Tire Body Research Articles

The Floating Bottle

She yawned all over again, opened her eyes and rubbed them as if trying to punish them for refusing to close in the sleep her tired body needed like a famished man needs food. Nwanta stared steadily into the heavy darkness that drenched the small room. The same hazy figures that seem to find their way into her room filed in again. One by one they began to take and change shapes, move round the room in a circle and mutter and chant sounds she cannot comprehend. As their chants and mutterings got louder, Nwanta felt her head grow as big as the drinking water pot in her mother’s room. She sat up like one stung by an agbusi, grabbed the torchlight beside her sleeping mat with shivering hands, and immediately, the room was bathed in light. Her eyes flew to the bare hard floor and to the almost lifeless bodies of her children, Chukwuebuka and Chinonso. She sighed and smiled weakly. Then she turned the torch and her gaze to the yellow clock hanging above the only window in the room. 2.00 am! She muttered and sighed again. It was a good time to enjoy a sweet sleep but how could she with the heavy rock of worry in her heart. Last night she had taken to bed ‘21st April,’ marked in red, on the calendar her church distributed after the Last Sunday of the Year Service. Every year she marked the same date in red and kept one calendar after the other in the wooden box that accompanied her and her children to Lagos, from the village. Neatly tucked inside the box were sixteen old calendars, each bearing one marked date: April 21st. On Saturday 21st April 2005, seventeen years ago, Albert took that journey.

Shame, Chronic Illness and Participatory Storytelling

The article explores the complex roles shame plays in the lives of people with one or more chronic conditions. This is achieved through a participatory research process in which people with chronic conditions were invited to share stories of shame on the public social media profiles of a peer-led patient community called ‘Chronic Influencers’. The crowdsourced material shows that 7 out of 10 experience shame in relation to their illness on a daily or weekly basis. Other findings are that shame seems to stick to ‘energetic failures’ of the slow or tired body in various social situations; shame is predominantly produced or anticipated in the intimate sphere; and shame can be ‘rescripted’ as culturally produced and politically contestable – and thus counter the pressure to individualise health as a project of personal improvement and self-inspection – when it is shared through voluntary storytelling among peers on social media.

Stay Mad: A Love Letter to QTBIPOC Psychiatric Survivors

Stay Mad: A Love Letter to QTBIPOC Psychiatric Survivors

Особливості руху коліс візка автомобіля по криволінійній траєкторії

The results study of the motion along a curvilinear trajectory of a multi-axle vehicle axle group elastic wheel on a ground plane with a high coefficient of adhesion are presented. The elastic wheel is considered as an integral mechanism, which includes a hard rim, an elastic tire body and a large tire contact patch.The analysis of previous studies showed that during the elastic wheel movement along a curved trajectory, the wheel rim rotates simultaneously and its lateral offset relative to the tire contact patch. Turning the disc causes the tire body torsion and its lateral offset causes the wheel to roll with the slip angle. The torsion angle of the tire body in absolute value is equal to the slip angle and their values depend on the curvature of the trajectory, the longitudinal axis of the tire contact patch and the presence of adhesion in it.It is established that if the wheel of vehicle axle group is offset relative to the center of the portable movement during the motion along the curvilinear trajectory there will be an additional lateral offset of the wheel disk relative to the tire contact patch during the time when the wheel travels a path equal to the longitudinal axis of the tire contact patch. Dependences for determination of slip angles of a vehicle axle group wheels during movement along the curvilinear trajectory has been determined. It is established that the value of the additional slip angle caused by the lateral offset of the rim depends on the axle group wheel base, the radius of curvature of the wheel trajectory, the longitudinal axis of the tire contact patch and the presence of adhesion zones in the tire contact patch.The total slip angle of the wheel, which is shifted relative to the center of the vehicle’s portable motion, is determined by the sum of the kinematic angle of the wheel and the angle caused by the lateral offset of the wheel rim relative to the tire contact patch. If there are sliding zones in contact of the tire contact patch with the ground plane, the increase in the slip angle will be proportional to the part of the longitudinal axis of the tire contact patch, which is in a state of adhesion to the ground plane.

Особливості руху еластичного колеса по криволінійній та прямолінійній траєкторії з відведенням

The results of the study of the motion of an elastic wheel as an integral mechanism along a curvilinear and a rectilinear trajectory with a slip on the ground plane having a high adhesion coefficient are presented. The previous researches analysis has shown that the most complete theory of wheel skidless rolling without slipping on elastic pneumatics was formulated by Keldysh V. M. who proposed the equation for calculating the curvature of the motion trajectory. Due to the difficulty of this equation coefficients determining, its use is currently limited. In this paper, the dependences for determining the components of the equation of the elastic wheel motion trajectory curvature have been proposed. According to the shimmy theory, during an elastic wheel rolling along a curvilinear trajectory, the rim turn and its lateral displacement relative to the tire-ground contact patch occur simultaneously. The rim turn causes tire body torsion, and the lateral displacement causes the elastic wheel moving with a slip angle. It is established that the absolute value of the tire body torsion angle is equal to the slip angle, and their values depend on the trajectory curvature, on the tire-ground contact patch longitudinal axis, and on the existence of traction there. The condition, under which the tire body energy distribution on the rim relative rotation and on its lateral displacement during the movement along a curved trajectory is uniform, has been determined. The experimental confirmation of the hypothesis of uniform distribution of the energy supplied to the elastic wheel during its movement along a curvilinear trajectory on the rim relative turning and its lateral displacement has been obtained. When the elastic wheel moves along a rectilinear trajectory with a slip, only the rim lateral displacement occurs, this displacement is accompanied by a cornering force applied in the center of the tire-ground contact patch and by the tire alining torque relative to the vertical axis passing through the contact patch geometric center. The energy consumption for the rim lateral displacement during the wheel rolling along a rectilinear trajectory with a slip has been also determined. The results of the research can be useful to professionals improving the wheeled vehicles performance characteristics, including maneuverability, handling, and road stability.

I Need a Nap

This work of creative non-fiction makes use of auto-theory and personal journaling to unpack my experience of living with idiopathic hypersomnia in a hyperproductive capitalist context. My discussions are undergirded by my frustration that I must depend upon the medicalization of my body and products ofcapitalist pharmaceutical corporations to function. I centre my experiences around my reality as a graduatestudent. Success in academia requires a gross output of ideas beyond the grasp of many folx who live with various chronic conditions. Using affect theory, queer crip studies, queer phenomenology, and temporality, I meander through the ever-present burden of existing in a tired body with the yearning to change (destroy)a system that already makes us all feel far too tired.

Le corps à la croisée du naturel, du social et de l'intime

The body at the intersection of the natural, social and private. Confronted with a sick body, a body which no longer enjoys the "silence of the organs" within it, an ageing, tired body, caregivers, aside from the care they provide, are faced with a symbolic dimension. At the crossroads between the private and the social spheres, in a confrontation which connects them to an ancestral practice, that of the body as a tool of perception, both "touching and touched", a site of "incorporated" consciousness, caregivers also question their relationship with their own body.

Tire Rolling Kinematics Model for an Intelligent Tire Based on an Accelerometer

ABSTRACT The idea of intelligent tires is to develop a tire into an active perception component or a force sensor with an embedded microsensor, such as an accelerometer. A tire rolling kinematics model is necessary to link the acceleration measured with the tire body elastic deformation, based on which the tire forces can be identified. Although intelligent tires have attracted wide interest in recent years, a theoretical model for the rolling kinematics of acceleration fields is still lacking. Therefore, this paper focuses on an explicit formulation for the tire rolling kinematics of acceleration, thereby providing a foundation for the force identification algorithms for an accelerometer-based intelligent tire. The Lagrange–Euler method is used to describe the acceleration field and contact deformation of rolling contact structures. Then, the three-axis acceleration vectors can be expressed by coupling rigid body motion and elastic deformation. To obtain an analytical expression of the full tire deformation, a three-dimensional tire ring model is solved with the tire–road deformation as boundary conditions. After parameterizing the ring model for a radial tire, the developed method is applied and validated by comparing the calculated three-axis accelerations with those measured by the accelerometer. Based on the features of acceleration, especially the distinct peak values corresponding to the tire leading and trailing edges, an intelligent tire identification algorithm is established to predict the tire–road contact length and tire vertical load. A simulation and experiments are conducted to verify the accuracy of the estimation algorithm, the results of which demonstrate good agreement. The proposed model provides a solid theoretical foundation for an acceleration-based intelligent tire.

Walking with Stevens

Walking with Stevens Lisa Goldfarb I HAVE OFTEN WONDERED why I first found Wallace Stevens's poetry and prose so compelling, and have revisited many times how I became involved with reading his work. It was when I was nineteen in my first undergraduate seminar on Modern British and American Poetry that we read Stevens alongside other canonical figures: Yeats, Pound, Eliot, and Frost are the ones I recall; I also remember there were no women on the reading list. My professor at the time played a tape (yes, an audio tape; it was 1975) of Stevens reading "The Idea of Order at Key West," and, while I loved the poem and was entranced by its musicality, I was unimpressed with Stevens's monotone. Unsure of what to write for a required paper, I took the rare step of visiting my prof's office, and he suggested that I do a close reading of "Credences of Summer." I didn't know why he made that suggestion, but after I read the poem once, I was hooked, and I have returned to it over and over, and to Stevens ever since. Maybe it was the idea of basking in a midsummer moment that gripped me—"lovers waiting in the soft dry grass" (CPP 322)—or, more likely, one of my favorite musical moments in the poem, when "The trumpet of morning blows in the clouds and through / The sky" (CPP 325); it also could have been the beautiful tripartite structure of each canto, with each successive stanza intensifying the one before. Whatever might have commanded my attention then, though, was not enough to explain why I have pursued the study of Stevens as intensely as I have. While I have never been a reader who searches for her personal counterpart in poets and writers, still, the differences are bold: I am a woman, a Jew, from a modest middle-class background. My struggling ancestors might have been among those in the urban parks in the early 1900s on the Lower East Side of New York whom the young Stevens might have wanted to avoid on his long, circuitous walks from Lower Manhattan to points north and west of the city. I have spent a good deal of my scholarly life focusing on the music of Stevens's poetry, and I certainly see how my musical self—I have played the piano since I was eight and continue to study—found a sympathetic poet in Stevens. But one day when I was traveling from my home in the Riverdale section of the Bronx to NYU in Lower Manhattan to meet Bart Eeckhout, whom I had met in Oxford a few years earlier, I was struck by another similarity. I am always early for my trains (really, early for everything), [End Page 125] and, as I stood on the train platform (the commuter train on Metro North, not the subway), gazing over the Hudson River at the Palisades, I found myself thinking how, about a century earlier, Stevens could have been walking through the woods on the opposite side of the river. His early journals and letters tell us that he returned there repeatedly to escape the city; he took walks through what was then the countryside in every season: in fall, the leaves crunched under his feet; in winter, he marveled at the beauty of the bare trees; in spring, he reveled in the birdsong he heard and the robins who made the woods their home; in summer, he lay on the ground to feel the moist earth under his tired body. After all, he might have walked many miles through Manhattan, up through Spuyten Duyvil to Yonkers, where he took the ferry to the other side. And we know that once out of the city, Stevens loved the sights, sounds, and smells of nature. Since his walking "somehow or other" entered the rhythm or "movement of the poems" (L 844), perhaps here in Stevens's habit of walking was a deeper connection. As a young man, Stevens walked to know New York City and to get beyond its boundaries, and this habit continued throughout his life: he walked from his home...

Experiences of Iranian Teen Mothers with Parenting Stress: A Qualitative Study

ABSTRACT Early motherhood may develop various stresses for the teen mothers and have adverse consequences. Current research aims at exploring experiences of teen mothers with stress and stressors of early motherhood. This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis through in-depth semistructured interview. Eighteen Iranian teen mothers, who experienced parenting stress, with maximum variation in the age of first pregnancy, child’s age, place of residence, and financial condition took part in this research. Data collection continued until saturation and were analyzed using MAXQDA10 software. Data analysis led to extraction of five categories including “storm of anxiety,” “wander identity,” “an unaccompanied way,” “unarmed combat,” and “a tired body.” Teen mothers experienced tensions such as fear and worry, isolation and loneliness, regret, shame, depression, and doubt. These tensions originated from identity conflicts, inadequate social support, role inefficiencies, physical problems, and responsibilities. Teen mothers are influenced by various physical, psychological, social, and economic stressors which are in relation with the teenage, motherhood role, and the environment. Nurses are the major source of support for the teen mothers. Nurses should identify stress and stressors in teen mothers and strengthen well-being feeling in the teen mothers and their children through care, educational, consultative, and coordination interventions.

Coupling Simulation of an Impact-Induced Rollover Accident and Evaluation of Curtain Airbag Effectiveness

The causes of fatal and serious injuries in rollover accidents have yet to be fully identified. This study aimed to reconstruct a complex accident, based on both video analysis and vehicle coupling simulation. Besides, the major fatal injury causation and curtain airbag’s effectiveness were analyzed. The coupling model, including finite element tire and multi-body vehicle body, was developed to estimate the vehicle trajectory. A validated curtain airbag (CAB) module, was introduced for occupant protection effectiveness evaluation. The vehicle trajectory from the simulation correlated well with that from video recordings and simulation result indicated that passenger’s head contact with road (maximum contact force 9834.9[Formula: see text]N) was assumed to be the main reason of the victim death. After introducing the CAB, the maximum head acceleration was reduced from 129.1[Formula: see text]g to 24.9[Formula: see text]g, and the neck Fz was reduced by 80.0% as well. The coupling simulation method turned out to be efficient to reconstruct certain complex accident case. Such study is beneficial for further similar accident reconstruction and restraint system evaluation.

Downwrong: The Pose of Tiredness

Focusing on the writing of Virginia Woolf, this essay offers an account of tiredness that navigates the terms and the posture of recumbency. Woolf's descriptions of tiredness evoke a sense of incurable, ongoing weariness, revealing a deep desire for rest without recuperation and rejecting the moral and bodily economies of production, labor, and uprightness. The tired body lies prone, or "downwrong," eschewing the finality of narratives of recovery or cure in favor of exhaustion's incomplete and endless deferral and delay, which neutralizes binary structures of ability and disability, health and illness.

Features of the elastic wheel as a sophisticated mechanism

The kinematics and dynamics of the vehicle, road safety depend on the interaction of the elastic wheel with the supporting surface. The paper analyzes the features of the elastic wheel of a car and identifies such indicators as the rolling resistance coefficient, the twisting angle of the tire body, the radius of the movement path, and the stabilizing torque of the tire. An inspection of recent studies and publications has been conducted, according to which it has been established that mathematical models that describe the interaction of a tire with a support surface exist only for the simplest case of movement i.e. straight-line motion along a solid surface at a fixed speed. As for the general case of movement, so that the movement along a curvilinear trajectory of a changeable radius of curvature with a changeable speed of movement; today there are no universal mathematical dependencies applicable to practical use.The definition of the twisting angle of the tire body and the lateral displacement of the unit wheel disc, as well as the lateral displacement of the wheels of the first and third axles of the three-axle bogie, which multiaxle trucks have (e.g. KraAZ-7140N6) or three-axle semi-trailers are considered in detail.Dependencies are presented for calculating the stabilizing moment of a tire, which is formed by such parameters as the angular stiffness of the tire relative to the vertical axis, the angle of withdrawal, the twisting angle of the tire, etc.The features of the portable and relative movement of the contact print of a tire during its rotation in place and during movement are determined depending on the design parameters, in particular, on the length of the hub. It was found out in which cases during the turn an additional roll of the steerable wheel occurs relative to the supporting surface.The results of these studies are useful for engineers and researchers who are working to improve the performance properties of vehicles.

Influence Analysis of Machining and Installation Errors on the Radial Stiffness of a Non-Pneumatic Mechanical Elastic Wheel

Machining and installation errors are unavoidable in mechanical structures. However, the effect of errors on radial stiffness of the mechanical elastic wheel (ME-Wheel) is not considered in previous studies. To this end, the interval mathematical model and interval finite element model of the ME-Wheel were both established and compared with bench test results. The intercomparison of the influence of the machining and installation errors on the ME-Wheel radial stiffness revealed good consistency among the interval mathematical analysis, interval finite element simulation, and bench test results. Within the interval range of the ME-Wheel machining and installation errors, parametric analysis of the combined elastic rings was performed at different initial radial rigidity values. The results showed that the initial radial stiffness of the flexible tire body significantly influenced the ME-Wheel radial stiffness, and the inverse relationship between the hinge unit length or suspension hub and the radial stiffness was nonlinear. The radial stiffness of the ME-Wheel is predicted by using the interval algorithm for the first time, and the regularity of the radial stiffness between the error and the load on the ME-Wheel is studied, which will lay the foundation for the exact study of the ME-Wheel dynamic characteristics in the future.

Vietnamese Immigrant Women's Experience of Maternity after Childbirth.

To understand the meaning and essence of Vietnamese migrant women's maternal experience after childbirth. A phenomenological methodology was used for this study. Study participants were six Vietnamese marriage migrant women who had experience of childbirth in Korea. Data collection period was from February 1 through November 4, 2016. Data were collected through in-depth interview and analyzed with the Giorgi method. As a result of study, six main meanings and 12 themes were produced. The six main meanings produced in this study were 'childbirth realized in the double difficulty', 'concerned health between the ở cữ and the sanhujori', 'tired body with hard parenting', 'crowding regret for international marriage after childbirth', 'Grateful partner becoming the prop', and 'Growing maternal instinct by moving the mind and body in a foreign country'. Consideration for postnatal care is necessary from Vietnamese marriage migrant women's viewpoint. Systematic education programs that can improve nursing capability of medical personnel for multicultured clinical practice with development of a postnatal care program suited to multiculture are also necessary.

Technological Periods and Medial Paradigms of Computer Games

IntroductionThe brief history of video games, barely exceeding half a century, is divided into epochs by most authors, where the appearance of gaming machines or programs using the latest technologies always marks a frontier in this periodization. Just as with definitions, we have several types of periodizations, but most authors agree about that the emergence of the various console generations, the gaining and then losing ground of amusement arcade machines, the large-scale spread of PCs (Personal Computers) datable from 1993, and the rise to a dominant position in the 2000s of the real three-dimensional (3D) graphics are all important milestones in the periodization of computer games (Beregi 2010, p. 12). The historicaltheoretical summarizing work (Wolf 2008) edited by Mark J.P. Wolf is similar to Beregi's creation, except that its periodization is not entirely congruent with that of its Hungarian counterpart. In the book edited by Wolf, the period between the first mainframe computers and the 1983 crash of the video game industry, the consolidation period of 1985-1994 - which we might as well call the age of the 'second canonization' -, and, finally, the period starting from 1995 and lasting until 2008 (the year of the book's publication) - a period launched by the slow shift from the fourth- to fifth-generation video game consoles (at the time of the publication, the author considered this period had not yet come to an end) - are all treated as separate units.Steve Rabin's volume, not only addressing game historians but also the game designer profession, provides a comprehensive outlook on both the important, epoch-making video games - that he discusses in chronological order, broken down into two categories (games designed for PCs and for consoles) - and on famous game designers and game design trends dominating the various ages, while giving a compilation of big design and publishing studios as well as classifying video games into genres (Rabin 2010, pp. 3-42).The volume written by the Straubhaar-LaRose-Davenport trio generates much sympathy, constructing their periodization of the gamer world (Straubhaar-LaRose-Davenport 2012, pp. 378-389.) around the console generations, the different types of PCs (IBM PC, Commodore 64, Apple Macintosh, etc.), and the paradigmchanging games.Paradigms of the virtual wolrdsIn our approach, video games' technical means of storage, their medium in the sense of Innis, is secondary despite knowing that gaming experience, the quality of immersive experience is often determined to a greater extent by the technical interface as opposed to the storyline moving through the game's world. A typical example of this is the Nintendo Wii Console, which is primarily designed for sports games with simple storylines and which actually requires the player's en- tire body to get involved in the game (Herman 2008, pp. 170-171). The Microsoft Kinect sensor module, an input device for gesture - and speech - based humanmachine interaction, has a similar function and it can be connected to Microsoft Xbox 360 and to PCs running on Microsoft Windows operation system1. Thus, seventhand eighth-generation consoles allow players to take part in the gameplay with the movements of their entire body - unfortunately, however, only highly pronounced movements are recognized as yet -, the most popular being sports and dance simulations.On the other hand, we may also look upon this type of consoles equipped with gesture/ motion sensors as devices providing more realistic possibilities of interaction and in fact anticipating PC-control practices that do not involve the physical touch of interfaces. This way, computers will probably be provided with faster and more intuitive management systems - for those who can still remember the primitive computers running on Microsoft DOS and controlled via tasks written in the command prompt, this kind of interface might as well seem taken straight out of science-fiction, but, witnessing the unexpected popularity of the Nintendo Wii, it may be that these motion sensors experimented with and tested on games will be used in offices as well, just like in the case of Microsoft Kinect. …

Numerical simulation of radiation noise of 3-D smooth tire using the rebound excitation force at the bending front

This paper is concerned with the numerical prediction of the vibration-induced radiation noise of main grooved smooth tire. The tire body is to be vibrated by the ground impact force at the bending front within the contact patch, which becomes a main source of tire radiation noise. Tire radiation noise is a physical phenomenon associated with rolling tire so that its numerical prediction virtually requires the structural vibration data in the state of rolling. But, such vibration data are not only highly time consuming to obtain, but the rolling tire model is not applicable to commercial acoustics software. Hence, in the current study, the structural vibration data is obtained by applying the rebound excitation force which is obtained by the dynamic rolling analysis to the stationary tire model. The vibro-acoustic analysis is analyzed by combining the finite element and boundary element methods. The present method is illustrated through the numerical experiment and verified from the comparison with the experiment.

Study on the effect of moxibustion at “Shénquè” ( CV 8) on the immune system of rats taking long-term exhaustive exercise

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of moxibustion at “Shénquè” (▪ CV 8) on the immune system of rats taking long-term exhaustive exercise. MethodThirty male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group and moxibustion group with 10 rats in each group. Except the rats in blank group, all the rats were established into long-term exhaustive models through swimming again and again. Mild moxibustion at CV 8 for 15 min was carried out in the rats in moxibustion group after modeling. The treatment was conducted once every other day, and treatment for 10 times was needed. The exhaustive duration for each time was recorded, the levels of serum IgA, IgG, IgM and ACP were detected 24 h after the 10th exhaustive exercise, and the histomorphological changes of spleen were observed. Immunoturbidimetry was adopted for detecting the IgA level, and ELISA method was used for detecting the levels of IgG, IgM and ACP. ResultsThe common exhaustive duration in moxibustion group was longer than that in model group, however, the time difference was statistically significant after the 5th exhaustive exercise (P<0.01). The levels of serum IgG and IgM in model group were lower than that in blank group (all P<0.01), and the serum ACP level in model group was higher than that in blank group (P<0.01), indicating that the splenic histomorphology was damaged. The levels of serum IgG and IgM in moxibustion group were higher than that in model group (all P<0.01), and the serum ACP level in moxibustion group was lower than that in model group, showing that the splenic histomorphology was repaired. ConclusionMoxibustion at CV 8 can improve the levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM) of tired body for a long time, decrease the ACP level, and repair the damaged spleen tissues.

U-헬스케어를 위한 스마트 모니터링시스템 설계 및 구현

Humans must restore tired bodies and minds during sleep. Sleep as much as eating a meal many people looking for a hospital can not sleep, but a matter of course. The smart phone is loaded in the most recent studies it has been conducted to provide a service to the patient or medical personnel U-healthcare in the field of smart phone-based medical applications as with a variety of sensors, including an acceleration sensor. In this paper, the aim of providing an Android-based applications to use a variety of sensors incorporated in the popularity of smart phones to induce normal water flow to recognize the user's action.

Diferencias en la experiencia subjetiva entre depresión unipolar y bipolar

IntroductionIt is important to make distinction between bipolar and unipolar depression because treatment and prognosis are different. Since the diagnosis of the two conditions is purely clinical, find symptomatic differences is useful. ObjectivesFind differences in subjective experience (first person) between unipolar and bipolar depression. MethodsPhenomenological-oriented qualitative exploratory study of 12 patients (7 with bipolar depression and 5 with unipolar depression, 3 men and 9 women). We used a semi-structured interview based on Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE). ResultsThe predominant mood in bipolar depression is emotional dampening, in unipolar is sadness. The bodily experience in bipolar is of a heavy, tired body; an element that inserts between the desires of acting and performing actions and becomes an obstacle to the movement. In unipolar is of a body that feels more comfortable with the stillness than activity, like laziness of everyday life. Cognition and the stream of consciousness: in bipolar depression, compared with unipolar, thinking is slower, as if to overcome obstacles in their course. There are more difficult to understand what is heard or read. Future perspective: in bipolar depression, hopelessness is stronger and broader than in unipolar, as if the very possibility of hope was lost. ConclusionsQualitative differences in predominant mood, bodily experience, cognition and future perspective were found between bipolar and unipolar depression.