution of AgNPs in the rhizosphere or the formation of transformed Ag-containing NPs from dissolved Ag+. CeO2NPs significantly modified the uptake and in planta distribution of AgNPs in lettuce. For example, the co-presence of CeO2NPs in soil notably increased the concentration of AgNPs in lettuce shoots but significantly reduced their concentration in roots, compared with 100 mg/kg AgNPs treatment alone. The total concentrations of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in plant tissues were determined as representative micronutrients and compared with those of the control; 100 mg/kg AgNPs diminished the Zn and Cu concentrations in lettuce, but there was no significant effect when AgNPs and CeO2NPs were co-available in the soil. These results shed new light on plant–NP interactions in soil ecosystems exposed to multiple NPs at the same time.