Tire Section Research Articles

Optimal design of radial tire section layout based on thermal fatigue life improving

The design of tire fatigue life was optimized by combining approximate model and finite element simulation, and compared with the tire endurance test results. The design variables are selected through sensitivity analysis of materials in various regions of the tire, and the thermal fatigue life of the tire is used as the objective function, and the approximate relationship between the design variables and the objective function is fitted based on the approximate model method, and the approximate model is optimized using genetic algorithm to find the optimal solution. The fatigue life of the tire is improved by about 25 %.

Excellent low temperature performance for modified asphalt by finely dispersed sidewall tire rubber

Low temperature performance of rubber asphalt in cold regions still has challenges for facing cracking. In this study, the modified asphalt by finely dispersed degraded sidewall tire rubber (STR) was prepared to study its low temperature performance by bending beam rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry, Fraass brittleness temperature and ductility. Results showed that low test temperature and Fraass brittleness temperature of STR-modified asphalt could be down to −24.0 °C, both of which were better than that of current crumb tire rubber modified asphalt. The ductility at temperature of 5 °C was 22.3 cm, which was higher than those of other tire section rubber modified asphalt, such as tread tire rubber modified asphalt (TTRMA, 19.8 cm) and bead tire rubber-modified asphalt (BTRMA, 15.6 cm). This was owing to that STR-modified asphalt had low glass transition temperature (Tg) of −33.1 °C, which was lower than those of TTRMA (−32.9 °C) and BTRMA (−31.2 °C). Modification mechanism proposed that flexible butadiene rubber (Tg of −110.0 °C) in STR strongly promoted the relaxation of rubber molecular segments through molecular orientation and conformation switching when suffering stress concentration. Accordingly, the STR-modified asphalt had excellent low temperature performance, and could be practically used for flexible pavement in cold region.

Numerical Simulation of Grounding Characteristics and Temperature Field of Mine Tires under Multiple Working Conditions

Mine tires are an essential and expensive component of heavy mining machinery. This study explored the grounding characteristics and temperature field distribution of mining tires during driving as well as the relationships between the maximum temperature and tire inflation pressure, load, and speed. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element models of mine tires were established. Steady-state rolling simulation analysis was conducted based on inflation and static load simulations. Temperature field simulation analysis was conducted with the tire section as a research object. The accuracy of the finite element model was verified. Analysis results demonstrated that the grounding contact area decreased with an increase in charging pressure and increased with an increase in load. With an increase in inflation pressure, the maximum normal grounding stress increased in the middle part of the tread and decreased near the shoulder. The maximum normal grounding stress continuously deviated in the shoulder direction with an increase in load. Temperature field analysis indicated that the tire had the maximum temperature at the binder position, where the first belt layer was connected to the second belt layer, which corresponds to the maximum stress position in the steady-state rolling simulations. Tire temperature increased with driving speed. The maximum temperature increased with an increase in tire deflection, whereas the deflection decreased with an increase in inflation pressure and increased with an increase in load. Speed had the greatest influence on the maximum temperature, followed by load, with inflation pressure having the smallest influence. The results of this research can be used to improve the service life of mine tires to improve productivity and reduce costs.

Experimental and theoretical investigation on pyrolysis of various sections of the waste tire and its components

Waste tires are well known to have appropriate disposal or reprocessing problems under environmental and economically sustainable conditions. The pyrolysis represents valid modern technology to process waste tires to recover fuels and carbon black. However, the detailed degradation mechanism and kinetics of waste tire pyrolysis have not been thoroughly studied. In this work, pyrolysis of tread, sidewall and, innerliner of a waste tire of a light motor vehicle is thermogravimetrically investigated. The degradation profiles of said sections of waste tire predicted using various kinetic models. Kinetic models constituting a single reaction to four parallel reactions are considered for the stated purpose. The results reveal that the degradation profiles of tire sections are different from that of the whole tire. Among the kinetic models considered, the four reactions model predicts degradation for tread and sidewall sections with a fit percentage of over 98% with experimental data. The average activation energy of tread and sidewall obtained at this fit are 80.82 kJ mol−1 and 79.99 kJ mol−1, respectively. In comparison, the degradation behavior of the innerliner section is very well predicted using a three reactions model with a fit percentage of over 99% to experimental data. The average activation energy (E) estimated for highest fit is 53.78 kJ mol−1 for innerliner section.

Image detection and parameterization for different components in cross-sections of radial tires

The internal structure analysis of radial tires is of great significance to improve vehicle safety and during tire research. In order to perform the digital analysis and detection of the internal composition in radial tire cross-sections, a detection method based on digital image processing was proposed. The research was carried out as follows: (a) the distribution detection and parametric analysis of the bead wire, steel belt, and carcass in the tire section were performed by means of digital image processing, connected domain extraction, and Hough transform; (b) using the angle of location distribution and area relationship, the detection data were optimized through coordinate and quantity relationship constraints; (c) a detection system for tire cross-section components was designed using the MATLAB platform. Our experimental results showed that this method displayed a good detection performance, and important practical significance for the research and manufacture of tires.

Indentation tests and rolling simulations of a compliant wheel on soil at different consistencies

The investigation presented addresses the response of a compliant wheel in interaction with deformable soil dependent on the water content, and accordingly on soil consistency. Two fine soils are considered. The basic soil properties and the soil shear strength are obtained from routine tests. A non-pneumatic Tweel in full size is tested in a loading device against a rigid base and against soil placed in a container in order to assess its stiffness and the compressional behavior of the soil, respectively. The measured pressure sinkage curves are then utilized in conjunction with a standard explicit FEM code to calibrate a hyperelastic model for the Tweel and an elasto-plastic constitutive model for the soil. Soil-tire interface strength is obtained from shear tests on a flat tire section embedded in soil. The numerical model is then applied to investigate how the water content affects the global response of the tire-soil system under different scenarios of free rolling, braking and driving. The methodology followed, complemented by appropriate soil testing, can be used as guide for the implementation of more elaborate models.

RECYCLED TIRE ISOLATOR AS EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE SYSTEM FOR SINGLE STOREY BUILDING IN MALAYSIA

The studies of seismic isolation have gradually become important particularly in countries of active seismicity activity. The main idea of isolation is to provide flexibility to the structural foundation as well as to absorb energy and mitigating ground acceleration generated from earthquake forces. However, the cost to manufacture conventional commercial rubber isolator is high due to its heavy weight complicated in the process of preparation involving expensive machinery. When earthquake occurs, the building structure especially low rise residential buildings such as single storey buildings are subjected to high inertia forces which lead to structural damages. Country such as Malaysia which located outside the earthquake region is now even facing the threat of earthquake too in some areas especially Sabah. This alerts Malaysia that there is a need to develop an earthquake resistance mechanism. Recycled Tire Isolator (RTI) is a model designed to be embedded into the foundation of a low rise building in order to withstand earthquake forces. The main component in the fabrication of RTI is recycled tire. The useable section of the recycle tire is the tread and will be split into small pieces with measurement of 300mm x 210mm. Each piece of cut tire is about 10mm thick. The method of preparation of RTI samples is simple which is cost effective and sustainable. RTI samples consist of four to five layers of cut recycled tire pads. Static compression test was conducted to examine the vertical capacity of RTI. A controlled vertical force of 380 kN (maximum capacity of the compression test machine) was applied on to the RTI during the compression test. An average displacement of 11.5mm was recorded when the cracking sound was heard indicating the failure of RTI sample. The static or vertical stiffness of RTI was determined. Besides, dynamic compressive load test was another experiment carried out to examine the damping coefficient, damping ratio and also dynamic stiffness of RTI. The results obtained from the experiment were compared with the commercial available isolators and also compared among the RTIs. The similarities of characteristics between RTI and the commercial isolators have given an indication that RTI has great potential to be adopted as earthquake base isolator for single storey residential buildings.

RECYCLED TIRE ISOLATOR AS EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE SYSTEM FOR SINGLE STOREY BUILDING IN MALAYSIA

The studies of seismic isolation have gradually become important particularly in countries of active seismicity activity. The main idea of isolation is to provide flexibility to the structural foundation as well as to absorb energy and mitigating ground acceleration generated from earthquake forces. However, the cost to manufacture conventional commercial rubber isolator is high due to its heavy weight complicated in the process of preparation involving expensive machinery. When earthquake occurs, the building structure especially low rise residential buildings such as single storey buildings are subjected to high inertia forces which lead to structural damages. Country such as Malaysia which located outside the earthquake region is now even facing the threat of earthquake too in some areas especially Sabah. This alerts Malaysia that there is a need to develop an earthquake resistance mechanism. Recycled Tire Isolator (RTI) is a model designed to be embedded into the foundation of a low rise building in order to withstand earthquake forces. The main component in the fabrication of RTI is recycled tire. The useable section of the recycle tire is the tread and will be split into small pieces with measurement of 300mm x 210mm. Each piece of cut tire is about 10mm thick. The method of preparation of RTI samples is simple which is cost effective and sustainable. RTI samples consist of four to five layers of cut recycled tire pads. Static compression test was conducted to examine the vertical capacity of RTI. A controlled vertical force of 380 kN (maximum capacity of the compression test machine) was applied on to the RTI during the compression test. An average displacement of 11.5mm was recorded when the cracking sound was heard indicating the failure of RTI sample. The static or vertical stiffness of RTI was determined. Besides, dynamic compressive load test was another experiment carried out to examine the damping coefficient, damping ratio and also dynamic stiffness of RTI. The results obtained from the experiment were compared with the commercial available isolators and also compared among the RTIs. The similarities of characteristics between RTI and the commercial isolators have given an indication that RTI has great potential to be adopted as earthquake base isolator for single storey residential buildings.

The stress-strain state and optimization of the cross section of the wheel rim tubeless truck tire

This article is devoted to the issues of strength and reliability of the wheel, as well as minimizing its weight, which allows to improve traction and brake dynamics, smooth running, fuel efficiency, etc. The solution of the problem of determining the stress-strain state of the automobile wheel with fifteen-degree landing shelves is presented. In the article it is offered to equalize the stresses arising at internal and external surfaces of a rim of a variable thickness, at the expense of variation of thickness of a rim of a car wheel in various zones.

Researching rolling resistance of the wheeled forestry tractor at skidding

Off-road performance improvement remains one of the main problems in designing wheeled dragging and forestry tractors. Improvement of off-road performance of the dragging and forestry tractors is closely related to the general problem of wheeled vehicles’ off-road performance, however it features a number of specific aspects which require specialized research to be made.During tree skidding by a wheeled tractor, vertical load on a double-reduction axle greatly changes that is linked to additional load by a roundwood bundle and redistributed in-motion load. The above in-motion redistribution of load and driving moments along the axles greatly affects the vehicle’s off-road performance. While skidding, the increased load on a wheel leads to increased specific pressure, track depth and rolling resistance.This work employs simplified tire calculation model used as a base to determine relationship between load and deformation. Calculation is made successively for each elementary tire section that allows for finding diagram of pressure distribution in the contact longitudinal plane and researching rolling resistance related to rutting and hysteresis losses in the tire material. Further experimental research of the driving wheel and wheel system motion allowed for elaborated theoretical analysis and helped to justify parameters the forestry tractor wheels.The following tasks were set during this work:1. To make efforts to elaborate approximated method for estimating relative elongation of the rolling resistance depending on wheel parameters, vertical load and air pressure. The method is based on calculation of contact pressure distribution on the basis of simplified tire model2. To conduct experimental research of rolling resistance for one wheel and wheel set of a tractor in the leading movement mode with due regard to tire tangential deformation.3. To study aspects of a process of rolling resistance of a forestry tractor during tree skidding in summer time. To run comparative draw tests of a forestry tractor equipped with tires of variable size.4. To find out possibilities to reduce rolling resistance basing on theoretical and experimental researches.

INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF THE INDUCTOR AND ARMATURE ON THE INDICATORS OF A LINEAR PULSE ELECTROMECHANICAL CONVERTER OF AN ELECTRODYNAMIC TYPE

Purpose. The aim of the paper is to study the influence of geometrical parameters, namely, the number of layers and the cross section of the copper tire of the inductor and the armature coils on the power and speed indicators of a linear pulse electromechanical converter (LPEC) of an electrodynamic type. Methodology. On the basis of the developed chain mathematical model, recurrent relations are obtained for the calculation of interconnected electromagnetic, mechanical and thermal processes of LPEC of an electrodynamic type. The effect of the thickness of a square copper tire and the number of its layers in the inductor and armature coils on the characteristics and characteristics of electrodynamic LPEC is investigated. It is these parameters that determine the number of turns and the axial height of the coils with limited radial dimensions. Results. The influence of the geometrical parameters of the inductor and the armature coils with limited radial dimensions on the electrical and mechanical characteristics of LPEC of an electrodynamic type is established. It has been established that with an increase in the thickness of a rectangular cross-section of copper tire from 1 to 2.5 mm, an increase in the amplitude and pulse of electrodynamic forces (EF) occurs. However, the maximum speed of the armature is the highest at LPEC wound with a 1.5 mm thick tire. The highest efficiency value is demonstrated by LPEC, in which the inductor and armature coils are wound with a 2 mm thick tire. With an increase in the number of layers of the inductor coil tire, the amplitude of the EF decreases significantly, and the magnitude of the EF pulse decreases slightly. As a result, the maximum armature speed, efficiency and temperature rise of the coils are reduced. Originality. It is established that the largest amplitude of the EF is realized in LPEC with the minimum number of layers of tires of the inductor and armature coils. The largest value of the pulse EF occurs when the maximum number of layers of the inductor and the armature. In this case, the largest values of the amplitude and pulse of the EF occur under the condition that the number of tire layers of the inductor and the armature coils are the same. Practical value. It has been established that the greatest efficiency 21.82 % is realized in LPEC, in which the number of tire layers is 2 mm thick with inductor and armature coils are 4. A catapult model for launching an unmanned aerial vehicle was made and tested on the basis of LPEC of an electrodynamic type.

Finite element analysis of cross section of TBR tire

With the development of science and technology, finite element analysis technology has gradually become the main means of radial tire analysis. However, most of the theoretical models are mainly analyzed, and there are still some differences between them and the actual tire models. In this article, the constitutive model of Yeoh rubber material is selected for the uniaxial tensile results of various rubber materials used in the tire. The material parameters are determined by the equivalent tensile strain curve of the steel cord. Taking the 12.00R20 tire as an example, with the help of ABAQUS software, a finite element method for the analysis of the tire structure is formed under the working conditions of assembly, punching gas and loading, and the necessary evaluation of the finite element results of the loading condition is also carried out. By analyzing the stress and strain of each part of the tire, the strain ratio can be used as the basis for the further analysis of thermal fatigue, and it also plays a guiding role in improving the design of tire structure.

Method of sections in analytical calculations of pneumatic tires

Analytical calculations in the pneumatic tire theory are more preferable in comparison with experimental methods. The method of section of a pneumatic tire shell allows to obtain equations of intensities of internal forces in carcass elements and bead rings. Analytical dependencies of intensity of distributed forces have been obtained in tire equator points, on side walls (poles) and pneumatic tire bead rings. Along with planes in the capacity of secant surfaces cylindrical surfaces are used for the first time together with secant planes. The tire capacity equation has been obtained using the method of section, by means of which a contact body is cut off from the tire carcass along the contact perimeter by the surface which is normal to the bearing surface. It has been established that the Laplace equation for the solution of tasks of this class of pneumatic tires contains two unknown values that requires the generation of additional equations. The developed computational schemes of pneumatic tire sections and new equations allow to accelerate the pneumatic tire structure improvement process during engineering.

影响轮胎滚动阻力的自身因素

节能是未来汽车的发展方向，降低轮胎的滚动阻力可以起到节约能源和绿色环保的效果。本文主要讨论了轮胎滚动阻力产生的原理和轮胎自身的条件对轮胎滚动阻力的影响，其中，轮胎的自身条件包括胎面胶材料、骨架材料、混合工艺、胎冠帘线角度、轮胎断面高宽比、轮辋直径、轮胎重量、胎面花纹以及胎圈结构。这些研究为改进和完善轮胎制造方法提供了参考。 Reducing the rolling resistance of tires can play a profound effect on energy conservation and en-vironmental protection, because energy conservation is the future development of the car. This article focuses on the principle of tire rolling resistance and their own conditions that affect the tire’s rolling resistance. Wherein the condition of the tire itself includes tread rubber material, matrix material, the mixing process, the cord angle of the crown, the aspect ratio of the tire section, rim diameter, weight of the tire, tread and the bead structure. This paper has provided a reference for improvement and perfection of the tire manufacturing process.

Heat Built-Up of Industrial Solid Tires in Thailand

Solid tires made of natural rubber, manufactured and used for forklift trucks in Thailand, have quality problems involving blow out [. Failure of solid tires may occur from excessive loads and or heat generation inducing loss of mechanical properties. The failure of solid tires relating to heat generation is considered. Solid tires under severe conditions, such as overloading, high speed, or high temperature work places often leading to fail and blowout. When these are continuously rolled and loaded, the rubber is stressed and deformed leading to heat generation [. The hysteresis loss storage in form of strain energy due to internal friction in the rubber converts to the heat source transfer to the section of tire. During carrying heavy load, solid tire is subjected to the repeat compressed cyclic loading. Since rubber has the visco-hyperelastic property, cyclic load deformation causes hysteresis loop when tire is performed under cyclic load. Hysteresis loops area indicates the amount of energy turn into heat and it is difficult transferring to the surface of the tire due to insulation itself. As the results, there is heat build-up as shown in term of temperature rising differs in each tire and finally causes blowout or explosion.

Experimental investigation of vehicle mobility using a novel wheel mobility number

The wheel mobility number is a dimensionless variable used to predict the combined effect of tire and soil parameters on tractive performance. As the mobility number increases, the tractive performance improves. The wheel mobility number depends on soil strength, tire load, and tire geometry (width, diameter, section height, and deflection). The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of tire and soil parameters on vehicle mobility. For this purpose, the soil strength is obtained experimentally using an electronic cone penetrometer. The tire geometry is obtained by experimental testing at different loads, from 2 to 6kN. This includes the effect of the variation of tire inflation pressure from 100 to 250kPa on tire section height and tire width. The tire inflation pressure, tire width, and wheel diameter are used as independent variables to investigate the relative wheel numeric. The effect of the soil strength, tire load, and tire geometry, as dependent variables, on the wheel mobility number, is also investigated. The results show that the mobility number increases when soil strength and tire diameter increase, and tire width, tire load, and tire pressure decrease. Based on theoretical analysis and experimental testing, a proposed wheel mobility number is introduced. It depends on the wheel numeric and the square root of the difference between the tire section height and the tire deflection, divided by the tire diameter. Using the proposed wheel mobility number, the vehicle mobility is predicted and a very good correlation with experimental data is obtained.

Influence of wheel parameters on tire volume

The values of tire volumes in a wheel cover depending on diameter, height of tire section and width of the wheel are obtained. The volume of driving, aligning and carrying wheels is determined using reference data on geometric parameters of different tractor tires.

BILE ACID MALABSORPTION: A REVIEW OF SEHCAT TESTING IN BELFAST

IntroductionBile acid malabsorption (BAM) is a recognised cause of diarrhoea. Failure of bile acid absorption in the terminal ileum leads to excess bile in the colon causing diarrhoea due to...

Compression–Sliding approach: Dependence of transitional displacement of a driving element on its size and load

Every element of a pulling traction device (e.g. track shoe with grouser or tire section with lug) exhibits increasing rearward displacement during its engagement with soft ground. Compression–Sliding (CS) approach states in agreement with experimental evidence that on common soft ground this displacement starts due to longitudinal soil compression by the grouser or lug, which steadily increases up to the transitional displacement when the soil segment beneath a driving element fails in shear. Further displacement of a driving element is marked by forced slide of a sheared off soil block, which may eventually collapse. There was justified reasoning that the transitional displacement depends not only on the grouser (lug) contact pressure but also on the area and load of the respective traction element. The presented article reports on experiments designed to test this premise. The measurements applying the novel double plate (DP) meter technique were carried out in a laboratory soil bin containing loam charge of uniform bulk density and moisture content. Three sizes (proportions 1:2:4) and two mean vertical contact pressures (ratio1:2) of DP meter main plate were tested. The analysis of performed experiments confirmed the existence of dimensional and loading relationship “main plate – transitional displacement”, which bears upon the evaluation of thrust–slip relationship of any traction device by the CS approach or by any other method observing the existence of displacement.

Optimal Design for Roller Motion Track of Tire Building Machine

at present, the product quality that tire building machine presses tire is not ideal. The phenomenon that the tread isn’t pressed solidly often appears. Through analysis, the main reasons of this problem are those the actual rolling curve doesn’t accord with ideal curve enough, and roller pressure is unstable, pressure fluctuations are large. Therefore, ensuring the basic structure of institution is unchanged, this paper adopts optimization technique to calculate the size of planar linkage institutions and determine the best design result. It makes the moving point from the planar linkage institutions accord with tire section curve best. The article cites example of the engineering design, demonstrating the superiority of the new design method fully.