Tissue Capsule Research Articles

THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE BENIGN ADRENAL GLAND TUMORS IN HUMAN(PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA)

Pheochromocytoma is a rare, fatal, benign neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal glands, it occurs in adrenal gland of one to each 3000 person, arised from the adrenal medulla. as, it is arising from chromafin cells which are found mostly in the adrenal medulla. This tumor releases a large quantities of catecholamines hormones (adrenaline, Nor-adrenaline and dopamine). Hormons released by the tumer raise blood pressure, trigger headaches, sweating and panic attacks. Surgery is the primary treatment for pheochromocytoma after anti-adrenergic drugs have been taken to reduce the risk of fatal high blood pressure during surgery. Multiple endocrinal neoplasia, is a rare congenital type of pheochromocytoma, in such cases, patients are subjected to have multiple thyroidal, parathyroidal and adrenal glands diseases as shown in von hipple lindaue and neurofibromatosis type 1 patients. Patients with history of sudden and unknown cause hypertension and arrhythmia or those with history of adrenal mass are supposed to have pheochromocytoma, but some times none of these symptoms appeared so it is difficult to be diagnosed and even called the great disguised. surgically excised adrenal gland was taken from 3 patients at al zahrawy and Ibn sena hospital in mosul city/Iraq , then, a series of histological preparations was done in order to make a histological sections, starting from fixation, dehydration, clearing, embedding, histologic sectioning & staining. These sections revealed a plastic multinuclear, multi-formal cells(pleomorphism), increase of the blood vessels, cellular necrosis, increase in the acidic protein materials within cytoplasm, in addition to the hyperchromamacia,an increase in the cellular division &an increase in fibrotic tissue and thickness of adrenal capsule, with presence of tumoural cells beneath it, and disarrangements of these tumours in another section and might been multiformal in anothers . Following surgical removal, the remaining healthy adrenal gland can perform the functions of both glands, and blood pressure usually returns to normal

(243) Irrisept Washout at the Time of Revision Surgery Decreases Tissue Culture Positivity: Single Center Experience

Abstract Introduction The presence of biofilm, which resist eradication, at the implant site during inflatable penile (IPP) replacement surgery for infectious or non-infectious reasons appears to increase infection rates. Irrigation at the time of salvage rescue surgery has been shown to work in patients with clinically infected IPPs. Similarly, washout at the time of non-infectious revision surgery has been shown to lower subsequent infection rates. Positive cultures confirm bacterial presence on IPPs in both the clinically infected and uninfected settings. 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate in sterile water (Irrisept, Irrimax Corporation, Lawrenceville, GA) has been shown to reduce biofilm in the orthopedic literature. Objective We investigated capsule tissue cultures before and after dilute chlorhexidine irrigation in a series of patients who underwent revision surgery. Methods A total of 31 patients with indwelling IPPs underwent revision surgery for both infectious and noninfectious reasons between May 2021 and March 2022. A section of capsule tissue surrounding the pump was sent for culture / gram staining. After implant removal, we performed a washout of all implant spaces with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation (2 bottles of 450mL each). A second tissue culture was obtained post washout. No other additional antibiotic solutions were utilized for irrigation. All patients received clindamycin, gentamicin, and fluconazole for intravenous prophylaxis. Results Of the 31 patients (4 with infection, 27 had noninfectious etiologies), 4 (13%) had evidence of positive bacterial presence prior to washout. All 31 (100%) of these patients had negative cultures after dilute chlorhexidine washout. Conclusions Early results of revision washout with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solution appears to decrease the bacterial load and potentially sterilize the implant capsule at revision surgery of inflatable penile prostheses for both infectious and noninfectious reasons. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Coloplast, Boston Scientific, Signati, Endo, Pfizer, Irrimax, Procept.

Dickkopf-1 and ROCK2 upregulation and associated protein aggregation in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma

AimsThe etiology of pseudoexfoliation (PEX), a stress-induced fibrillopathy and a leading cause of secondary glaucoma worldwide, remains limited. This study aims to understand the role of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) in PEX pathophysiology and assess its candidature as a biomarker for PEX. Main methodsExpression levels of DKK1 and Wnt signaling genes were assayed in the anterior ocular tissues of study subjects by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Protein aggregation was studied through Proteostat staining. Role of DKK1 in protein aggregation and regulation of target Wnt signaling genes was elucidated through overexpression and knockdown studies in Human Lens Epithelial cells (HLEB3). Levels of DKK1 in circulating fluids were assayed through ELISA. Key findingsDKK1 upregulation was observed in lens capsule and conjunctiva tissues of PEX individuals compared to controls correlating with an upregulation of the Wnt signaling target, ROCK2. Proteostat staining showed increased protein aggregates in lens epithelial cells of PEX patients. HLE B-3 cells overexpressed with DKK1 showed increased protein aggregates along with upregulation of ROCK2, and knockdown of DKK1 in HLE B-3 cells demonstrated downregulation of ROCK2. Further, ROCK2 inhibition by Y-27632 in DKK1 overexpressed cells showed that DKK1 regulated protein aggregation via ROCK2. Also, increased levels of DKK1 were observed in patients' plasma and aqueous humor compared to controls. SignificanceThis study shows that DKK1 and ROCK2 might play a role in protein aggregation in PEX. Further, elevated levels of DKK1 in aqueous humor serve as a fair classifier of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

Post-hatching developmental changes in the adrenal gland of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): Histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies.

The adrenal glands are paired abdominal endocrine organs vital to the bird's health. The present research aimed to provide a comprehensive examination of the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the post hatching period. The current study was performed on 21 healthy Japanese quail chicks at different post hatching periods. Our results showed the adrenal gland is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, which consists of dense collagen fibers containing large blood vessels, chromaffin cells, autonomic ganglia, fibroblasts, and migrating Schwann cells. The zonation of the adrenal gland is composed of a subcapsular layer, a peripheral zone, and a central zone, which gets more pronounced with age. At the ultrastructural level, the interrenal cells take the steroid-secreting cells characters; they have varying amounts of lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria. Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells showed positive immunoreactivity to the NSE. With increasing age, the chromaffin tissue's Sox10 immunoreactivity increased. β-catenin is expressed within the plasmalemma and the cytoplasm of the interrenal and chromaffin cells and its reactivity increased with age, especially in the chromaffin cells. Our results indicate the adrenal gland undergoes significant morphological changes during the postnatal life. Overall, the postnatal period is an important time for the development and maturation of the adrenal glands.

Odontogenic Keratocyst with Vascular Component - A Case Report

Odontogenic keratocyst(OKC) is a developmental cyst of odontogenic origin. The unique features of the cyst's histopathology make it distinct from other cysts of the jaws. Generally, it presents with no symptoms with the unilocular or multilocular radiographic feature. A 33-year-old male patient with a painless swelling in the lower right posterior region of the jaws was reported to the outpatient department of our college. There was slight facial asymmetry and swelling on the buccal side. The right submandibular lymph nodes were palpable, and OPG showed a well-defined radiolucency. The FNAC showed numerous keratin flecks with RBC, and the inflammatory background was reported as OKC. The gross specimen was blackish brown, with histopathology features quite atypical since numerous endothelial-lined blood vessels of various sizes filled with RBCs were in the connective tissue capsule. Along with the classic elements of OKC, such as stratified squamous parakeratinised epithelial lining with grooves, there was also a rete ridge formation in the epithelial lining, and it was reported as an Odontogenic Keratocyst. The presence of blood vessels can activate the epithelial cells, thus giving rise to rete ridge formations. There are also possibilities for the presence of other vascular malformations. Regardless of recurrences in OKCs, factors that indicate the virulence of the cyst should be considered in the treatment. The multipotentiality of these odontogenic remnants and their reactive response in the surrounding tissues can be varied. Here we discuss a unique case report of OKC in a 33-yearold male patient with many vascular channels in the ramus-molar region of the mandible with an unusual histopathological presentation for OKC.

Mycobacterium bovis naturally infected calves present a higher bacterial load and proinflammatory response than adult cattle.

Granulomas are characteristic bovine tuberculosis lesions; studying this structure has improved our understanding of tuberculosis pathogenesis. However, the immune response that develops in granulomas of young cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) has not been fully studied. Our previous work described an atypical pattern in granulomatous lesions of cattle younger than 4 months (calves) naturally infected previously M. bovis that did not correspond to the histological classification previously proposed. Histologically, granulomas from calves lack a connective tissue capsule and have fewer multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) and more acid-fast bacilli (AFB) than the classic tuberculosis lesions found in cattle older than 1 year (adults); this suggests a deficient immune response against M. bovis infection in young animals. Therefore, we used IHC and digital pathology analysis to characterize the in situ immune response of granulomas from young and adult cattle. The immunolabeling quantification showed that granulomas from calves had more mycobacteria, CD3+ cells, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) than those of adult cattle. Furthermore, calf granulomas showed lower immunolabeling of MAC387+, CD79+, and WC1+ cells without connective tissue surrounding the lesion and were associated with less vimentin, Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), and TGF-β compared with granulomas from adult cattle. Our results suggest that the immune responses in granulomas of cattle naturally infected with M. bovis may be age dependent. This implies that an exacerbated proinflammatory response may be associated with active tuberculosis, producing more necrosis and a lower microbicidal capacity in the granulomas of calves naturally infected with M. bovis.

Degeneration of muscle spindles in a murine model of Pompe disease

Pompe disease is a debilitating medical condition caused by a functional deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). In addition to muscle weakness, people living with Pompe disease experience motor coordination deficits including an instable gait and posture. We reasoned that an impaired muscle spindle function might contribute to these deficiencies and therefore analyzed proprioception as well as muscle spindle structure and function in 4- and 8-month-old Gaa−/− mice. Gait analyses showed a reduced inter-limb and inter-paw coordination in Gaa−/− mice. Electrophysiological analyses of single-unit muscle spindle proprioceptive afferents revealed an impaired sensitivity of the dynamic and static component of the stretch response. Finally, a progressive degeneration of the sensory neuron and of the intrafusal fibers was detectable in Gaa−/− mice. We observed an increased abundance and size of lysosomes, a fragmentation of the inner and outer connective tissue capsule and a buildup of autophagic vacuoles in muscle spindles from 8-month-old Gaa−/− mice, indicating lysosomal defects and an impaired autophagocytosis. These results demonstrate a structural and functional degeneration of muscle spindles and an altered motor coordination in Gaa−/− mice. Similar changes could contribute to the impaired motor coordination in patients living with Pompe disease.

Bioactive Composite Material Based on Polyurethane with Isoniazid

An urgent task is the development of new implantation materials with a prolonged medicinal effect for the treatment of the extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain an implantation material based on mesh polyurethane with the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid, to study the drug release of isoniazid from the polymer, to study the biodegradation of such materials, as well as to analyze cellular reactions to their implantation in the body of experimental animals. According to the results of the study of the dynamics of the release of isoniazid from the structure of mesh polyurethane, it was shown that a little more than 44% of isoniazid was released from the polymer matrix during the 389 days of the study. At the same time, in the first 3 days, a shock dose of the anti-tuberculosis drug was released – more than 18%, which can be important for reducing the pathological process at the location of the implant. When studying the biodegradation of the obtained materials, it was established that there was a redistribution of supramolecular structures, in which the type of these structures remained unchanged, but the size of the globular particles changed. In the model environments, the organization of large, possibly hydrophobic, destruction fragments into large globular formations probably took place, which was reflected in the increase of some physical and mechanical indicators. During implantation, the polymer material was subjected to cellular resorption due to the activity of phagocytic fragments, as well as mechanical loads, which contributed to the removal of destruction products from the mass of the polymer and led to a decrease in the main physical and mechanical parameters. According to the results of the implantation test by histological methods, it was established that around the samples of polyurethane with isoniazid a rather pronounced and long-lasting (up to 1 month) reaction of the type of aseptic inflammation was observed. At the same time, the cellular composition of the connective tissue capsule indicated a fairly good tolerability of the polymer material with prolonged release of isoniazid. It is shown that the obtained bioactive composite material based on polyurethane with isoniazid can be a promising implant material for the treatment of bone and joint tuberculosis.

Progress of injection sites of local infiltration analgesia in total knee arthroplasty

To review the research progress of injection sites of local infiltration analgesia (LIA) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The relevant domestic and foreign literature in recent years was extensively reviewed. The neuroanatomy of the knee, and the research progress of the selection and the difference of effectiveness between different injection sites of LIA in clinical studies were summarized. Large concentrations of nociceptors are present throughout the various tissues of the knee joint. Patellar tendon, subpatellar fat pad, lateral collateral ligament insertions, iliotibial band insertions, suprapatellar capsule, and posterior capsule were more sensitive to pain. Most current studies support injections into the lateral capsule, collateral ligament, retinaculum, quadriceps tendon, fat pad, and subcutaneous tissue. Whether to inject into the back of the knee and subperiosteum is controversial. The relative difference of knee tissue sensitivity to pain has guiding significance for the selection of LIA injection site after TKA. Although researchers have conducted clinical trials on injection site and technique of LIA in TKA, there are certain limitations. The optimal scheme has not been determined yet, and further studies are needed.

Phylogenetic and host-parasite relationship analyses of Henneguya caquetaia sp. nov (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting an Amazonian cichlid fish

The present study describes a new species of Henneguya infecting the ornamental fish Caquetaia spectabilis from the Brazilian Amazon. Fish specimens were collected where the Tapajós and Amazon rivers merge, municipality of Santarém in the State of Pará, Brazil. Infections were intense, with several plasmodia spread on the opercula, fins and eye. Phylogenetic characterization and host-parasite relationship studies of the new Henneguya species used a combination of small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA) and morphological (photonic and transmission electron microscopy) analyses. Plasmodia were white round to ellipsoidal measuring up to 1.8 mm. The myxospores body measured 20.5 ± 3.9 (15–27) in length, 7.9 μm (6.2–10.8) in width, 6.7 μm (6.0–7.6) in thickness, 20.5 μm (14.4–32.3) in caudal appendages length, and 40.6 μm (34.2–54.6) in total length. The two polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 4.3 μm (3.3–5.4) in length and 2.1 μm (1.3–2.8) in width. Histological analysis revealed the parasite development in connective tissues of the fins, eyes and opercula. The skin of the fins and opercula presented detachment of the epidermis, however, no inflamatory infiltrate was observed. In the eye were observed inflammatory infiltratate in the epithelium and stroma of the cornea. Ultrastructure analysis showed the connective tissue capsule composed by an inner cellular layer with fibroblasts and outer layer where collagen fibers arranged transversely yet interspersed by layers of fibers arranged longitudinally. Numerous invaginations and extensive pinocytotic channels were observed in the plasmodial membrane. A layer of microfilament-like microfilament-like material was observed in the ectoplasm area and along to the internal surface of the plasmodial membrane. Generative cells and early stages of sporogenesis were seen more internally. The ssrDNA based phylogeny showed the South American species grouped in two lineages and the new species arises in a well-sustained subclade as sister branch of the clade composed by Henneguya spp. parasites of cichlids fish.

Radicular cyst as an epilogue of trauma from occlusion at an unfamiliar site: A rare case report

The radicular cyst is a common visitant in a dental office especially dealing with the non-vital tooth. It is a sequela of apical periodontitis, and it is often associated with carious teeth. Trauma from occlusion, in the long run, will lead to apical periodontitis. The association of radicular cyst with trauma from occlusion is rare, and this case report is one such incidence. A 38- year -old male patient reported with the chief complaint of mobility and swelling in the lower front teeth region for one month. Radiographs revealed a radiolucency around the apices of the mandibular central and lateral incisors. Trauma from occlusion was diagnosed using the fremitus test. Root canal therapy, surgical excision of the lesion, splinting, and coronoplasty was done concerning the affected teeth. The excised lesion on histopathological analysis revealed a cystic connective tissue capsule with a band of chronic inflammatory cells and abundant cholesterol clefts. This 18 month follow up case report emphasizes the rare occurrence of radicular cyst in the anterior mandible with a not-so-familiar etiology and possible ways to avoid its recurrence.

Сomparison of biomechanical properties of non-absorbable and partially absorbable mesh implants used in surgery for urinary incontinence and genital prolapse: experimental study

Introduction. The amount of non-absorbable synthetic material used in the surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence has been shown to directly correlate with the risks of mesh-associated complications. Previously, we developed a partially absorbable implant. Currently, there are insufficient data on the use of partially absorbable implants in female pelvic floor reconstruction, which requires comparative biomechanical and pathomorphological studies.Objective. To compare the biomechanical properties of a new generation partially absorbable implants and nonabsorbable polypropylene mesh implants during animal model.Materials & methods. Thirty-nine rabbits weighing 3200 ± 250 g were randomised into three groups depending on the implanted endoprosthesis: group 1 (n = 15) — “Axilen” implant (polydioxanone 98%, polypropylene 2%), group 2 (n = 15) — “Axilen Rapid” implant (polyglycapron 98%, polypropylene 2%), group 3 (n = 9) — “Urosling 1” implant. After implantation, rabbits of all 3 groups were divided into 3 subgroups according to the withdrawal period from the experiment: 14 days, 60 days, and 180 days. The biomaterial obtained was subjected to two studies: evaluation of the macroscopic view of the explanted mesh endoprosthesis with the formed capsule and the surrounding tissues, study of the biomechanical properties of the formed connective tissue capsule with the implant.Results. According to macroscopic evaluation, there was a less significant tissue reaction to partially absorbed implants. A comparative analysis of biomechanical indices revealed no statistically significant difference in rupture elongation at all follow-up periods among the presented groups. Tensile strength, at 60 and 180 days, was not statistically different between the groups described. At 14 days, there was a statistically significant difference in tensile strength between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.003).Conclusion. During biomechanical animal experiments, the connective tissue capsule formed on the partially absorbable implant was not inferior to the similar parameter of the non-absorbable sample in its tensile strength, which explains a great potential for the use of partially absorbable implants in reconstructive surgery of pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence.

MP62-11 IRRISEPT WASHOUT AT THE TIME OF REVISION SURGERY DECREASES TISSUE CULTURE POSITIVITY: SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP62-11 IRRISEPT WASHOUT AT THE TIME OF REVISION SURGERY DECREASES TISSUE CULTURE POSITIVITY: SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE Alex Fuselier, Chris Smith, Ryan Griggs, Paul H. Chung, Ed Karpman, and Gerard Henry Alex FuselierAlex Fuselier More articles by this author , Chris SmithChris Smith More articles by this author , Ryan GriggsRyan Griggs More articles by this author , Paul H. ChungPaul H. Chung More articles by this author , Ed KarpmanEd Karpman More articles by this author , and Gerard HenryGerard Henry More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003320.11AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The presence of biofilm, which resists eradication, at the implant site during inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) replacement surgery for infectious or non-infectious reasons appears to increase infection rates. Irrigation at the time of salvage rescue surgery has been shown to work in patients with clinically infected IPPs. Similarly, washout at the time of non-infectious revision surgery has been shown to lower subsequent infection rates. Positive cultures confirm bacterial presence on IPPs in both the clinically infected and uninfected settings. 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) in sterile water (Irrisept, Irrimax Corporation, Lawrenceville, GA) has been shown to reduce biofilm in the orthopedic literature. More recently, it has been shown to be highly efficacious against IPP bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas that now predominate eroded and infected devices. We investigated capsule tissue cultures before and after dilute chlorhexidine irrigation in a series of patients who underwent revision surgery. METHODS: A total of 44 patients with indwelling IPPs underwent revision surgery for both infectious and noninfectious reasons between May 2021 and September 2022. A section of capsule tissue surrounding the pump sent for culture & gram staining. After implant removal, we performed a washout of all implant spaces with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation, 900cc for noninfectious reasons and 1800cc for infectious reasons. A second tissue culture was obtained adjacent to the prior sample post washout. No other additional antibiotic solutions were utilized for irrigation. All patients received clindamycin, gentamicin, and fluconazole for intravenous prophylaxis. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients, 4 (10%) were with infectious / erosion reasons, 40 (90%) had noninfectious etiologies. 6 (14%) of the 44 patients had evidence of positive bacterial presence prior to washout. 4 of the 4 (100%) patients for infectious / erosion reasons and 2 of the 40 (5%) of the noninfectious etiologies had evidence of bacterial presence prior to washout. All 44 (100%) of these patients had negative cultures after dilute chlorhexidine washout. CONCLUSIONS: Early results of revision washout with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate in sterile water solution appears to decrease the bacterial load and potentially sterilize the implant capsule at revision surgery of inflatable penile prostheses for both infectious and noninfectious reasons. Consequently, this may lead to future reduction in postoperative infection rates after IPP revision surgery. Source of Funding: Coloplast © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e865 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Alex Fuselier More articles by this author Chris Smith More articles by this author Ryan Griggs More articles by this author Paul H. Chung More articles by this author Ed Karpman More articles by this author Gerard Henry More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Preen gland of the laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis aegyptiaca): Light and electron microscopic analysis.

This work reviews the microscopic anatomy of the preen gland in laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis aegyptiaca) using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. The gland possessed two large pea-shaped lobes. The glandular lobules of each lobe were huddled in elliptical, triangle, round shapes, connected with each other by strands of connective tissue septae. The lobule was composed of glandular follicles, each follicle folded and enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue connected with the neighboring ones by interfollicular septae. The gland's parenchyma was coated with a dense connective tissue capsule composed of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The secretory tubules were divided into peripheral tubules and central tubules. The central ones were located close to the major cavity and lined with thin epithelium, whereas the peripheral tubules were adjacent to the capsule and characterized by taller epithelium. The central secretory tubules were lined with four cell layers: flattened basal, large-sized polyhedral intermediate, and secretory cell layers, as well as a degenerative cells layer that formed of small cells with pale cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. Variable sizes and shapes of Herbst corpuscles were detected alongside the papillary duct and near the glandular lobe. Transmission electron microscopy view revealed that the cytoplasm of the intermediate cells contained a dense population of mitochondria, while the secretory and degenerative cells contained fewer mitochondria. In conclusion, these structures will be beneficial for understanding the habitat differences of laughing doves. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Grossly, the preen gland (PG) of the laughing dove formed of two large pea-shaped lobes. The glandular lobule was composed of glandular follicles, each follicle was folded and enclosed by a sheath of connective tissue connected with the neighboring ones by interfollicular septae. The central secretory tubules were lined with four cell layers: basal, intermediate, secretory, and degenerative cell layers. Variable sizes and shapes of Herbst corpuscles were detected alongside the papillary duct and near the glandular lobe of the PG. In transmission electron microscopic analysis, the cytoplasm of the intermediate cells contained a dense population of mitochondria, while the secretory and degenerative cells contained fewer mitochondria.

STUDY THE EFFECT OF TARTRAZINE AND ITS BIODEGRADATION PRODUCTS ON THE LIVER AND KIDNEY OF FEMALE ALBINO RATS

Food additive azo dyes are toxic substances added to food to enhance taste or appearance. Synthetic dyes are widely used in the color of some products such as jelly, sweets, or medicines. Tartrazine (E102) is one of the synthetic dyes used in food coloring. World health organization (WHO) recommended the acceptable daily intake of this dye is (7.5 mg/kg) body weight. In the human body, the microorganism can degrade these substances to intermediate compounds that can be more toxic in case of increasing these substances in the human body. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the human intestinal microflorae which is able to degrade tartrazine. Decolorization assays by spectroscopy and chromatography analysis confirmed that P. aeruginosa can degrade tartrazine to toxic products such as Sodium 2- amino benzenesulfonate (195.15) m/z. This study discussed the effect of tartrazine and its degradation products on liver and kidney tissues. Twenty-eight female albino rats were examined by injecting them with this dye for two months. We divided the Rats into four groups each one received different treatment. Results showed a significant decrease in the body weight of rats in the control group in G2, G3, and G4. Physiological analysis of kidney and liver parameters including AST, ALT, and ALP, were markedly elevated in rats of all treated groups. Histological examination of liver tissues indicated hepatic changes in all tested groups as compared with the control group. Treatment with tartrazine and its products led to mild hepatocytes lesions. Histopathological analysis of the kidney tissues revealed an average renal capsule and other interstitial tissues in the control group, other groups received different doses of tartrazine, revealed that blood vessels appeared mildly congested with interstitial inflammatory infiltrate.

Difference in the occurrence of capsular contracture according to the characteristics of the tissue in an irradiated rat model.

In this study, it was hypothesized that the capsule formation varies according to the radiation dose in the muscle tissues; chest wall tissues, including the ribs; and acellular dermal matrices (ADM) that are in contact with the silicone implant. This study consisted of 20 SD rats that underwent submuscular plane implant reconstruction using ADM. They were divided into four groups: Group 1 as the un-radiated control (n = 5), Group 2 with non-fractionated radiation at a dose of 10 Gy (n = 5), Group 3 with non-fractionated radiation at a dose of 20 Gy (n = 5), and Group 4 with fractionated radiation at a dose of 35 Gy (n = 5). Three months after surgery, hardness was measured. Moreover, the histology and immunochemistry of the capsule tissues of the ADM, muscle tissues, and chest wall tissues were analyzed. As the radiation dose increased, the silicone implant became harder. But no significant difference in capsule thickness according to the radiation dose was observed. Based on the tissue in contact with the silicone implant, ADM has a thinner capsule thickness than the muscle tissues and less inflammation as well as less neovascularization compared with the other tissues. This study described a new rat model of clinically relevant implant-based breast reconstruction using a submuscular plane and ADM with irradiation. Therefore, it was confirmed that the ADM in contact with the silicone implant, even after irradiation, was protected from radiation compared with the other tissues.

Arthroscopic Assisted Treatment of Combined Trapezium and Bennett Fracture-Dislocation.

Trapezium fractures are unusual; however, they represent the third most frequent fracture of the carpal bones. As they usually follow a high-energy trauma, they are associated with distal radius, Bennett, or Rolando fractures in 80% of cases. Traditional treatment options include, closed reduction and percutaneous pinning, or open reduction and internal fixation. To minimize the additional surgical trauma, an arthroscopic technique has been developed for safe, minimally invasive management of complex injuries of the first carpo-metacarpal joint. Intra-articular dislocated fracture fragments are reduced under direct visualization and fixed through small incisions. Limiting additional surgical damage on the carpo-metacarpal joint ligaments, capsule, and other soft tissues around the fracture preserves the blood supply to fracture fragments and also the proprioceptive system, which is key for the dynamic stability of such a hypermobile joint. This report confirms that the procedure is feasible, and a complete functional recovery can be expected with reduced postoperative rehabilitation.

Well-Circumscribed Intramuscular Lipoma of Superior Rectus Muscle

Extraocular muscle lipoma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of the orbit. We report a case of a 37-year-old woman who presented with chronic progressive proptosis and inferior globe displacement of left eye. External eye examination revealed a yellowish mass at the superior bulbar conjunctiva. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a well-circumscribed mass confined in the superior rectus muscle belly and tendon with a fat signal. Debulking surgery was performed using the transconjunctival and vertical lid split approach. A pathological study demonstrated matured adipose tissue cells encapsulated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, in addition to the chronic non-specific inflammation of the tenon capsule tissue sample. Histopathological findings of the mass were consistent with a well-circumscribed intramuscular lipoma. The symptoms of the patient were significantly improved 3 months after surgical and short-course systemic steroid treatments. However, long-term surveillance is needed.

Stem Cell-Enriched Hybrid Breast Reconstruction Reduces Risk for Capsular Contracture in a Hybrid Breast Model.

Hybrid breast reconstruction (HBR) combines silicone implants with fat grafting to improve implant coverage, treating local tissue deficiencies and leading to a more natural breast appearance. Recent data also indicated less capsular contracture after HBR. The authors developed a novel technique and animal model of cell-assisted (CA) HBR to illuminate its effects on capsular contracture. Animals received silicone implants in a dorsal submuscular pocket. Although animals of the HBR group received fat grafting around the implant without stem cell enrichment, rats of the CA-HBR1 and the CA-HBR2 groups received stem cell-enriched fat grafting with 2 × 10 6 and 4 × 10 6 adipose-derived stem cells immediately after implant insertion. On day 60, animals underwent sonography and elastography imaging and were euthanized, and outcome analysis was performed by means of histology, immunohistochemistry, chemical collagen quantification, and gene expression analysis. With this novel technique, long-term survival of adipose-derived stem cells within the implant pocket was demonstrated after 60 days after implant insertion. CA-HBR led to significantly reduced thickness and collagen density of capsular contractures. In addition, CA-HBR resulted in reduced fibrotic responses with less occurrence of collagen type I and transforming growth factor-β in capsule tissue. Moreover, the addition of stem cells suppressed fibrotic and inflammatory responses on a genetic level with significant underexpression of collagen type I and transforming growth factor-β1. With this new technique and animal model, the authors observed a preventive effect on capsular contracture substantiating the basis of clinical outcomes of HBR. The authors propose that the addition of stem cells to HBR might booster its beneficial results. Stem cell-enriched fat grafting around silicone implants may reduce the risk for capsular contracture after silicone breast implantation. While fat grafting alone already shows beneficial effects, the addition of stem cells to the fat graft can potentiate this effect.

Repeated Lipoteichoic Acid Injection at Low Concentration Induces Capsular Contracture by Activating Adaptive Immune Response through the IL-6/STAT3 Signaling Pathway.

Capsular contracture is the most common complication of breast implantation surgery. Bacterial contamination was considered to play an important role in the occurrence of capsular contracture, and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis were discovered in the clinical specimens. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was a component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria and was sufficient in the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The authors assumed that LTA could trigger the immunologic response against the implant and cause capsular contracture. The authors developed a rat model of capsular contracture by repeated injection of 10 μg/mL LTA. The histologic changes of the capsule tissue were measured by hematoxylin and eosin, sirius red, Masson, and immunohistochemical staining. The expression of related cytokines was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The downstream pathway activation was shown by Western blot. The authors also applied tocilizumab, an interleukin (IL)-6 receptor antagonist, to verify the role of IL-6 in this pathologic process. The authors discovered that repeated LTA injection, at a low concentration, could induce the thickening of capsule tissue, the deposition of collagen fiber, and the activation of myofibroblasts. The IL-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway was activated in this process, and the inhibition of IL-6 receptor could relieve the symptoms. B cells and T-helper cells, especially T-helper type 1, could be related to this phenomenon. The authors' research corroborated that subclinical infection could trigger capsular contracture, and the immune system played an important role in this process. The authors' results provided a possible research direction for the mechanism of bacterial infection-induced immune response against breast implants. The authors' research provides a possible research direction for the mechanism of bacterial infection-induced immune response against breast implants, and a potential target for predicting the prognosis of capsular contracture.