Tire Pressure Monitoring System Research Articles

Design of Automobile Digital Tire Pressure Detector

According to vast statistics, more than half of traffic accidents are related to the failure of car tire pressure. This paper investigated the design scheme of the existing tire pressure monitoring system, then selected the appropriate sensor, converted the tire pressure signal into the corresponding voltage signal and outputed it. Finally displayed the measurement result by the digital display tube. The main problem to be solved is that selecting a suitable pressure sensor requires accurate measurement of the required pressure parameters; completing the conversion of the analog signal and the digital signal; setting an appropriate threshold value. When the value is exceeded, the audible and visual alarm signal is emitted. This design adopted the design scheme of direct tire pressure monitoring system. Firstly, the circuit diagram is designed in the Altium desigener software environment and the corresponding simulation experiment is completed. Then, according to a successful experimental scheme, the PCB circuit board is processed to complete the welding of the physical object. At the same time, writing the running program in the C language environment and use Keil software to burn the program into the single-chip microcomputer. Finally, the debugging and modification of the physical object of the single-chip microcomputer completed the expected function.

MAESTRO: Automated test generation framework for high test coverage and reduced human effort in automotive industry

Abstract Context The importance of automotive software has been rapidly increasing because software controls many components of motor vehicles such as smart-key system, tire pressure monitoring system, and advanced driver assistance system. Consequently, the automotive industry spends a large amount of human effort to test automotive software and is interested in automated testing techniques to ensure high-quality automotive software with reduced human effort. Objective Applying automated test generation techniques to automotive software is technically challenging because of false alarms caused by imprecise test drivers/stubs and lack of tool supports for symbolic analysis of bit-fields and function pointers in C. To address such challenges, we have developed an automated testing framework MAESTRO. Method MAESTRO automatically builds a test driver and stubs for a target task (i.e., a software unit consisting of target functions). Then, it generates test inputs to a target task with the test driver and stubs by applying concolic testing and fuzzing together in an adaptive way. In addition, MAESTRO transforms a target program that uses bit-fields into a semantically equivalent one that does not use bit-fields. Also, MAESTRO supports symbolic function pointers by identifying the candidate functions of a symbolic function pointer through static analysis. Results MAESTRO achieved 94.2% branch coverage and 82.3% MC/DC coverage on the four target modules (238 KLOC) developed by Hyundai Mobis. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the cost of coverage testing by reducing the manual effort for coverage testing by 58.8%. Conclusion By applying automated testing techniques, MAESTRO can achieve high test coverage for automotive software with significantly reduced manual testing effort.

타이어 저압감지를 위한 타이어 공진 주파수 추정

Indirect tire pressure monitoring system(i-TPMS) monitors the inflation pressures in pneumatic tires by using wheel speed signals acquired from the anti-lock braking system(ABS). Frequency analysis and wheel radius analysis are performed at the same time in order to monitor the tire pressures indirectly. The resonance frequency of the tire torsional vibration decreases as the tire pressure decreases. It is necessary to estimate the resonance frequency in order to detect a reduction in tire pressure. This paper discusses the method of estimating the resonance frequency with the rotational wheel speed signal. First, the toothed wheel error of the wheel speed sensor and the wheel speed corrected with the toothed wheel error are calculated from the wheel speed signals. The engine noise caused by the explosion in the four-stroke of engine is eliminated by the notch filter, which is designed by using the engine rotational speed. Finally, the resonance frequency is evaluated via model parameter estimation based on the autoregressive(AR) model. Vehicle tests have been conducted in order to evaluate the proposed estimation method of resonance frequency. The findings of the vehicle test have shown that the proposed method provides satisfactory performance for the warning indication of tire pressure loss.

Automobile tire pressure monitoring technology and development trend

Automobile puncture is one of the major hidden dangers of frequent traffic accidents. Accurate and real-time monitoring of tire pressure of automobile tires is of great significance for improving vehicle safety and improving traffic status. This paper first summarizes and analyzes the published technical methods of automobile tire pressure detection, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of related detection methods in combination with previous research results. Finally, this paper proposes a development direction of the tire pressure system. The tire pressure and tire temperature signals obtained by the tire pressure monitoring system are used as the correction amount of the ABS system control signal, and the tire pressure and the tire temperature can always be controlled within a safe range. It can also reduce the chance of tire’s bursting due to sudden braking and improve the reliability of the ABS system.

On-Chip Integration of Pressure Plus 2-Axis (X/Z) Acceleration Composite TPMS Sensors with a Single-Sided Bulk-Micromachining Technique.

A novel on-chip integration of pressure plus 2-axis (X/Z) acceleration composite sensors for upgraded production of automobile tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is proposed, developed, and characterized. Herein, the X-axis accelerometer is with the cantilever beam-mass structure and is used for automatically identifying and positioning each of the four wheels. The IC-Foundry-Compatible low-cost batch fabrication technique of MIS (i.e., Micro-openings Inter-etch and Sealing) is employed to only fabricate the device from the front side of (111) silicon wafer, without double-sided micromachining, wafer bonding, complex Cavity-SOI (Silicon on Insulator) processing, and expensive SOI-wafer needed. Benefited from the single-wafer front-side fabrication technique on ordinary single-polished wafers, the fabricated composite TPMS sensor has the advantages of a small chip-size of 1.9 mm × 1.9 mm, low cross-talk interference, low-cost, and compatible process with IC-foundries. The fabricated pressure sensors, X-axis accelerometer and Z-axis accelerometer, show linear sensing outputs, with the sensitivities as about 0.102 mV/kPa, 0.132 mV/kPa, and 0.136 mV/kPa, respectively. Fabricated with the low-cost front-side MIS process, the fabricated composite TPMS sensors are promising in automotive electronics and volume production.

Technical Review: Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems and Tire Vibrations

ABSTRACT Indirect tire pressure monitoring systems (ITPMSs) have been an active area of research for the past 2 decades. Researchers worldwide have strived to develop estimation techniques for the detection of the change in tire pressure by using the vibration information present in the speed signal. Different groups have used a torsional vibration model for the tire, owing to its torsional stiffness and rotational moment of inertia. The standard antilock braking system (ABS) speed sensor signal is analyzed for these vibrations. Different estimation algorithms try to detect the change in this vibration frequency, which indicates the change in the torsional stiffness of the tire as a result of variation in the pressure. Tire vibrations have been studied in great detail for the past 5 decades, and there are various models of tire vibrations available in the literature. These models range from physics-based analytical models to finite element models (FEMs). Analytical models take benefit from the mathematics developed for rotating elastic thin shells and plates, whereas FEMs use simulation tools to develop vibration models of the tire. A detailed literature survey of ITPMSs and tire vibration models reveals that there is no correlation between the vibrations detected in the speed signal and the vibrations predicted in the tire vibration models. Researchers have developed tire vibration models that do not take into consideration the effects of vibrations on the speed signal; although, to the best of our knowledge, signal processing and estimation experts who have developed methods for ITPMSs have not validated the true source of observed vibrations in the speed signal and could not present a viable theoretical explanation. In this review, a comprehensive study of the ITPMS techniques and tire vibration models is presented, with an aim to find a correlation between them. The review begins with a brief introduction to the topic followed by state of the art, then a detailed review of ITPMSs and the methods for their realizations in the automotive industry. Finally, tire vibration models are presented in detail, and possible links between vibration models and ITPMS vibrations are sorted.

DESIGN OF TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM USING A PRESSURE SENSOR BASE

Currently, the Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) only monitors the condition of a tire pressure. However, there are no particular reactions taking place after the value of its tire pressure is discovered. In fact, the value of a tire pressure determines driving comfort and safety Therefore, this research proposed a method to integrate a TPMS and a Pressure Sensor Base (PSB) with a particular reaction required to fulfill tires automatically. The proposed TPMS has an electronic device unit directly attached to a tire’s valve. This unit includes pressure sensors, microcontrollers, Bluetooth transmitters and batteries. An alert system is generated whenever tire pressure exceeds the maximum or minimum safe pressure level. Moreover, if the pressure measured is below the lowest level of the desired pressure, it will automatically activate the compressor. Several experiments have been carried out to analyze the proposed system. The integrated TPMS has proven to be able to be an alternative tool for the automotive sector to keep maintaining the tires and to improve a driving comfort and safety.

Low thermal conductivity and enhanced zT values of porous and nanostructured Cu1−xNix alloys

Battery is sealed inside the sensor of direct tire-pressure monitoring system (dTPMS) and cannot be replaced separately. Durable thermoelectric generators can convert heat to direct-current (DC) power and is therefore an option for energizing dTPMS. Cu-Ni alloys have good thermoelectric responses to the temperature difference and therefore could be applied to act as temperature sensors as well as power supply for sensors of dTPMS. In this study, two series of Cu1−xNix alloys are synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis followed by consolidation using different methods: evacuating-and-encapsulating techniques and a combination of cold pressing and heat treatment in 550 °C for 6 h in a flowing mixture gas of 20% H2 and 80% Ar gas. The resulting materials are characterized and analyzed by powder x-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and thermoelectric transport measurements. The zT = 0.30 at 563 K is attained for the x = 0.4 alloy consolidated at 550 °C for 6 h in a flowing mixture gas of 20% H2 and 80% Ar gas. By sintering the x = 0.3 alloy in an evacuated-and-encapsulated Pyrex ampoule, zT = 0.47 is attained at 550 K.

An innovative decision rule approach to tyre pressure monitoring

Tyres are one of the most important safety components on a vehicle. Ignoring or failing to correctly set the tyre pressure may lead to accidents, and can affect the vehicle’s fuel efficiency and tyre lifespan. Hence, there is a need for a Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) that can effectively monitor the tyre condition. The current threshold-based TPMSs are characterised by a high number of false alarms. This is mainly due to: (i) the non-static and dynamic relationship between tyre pressure and temperature; and, (ii) the measurement error of the pressure/temperature sensors that are used for data collection. In this paper, we propose an innovative decision rule-based approach to tyre monitoring. This approach relies on the Dominance-based Rough Set Approach (DRSA), which is a well-known multicriteria classification and preference learning method. The DRSA takes a decision table as an input and it generates a collection of if-then decision rules as an output. The issue caused by the dynamic pressure/temperature relationship is solved by fixing one of the parameters and then generating the decision rules based on the other parameter. The problem of false alarms is solved by a discretisation of the scale of the fixed parameter. Based on these solutions, we designed two types of analysis levels: pressure-oriented analysis and temperature-oriented analysis. The proposed approach has been validated and implemented within an important travelling company that operates in the South of England. The real-world tests showed that the proposed approach has improved the current system and has led to a substantial reduction of false alarms.

A Rainbow Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Intelligent Tire Monitoring Applications

Intelligent tires can be used in autonomous vehicles to insure the vehicle safety by monitoring the tire and tire-road conditions using sensors embedded on the tire. These sensors and their wireless communication systems need to be powered by energy sources such as batteries or energy harvesters. The deflection of tires during rotation is an available and reliable source of energy for electric power generation using piezoelectric energy harvesters to feed tire self-powered sensors and their wireless communication systems. The aim of this study is to design, analyze, and optimize a rainbow-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester mounted on the inner layer of a pneumatic tire for providing enough power for microelectronics devices required for monitoring intelligent tires. It is shown that the designed piezoelectric energy harvester can generate sufficient voltage, power, and energy required for a tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) with high data transmission speed or three TPMSs with average data transmission speed. The effect of the vehicle speed on the voltage and electric energy generated by the designed piezoelectric is also studied. The geometry and the circuit load resistance of the piezoelectric energy harvester are optimized in order to increase the energy harvesting efficiency. It is shown that the optimized rainbow piezoelectric energy harvester can reach the highest power generation among all the strain-based energy harvesters that partially cover the inner layer of the tire.

Design of a wireless communication based on low power RF transceivers

Abstract In this paper, we present the design of bidirectional wireless communication, based on low power RF transceivers. For this purpose, two communication modules were created. The paper describes the selected modulation and flowchart of the communication between modules. Our proposed solution can be used in Tire Pressure Monitoring systems or in similar application in transport when wireless communication is needed. We are using this wireless communication to drive Small PCB Milling Machine.

Comparative Analysis in Indirect Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems in Vehicles

Abstract Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) are modules implemented in highly instrumented vehicles to analyze the tire pressure condition at any time. When the vehicle is lack of this instrumentation level, indirect TPMS can be used by considering the vehicle dynamics behavior through conventional sensors. In this paper, two different approaches have been studied to monitor indirectly the tire pressure condition in a vehicle. The first approach one is based on the angular speeds of the four wheels by considering the vehicle load transfer, while the second method is based on the vertical vehicle dynamics by using each corner as an independent monitoring system. Both approaches have been compared in different simulation scenarios in order to highlight their main advantages and drawbacks to consider for their implementation.

Design and optimization of a trapezoidal beam array energy harvester with operating wide speed rang for TPMS application

A tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) can effectively improve the safety traffic and air fuel efficiency. As a results, it is mandatory to install in automobile tires in some developed countries. So in recent years the vibration energy harvester (EH) applied to TPMS has increasing attention. One of major challenges of the harvester is to widen the operating speed rang of these harvesters which will determine whether the harvester can really be applied to TPMS. Base on that the large vibrations will be occurred when the tire is in contact with the road surface, a trapezoidal beam array EH which can operate in wide speed rang was proposed in this paper. In order to optimize the proposed harvester, a numerical analysis of the vibration characteristics of the tire was performed, and an optimization method called stress normalization method which is different from the traditional optimization method of EH is proposed, then the optimization of the EH was performed with ANSYS. The optimization results show that the average power output of the proposed EH is 42.0–437.2 μW at the rolling speed from 40 to 120 km/h, and electric energy output in one rolling cycle of the proposed harvester is 6.62–23.0 μJ at the rolling speed from 40 to 120 km/h, which can achieve TPMS power supply within a wide speed range.

Resonant frequency self-tunable piezoelectric cantilevers for energy harvesting and disturbing torque absorbing

This research aims to develop an energy-harvesting device that converts kinetic energy in rotating environments into electrical energy which can be used as a power source for a tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) to replace chemical batteries. An energy harvester with a weighted trapezoidal cantilever that had the ability to self-adjust its resonant frequency approaching to the wheel rotation speed to keep a resonant mode in order to generate a higher amount of output power was developed. The weighted length of the trapezoidal cantilever was tuned by the centrifugal force from a rotating wheel to vary the area moment of inertia at the cantilever root. The dynamic equation was derived through the Lagrange method. Moreover, the weighted cantilever can also be considered as a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber (CPVA) to absorb unexpected vibrations or torque. Therefore, this study analyzed the dynamic behavior of the wheel when a disturbing torque was applied to it. The experimental results revealed that the output power of the prototype was approximately 65–110 μW at the wheel rotation speeds in the range of 240–1200 rpm. This demonstrated that the proposed device has the potential to replace the battery in the TPMS. The effective vibration absorption bandwidth of the prototype was approximately 130 Hz, and more than 42% of the vibration absorption ratio was observed under disturbing vibration between 60–110 Hz.

Applying Neural Networks for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems

A proof-of-concept indirect tire-pressure monitoring system is developed using artificial neural networks to identify the tire pressure of a vehicle tire. A quarter-car model was developed with MATLAB and Simulink to generate... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

An Experimental Test Bench for the Tire Pressure Monitoring System – Discussion of Measurement and Communication Issues

An Experimental Test Bench for the Tire Pressure Monitoring System – Discussion of Measurement and Communication Issues

An Improved D-S Evidence Theory in Tire Pressure Monitoring System

D-S evidence theory can bring incorrect results when there is inconsistent and conflicting among the evidences, in order to solve this problem, a method based on reliability and falsity is proposed in the paper. Firstly, the reliability of each evidence in the system identification framework is calculated according to the Lance distance, then, falsity of evidence is adopted to measure the degree of conflict between different evidences, combining reliability and falsity determines corrected coefficient of evidences, and basic probability assignment is reconfigured, finally, modified basic probability assignment are fused by D-S combination rule. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively handle the problem of conflict evidence, meanwhile the method is applied to the tire pressure monitoring system, which can identify the target well and has high reliability.

Using artificial gravity loaded nonlinear oscillators to harvest vibration within high g rotational systems

Energy harvesting within rotating environments can help to enable self-powered wireless sensing, which has been motivated in recent years by the advent of legislations mandating tyre pressure monitoring systems for automotive wheels. The centripetal acceleration (a = ωr2) within such rotational systems can attain 1,000’s of g, which manifest as artificial gravity and can adversely suppresses the dynamic motion of oscillators. This paper investigates the possibility of using the high g conditions as a means of introducing nonlinear bi-stability, which can then allow an oscillator to benefit from a broadband response as well as mechanical amplification achieved from the bi-stable snap-through states. An experimental proof-of-concept prototype was designed, built and tested. By controlling the rotational speed ω of the apparatus, the masses of oscillators experienced a g-force of up to 90 g. Purely by increasing ω, an increase in transducer output was observed from the predicted amplification effect. However, beyond a certain threshold, output dropped to minimal as the potential barrier reached an insurmountable level. This work validates the proposed new mechanism that taps into the high g environment and opens a new avenue of design for vibration energy harvesting within rotational systems.

Temperature calibrated on-chip dual-mode film bulk acoustic resonator pressure sensor with a sealed back-trench cavity

We propose an on-chip film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) device based pressure sensor with a simple cavity structure. By sealing the back trench cavity of the FBAR device, the FBAR device become sensitive to the outside environmental pressure. The pressure sensor possesses two resonant peaks with high quality factors and coupling coefficients, which exhibit different temperature coefficients of frequency, and could be used as on-chip temperature compensation. The results show that mode 1 resonant peak of the FBAR pressure sensor has a pressure sensitivity of 1.642 ppm kPa−1, while that of mode 2 resonant peak is 0.1764 ppm kPa−1. Both of the two resonant peaks have high pressure response linearity above 0.999 in the pressure ranges of 17 kPa to 101 kPa and 101 kPa to 400 kPa. A method for temperature calibration is provided. The pressure sensor is simple in package and small in dimension, and the output data is frequency, which can easily be transmitted wirelessly, demonstrating great potential for applications such as the tire pressure monitor system.

On-vehicle triboelectric nanogenerator enabled self-powered sensor for tire pressure monitoring

Tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) are becoming increasingly important in an effort to ensure safe and efficient use of tires in the automotive sector. There is growing interest in using energy harvesting technologies to provide power for TPMS because battery supply has serious drawbacks such as replacement difficulty, limited durability and environmental pollution. In this study, we proposed an on-vehicle magnetically triboelectric nanogenerator (V-TENG) scavenging rotating energy from tires and serves as a direct power source for tire pressure sensor. The V-TENG incorporates two different triboelectric materials with opposite polarities based on contact-electrification effect. The unique advantages of the seesaw balance structure are to overcome the influence of a large centrifugal force at high operating speed as well quadruple the efficiency contact areas of a miniaturized device. Noncontact magnets mounted on the brake calliper periodically actuate swing motion of multiple V-TENGs placed on the wheel hub. The V-TENG effectively generates electrical energy at the alarm temperature through a thermally stable polymer film. High electrical output has been achieved among the wide ranges of rotation speed and magnetic force through systematically experiments test. Meanwhile, there is no obvious decrease in the output voltage of the V-TENG after continuous working for about 12 h. Moreover, a battery-less pressure sensor was enabled by a single V-TENG device to measure barometric values of the ambient environment. The V-TENG also have been demonstrated to power a commercial wireless sensor for sending the real-time temperature data to a receiver and displaying on a monitor interface.