Tire Performance Research Articles

FEATURES OF OPERATION OF LARGE-SCALE TIRES FOR TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSPORT

The article presents the results of calculating the performance of tires. It is substantiated that in quarry operating conditions, the determination of the actual tonne-kilometers per hour (TKPH) is an important criterion for tire performance. Due to the fact that tire manufacturers (Michelin, Belshina, Goodyear, Bridgestone) give different correction factors (K1, K2) to calculate the actual TKPH, the following correction factors (K3) TKPH have been developed depending on the hardness of the rocks laid as surface of open pit roads: for JSC “Almalyk MMC” K3=1.15, for JSC “Kizilkumcement” K3=1 and for JSC “Uzbekugol” K3=0.8.

Design of Nonsmooth Groove Tire Bioinspired by Shark-Skin Riblet Structure.

As one of the major causes of traffic accidents on wet roads, hydroplaning is prone to occur when the traveling speed of a vehicle rises so high that the hydrodynamic pressure between pavement and tires equals inflation pressure. In this condition, the vehicle nearly loses braking and steering capacity. Inspired by the superior drag reduction function of shark-skin riblet, the purpose of this study is to arrange bionic nonsmooth structures at the bottom of longitudinal grooves to promote the hydroplaning performance without affecting other tire performances. A finite element model of 185/60R15 tire was employed and its accuracy was verified by loading tests with CSS-88100 electronic testing instrument. Meanwhile, a fluid domain model was founded by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The simulated critical hydroplaning speed was in accord with that obtained by the NASA empirical formula. Inspired by shark-skin riblet, three kinds of nonsmooth surfaces were exploited. In addition, the drag reduction rate, shear stress, and flow velocity distribution were compared for different grooves. Then, the optimized nonsmooth structure with the best drag reduction effect among three nonsmooth surfaces was arranged at the bottom of longitudinal grooves for bionic tire. Simulation results demonstrated that the bionic tire obviously decreased hydrodynamic lift and increased flow velocities. With these improvements, the critical hydroplaning speed was effectively improved for the bionic tire. These research results can be applied to the promotion of hydroplaning performance without degrading other tire performances.

Tread rubber compound effect in winter tires: Benchmarking ATIIM 2.0 with classical models

Tire-terrain interaction is complex and affects the performance of the vehicle; more so when the terrain is ice which affects the handling of the vehicle. Analysis of the contact between the tire and ice, especially in the countries like United States, Canada, etc. is imperative but a trial-and-error approach consisting of the design and manufacture of novel tires for testing and analysis seems a foregone conclusion. Thus, it is important to have accurate methods of simulation of tire performance on ice in order to design better tires without inputting much cost in the manufacturing process.This study chose to simulate the performance of sixteen tires which were identical in all aspects of design and construction except for the tread rubber compound which varied resulting in two tires having the same tread rubber compound. These simulations were performed using the in-house developed ATIIM, ATIIM 2.0, and modified versions of three simplified classical models namely the model by Hayhoe and Shapley and two models by Peng et al. A qualitative comparison of the performance of the models was performed in order to highlight their advantages and disadvantages.

Effect of Rubber Strain Rate on Performance of Aircraft Tire

An aircraft tire is a kind of rubber product with a complex structure. When subjected to impact load, the mechanical properties of rubber material on strain history and strain rate cannot be ignored. According to the previous impact compression experiment data of rubber materials, this paper built a dynamic constitutive model by modifying Mooney-Rivlin constitutive model to describe the rate-dependent material behavior. The calculated stress–strain values were in good agreement with the experimental ones. The proposed constitutive equation was implemented in ABAQUS via a user-defined subroutine (VUMAT) and used to predict the dynamic response of aircraft tire landing impact in the experiments for the first time. The model’s numerical results considering the strain rate effect are closer to the test results than the traditional model. It shows that considering the strain rate effect of rubber material in the case of tire impact can make the results more accurate.

Deep Generative Tread Pattern Design Framework for Efficient Conceptual Design

Abstract Tire tread patterns have played an important role in the automotive industry because they directly affect automobile performances. The conventional tread pattern development process has successfully produced and manufactured many tire tread patterns. However, a conceptual design process, which is a major part of the whole process, is still time-consuming due to repetitive manual interaction works between designers and engineers. In the worst case, the whole design process must be performed again from the beginning to obtain the required results. In this study, a deep generative tread pattern design framework is proposed to automatically generate various tread patterns satisfying the target tire performances in the conceptual design process. The main concept of the proposed method is that desired tread patterns are obtained through optimization based on integrated functions, which combine generative models and tire performance evaluation functions. To strengthen the effectiveness of the proposed framework, suitable image pre-processing, generative adversarial networks (GANs), two-dimensional (2D) image-based tire performance evaluation functions, design generation, design exploration, and image post-processing methods are proposed with the help of domain knowledge of the tread pattern. The numerical results show that the proposed automatic design framework successfully creates various tread patterns satisfying the target tire performances such as summer, winter, or all-season patterns.

Identifying the relationship between tyre performance, fuel consumption and maintenance costs in operating urban bus services: A case study in Sydney, Australia using telematics and fitted sensors

Tyres are an expensive input into the cost of a bus business, yet very little is known about what impact an improvement in the performance of tyres, linked in part to improved maintenance practices, might have not only in reducing the costs of tyres but its impact on fuel consumption and overall maintenance costs. This paper uses data collected over a 12 month period from a bus operator in Sydney where we fitted sensors on all tyres of 35 buses monitored on a monthly data capture plan, which together with data obtained from a telematics system installed in each bus and other data describing the operating environment, enabled us to develop a system of equations to identify endogenous and exogenous influences on tread depth loss of each tyre and fuel consumption, and to map this into implications on maintenance costs. The estimated model system is built into a decision support system to investigate ways in which a bus business can improve its cost efficiency through a changed tyre-related maintenance and operating regime. The findings suggest significant opportunities to improve cost efficiency by a careful review of the decisions related to the practices associated with tyres.

Modelling and analysis of intelligent tyre alternatives for better performance

For more than ten decades people have been using vehicles rolling on pneumatic tyres. The essential factor for safety of automobile is tyre. Tyre conditional plays vital role in the safety of a passenger. In olden days wheels were made up of wood, later it became evolved into tube and tubeless tyre. A traditional tire is made up of reinforced rubber packed by using compressed air. Conventional tyre over period had been dominating market sector because of its riding comfort and strength. But it has its own disadvantages like problems of puncture, inflation. Under or over inflation of tyre cancause tire blowouts, tread separation. In recent years a few tyre companies and researchers are experimenting with non-pneumatic tyre performance including Michelin, Bridgestone, and goodyear but none of them has started its mass production. Non pneumatic tyres are the tyres which no longer need air pressure. In this project we replace traditional tyre by flexible tyre structure and finds out other intelligent alternatives to conventional tyres. We have investigated spoke’s structure designed for airless tyre and applied uniaxial load. We designed the structure in ANSYS design modeler and ANSYS static structural has been used to analyze whether the designed structure is valid or not. Three kinds of intelligent tyre alternatives have been identified and stressed their use, working and importance for future mobility.

Characterization of Counter-Surface Substrates for a Laboratory Abrasion Tester (LAT100) Compared with Asphalt and Concrete to Predict Car Tire Performance

Tire performance is determined based on the interaction between the tire and the road as a counter-surface, and is of the utmost importance for driving safety. When studying tire friction and abrasion, the characteristics of the roads/counter-surfaces are crucial. The excitations on the tire come from the road asperities. A proper characterization of the counter-surface texture is, therefore, an absolute necessity in order to optimize tire performance. The present study provides the required knowledge over the counter-surfaces employed as common substrates in a Laboratory Abrasion Tester (LAT100), which are typically based on embedded corundum particles for dry/wet friction and abrasion experiments. All surfaces are scanned and characterized by laser microscopy. The surface micro and macro roughness/textures are evaluated and compared with asphalt and concrete as the real roads by power spectral densities (PSD). The reliability of the high-frequency data based on the device type should be considered carefully. The reliable cut-off wavenumber of the PSDs is investigated based on image analyses on the range of tested frequency for micro and macro textures obtained by optical scanning devices. The influence of the texture wavelength range on the rubber−surface interaction is studied on a laboratory scale.

周期的な凹凸表面上を摺動するゴムの摩擦係数の解析

The friction coefficient between tire tread rubber and road surface is an important property for tire performances and the prediction of the friction coefficient is also important．In this study, the general purpose finite element analysis software “Abaqus” is used to obtain the hysteresis friction behavior between periodic rigid surfaces and rubber models in which hyperelastic and viscoelastic properties are taken into account．A multi-scale analysis is used to calculate the friction coefficients of each scale．The contact load between a road surface and a rubber model is determined by the average contact pressure calculated by a larger scale model analysis．As the model scale is smaller, the deformation of the rubber model and the friction coefficient become larger. The maximum friction coefficient is about 0.8 in λ = 1×10-4 mm scale model.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN KAIZEN DI BIDANG INDUSTRI: STUDI KASUS PADA 3 PT DI INDONESIA

Kaizen technique is a lean production technique that applies the principle of perfection because it involves continuous improvement of work. In Indonesia, there are limited liability companies (PT) which have very rapid growth because kaizen culture. This shows that the kaizen culture affects the magnitude the magnitude of business competition. Therefore, kaizen which is one of the lean manufacturing techniques that envisions sustainable development. Based on the description above, research on the Analysis of Kaizen Management Applications in the Industrial Engineering Sector: Case Studies in PT Companies in Indonesia needs to be carried out with the aim of analyzing the effect of Kaizen implementation on the sustainability of companies. This research is a literature review study that contains data from several previous studies related to this topic. Based on the results of research conducted by several studies reviewed in this study, it can be concluded that PT. Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia is considered very good in implementing kaizen because kaizen culture will greatly affect the performance of employees and the effectiveness of the company. Kaizen culture has a significant influence on the performance of the employees of PT Surya Toto Indonesia. The kaizen system has a major influence on the performance of PT Bridgestone Tire in terms of Environment Safety

Tread rubber compound effect in winter tires: An experimental study

This paper presents an indoor experimental study focused on analyzing the effect of various tread rubber compounds on the tire performance on ice.A set of sixteen tires (two per rubber compound) with identical dimensions, construction, and tread pattern, but of different tread rubber compounds, was investigated using the Terramechanics Rig which measures all forces and moments acting on a tire that is rolling (free or with slip) on ice. All operational parameters (normal load, inflation pressure, ice static coefficient of friction, ice temperature) were kept constant. Testing the tires under free rolling provided insights into the effect of the tread rubber compound on the resistive forces.The investigation led to conclusive evidence that the tread rubber compound affects drawbar pull coefficient significantly (double for best than for the worst tire). It was found that the effect of the tread rubber compound in the lower slip region is most prominent, which is also where vehicles operate most of the time. The decrease in the stiffness is generally considered a positive sign for improvement in available friction but this cannot be a generalized conclusion when analyzing the tire as a whole, which is one of the major findings of this study.

Influence of Carbon Black/Silica Hybrid Ratio on Properties of Passenger Car Tire Sidewall

Influence of carbon black (CB)/precipitated silica (SiO2) hybrid ratio on properties of a passenger car tire (PCT) sidewall based on natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) blend was investigated. Rubbers filled with various hybrid filler ratios at a constant loading of 50 phr were prepared and tested. The filler reinforcement efficiency in association with crucial properties of the tire sidewall were of interest. Results show the enhanced rubber–filler interaction with increasing SiO2 fraction leading to the improvement in many vulcanizate properties including hardness, tensile strength, tear strength and fatigue resistance, at the expense of cure efficiency and hysteretic behaviors (i.e., reduced heat build-up resistance and increased dynamic set). The results also suggest the improvement in tire sidewall performance of the NR/BR vulcanizates reinforced with CB/SiO2 hybrid filler, compared to that of the CB-filled vulcanizate.

Three-dimensional contact stresses of a slick solid rubber tyre on a rigid surface

The main aim of this paper is to quantify the three-dimensional contact stresses imposed by a single slow-moving (or rolling) slick solid rubber tyre on a relatively rough contact surface, such as stiff asphalt concrete or airport concrete surfacing layers. The results indicated the tyre-contact patch of a slick solid rubber tyre to be of rectangular shape for a vertical tyre loading range between 20 kN and 100 kN. The rectangular tyre contact shape was confirmed with static paper prints, as well as an electronically measured contact patch with the stress-in-motion pad device. The study included load calibration using a mass load scale, and a stress-in-motion device. These were used with an existing full-scale accelerated pavement test device, referred to as the heavy vehicle simulator. In addition, simplistic multi-layer linear elastic modelling was used to quantify differences between stress and strain responses of two types of two relatively 'stiff' based pavements, such as an asphalt concrete base and Portland cement concrete base, on similar subbase and subgrade layers. Notable differences were obtained, which could potentially influence further detailed studies on the performance of full-scale slick solid rubber tyres on typical multi-layered pavements.

Synergetic effect of aramid nanofiber‐graphene oxide hybrid filler on the properties of rubber compounds for tire tread application

AbstractThe properties of rubber compounds used in tire tread largely contribute to the overall performance of tires in vehicles. Among the various ingredients used, reinforcing fillers are known for having the most significant effect on the static and dynamic properties of rubber compounds. In this work, two strong nanoscale materials, aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and graphene oxides (GOs), are modified using a silane coupling agent and combined to form a novel hybrid filler. The functionalized ANF/GO (fANF/GO) hybrid filler is obtained by adding functionalized GOs (fGOs) into functionalized ANFs (fANFs). The fANF/GO reinforced rubber compounds are then fabricated and tested to investigate the effect of the novel hybrid filler on mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. The prepared rubber compounds using hybrid fillers exhibit improved mechanical properties and abrasion resistance compared to rubber compounds only reinforced using fANF or fGO alone and reference compounds. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis reveals a 21.8% decrease in the rolling resistance of fANF/GO reinforced rubber samples while preserving wet grip performance. Thus, this research demonstrates the potential of the ANFs and GOs‐based functionalized hybrid fillers for the application of high‐performance tire treads.

Research of soil compaction process in area of contact with a wheel mover

Practice of operating heavy wheeled machines (T-150K, K-700, K-701) and experimental data show that even if the average pressure of a wheel on soil is maintained, degree of its compaction increases. To explain this phenomenon, in our opinion, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model of interaction process of a deformable pneumatic with an elastic-plastic medium, which is considered to be soil subject to modern processing. Working parts of agricultural machines process a wide variety of materials, number of which is increasing, in addition, method of processing the same material is often changed in an effort to improve agricultural technology. This forces us to create new mechanisms for agriculture that were known before. Use of replaceable toothed working parts on flat-cut cultivators helps to reduce energy consumption and improve quality of non-moldboard soil cultivation. Article proposes a method for mathematical description of distribution of machine load over contact surface of a wheeled mover with deformable soil. At the same time, several assumptions and conditions were adopted, namely: volume of skeletal part of deformable soil element remains constant, independent of deformation; contact surface is a curve of two radii - in the load zone (Rl) and in the unloading zone (Ru), tire operating in driven mode has no skids; deformable soil is uniform in depth; wheel load is constant; tire radial stiffness along tread portion width is also constant in magnitude and direction; lateral pressure along deformable soil depth is small and is not taken into account in calculation.

Research on Discrete Data Analysis of Vehicle Retread Tire Performance Based on Radial Stiffness Method

The retreaded tires of transportation vehicles often cause delamination and tearing of the tread and carcass due to the temperature rise of the tires. For the failure analysis and rational use of the retreaded tires, a steady-state thermal analysis model of the retreaded radial tires in the rolling state is established and carried out the temperature measurement test. On this basis, the numerical simulation, simulation calculation and experimental analysis of the thermal-structure coupling field are carried out, which truly reflects the thermal stress status of the retreaded tire.

Fatigue life prediction and influencing factors analysis of mesh flexible spoke non-pneumatic tire

A mesh flexible spoke non-pneumatic tire is designed to avoid tire burst and other hidden dangers in the traditional pneumatic tires, and improve driving safety. The purpose of this study is to explore the fatigue performance and fatigue life prediction method of the non-pneumatic tire and analyze the influence of structural parameters on the fatigue life of non-pneumatic tire. Based on the crack propagation method of energy release rate by J-integral, the fatigue life of the meshed flexible spoke non-pneumatic tire is predicted. Using numerical simulation method, the influence of key structural parameters, such as the curvature, unit angle and thickness of the lateral spoke and the tread thickness, on tire fatigue life is studied. The results show that the fatigue life prediction method proposed can be used to predict the fatigue life of flexible spoke non-pneumatic tire, and the fatigue life of non-pneumatic tire with flexible spoke can be improved by selecting appropriate structural parameters, which could provide some reference for the structural optimization design of the fatigue performance of the non-pneumatic tire.

Aerodynamic Performance of Various Tires with Camber and Toe Angle Variation

Aerodynamic Performance of Various Tires with Camber and Toe Angle Variation

Study on the Stability Control of Vehicle Tire Blowout Based on Run-Flat Tire

In order to study the stability of a vehicle with inserts supporting run-flat tires after blowout, a run-flat tire model suitable for the conditions of a blowout tire was established. The unsteady nonlinear tire foundation model was constructed using Simulink, and the model was modified according to the discrete curve of tire mechanical properties under steady conditions. The improved tire blowout model was imported into the Carsim vehicle model to complete the construction of the co-simulation platform. CarSim was used to simulate the tire blowout of front and rear wheels under straight driving condition, and the control strategy of differential braking was adopted. The results show that the improved run-flat tire model can be applied to tire blowout simulation, and the performance of inserts supporting run-flat tires is superior to that of normal tires after tire blowout. This study has reference significance for run-flat tire performance optimization.

Research on the Contradiction Mechanism of Tire Rolling Resistance and Grip Performance

ABSTRACTIn order to clarify the contradictory mechanism between tire rolling resistance and grip performance, 10 205/55 R16 radial tires with different tread patterns were selected as the research objects. Based on digital image correlation method, the pressure and deformation distribution in the contact area of test tires were obtained and the relevant grounding parameters were extracted. The partial least square regression (PLSR) method was used to establish the relationship between the identified grounding parameters and tire performance indicators. Using the bootstrap resampling method, the significance test of the PLSR coefficients were carried out, and the grounding characteristic parameters with significant explanatory effect on the performances were selected, identifying the main function area for the two performances. The results show that in order to improve the grip performance of the tire, it is necessary to reduce the transverse tensile strain of the tread in the contact area and increase the longitudinal tensile strain of the tread; but, with the increase of the longitudinal tensile strain, the rolling resistance of the tire will also increase, which leads to the contradiction between tire rolling resistance and grip performance.