Tip Line Research Articles

SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY TO DETERMINE THE RECOVERY OF RETINAL LAYERS AFTER INVERTED INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FLAP TECHNIQUE FOR MACULAR HOLE: Correlation With Visual Acuity Improvement.

To analyze the recovery of retinal lines using swept-source optical coherence tomography after inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique to treat full-thickness macular hole, and the relationship between best-corrected visual acuity and retinal line repair. Thirty-eight eyes were evaluated for recovery of the external limiting membrane, photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction line, and cone outer segment tips (COST) line. Correlation between the recovery of retinal lines and best-corrected visual acuity improvement was analyzed 6 months after surgery. The closure rate of full-thickness macular hole was 97%. The best recovery rates were associated with external limiting membrane line recovery (25 eyes, 65.8%), followed by inner segment/outer segment line recovery (22 eyes, 57.9%), and less frequently, COST line recovery (9 eyes, 23.7%); moreover, recovery of the COST line was apparent only in eyes with recovered external limiting membrane and inner segment/outer segment lines. Mean postoperative visual acuity in the COST line recovery group (COST+) was 20/42 (0.48, 0.33 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution), compared with 20/95 (0.21, 0.68 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) without COST line recovery (COST-). Final visual acuity was significantly better in the COST+ group compared with the COST- group (P = 0.002). Cone outer segment tips line recovery is correlated with best-corrected visual acuity improvement for eyes treated with inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for full-thickness macular hole.

Anterolateral Approach for Retrostyloid Superior Parapharyngeal Space Schwannomas Involving the Jugular Foramen Area: A 20-Year Experience

Schwannomas encompassing the superior parapharyngeal space are challenging lesions because of the anatomical complexity of this region and the frequent involvement of the neurovascular structures of the jugular foramen. The purpose of this study is to report the technical aspects and the advantages of the anterolateral approach, here proposed for schwannomas of this complex area. The main steps of the anterolateral approach are described in detail, along with the results of a consecutive series of 38 patients with a retrostyloid superior parapharyngeal schwannoma involving the jugular foramen operated on by means of this route between 1999 and2019. The supine position is generally preferred. The medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, mastoid tip, and superior nuchal line are the landmarks for the hockey-stick skin incision. The accessory nerve is retrieved and mobilized cranially. Detachment of the sternocleidomastoid, digastric, and nuchal muscles allows for a 180° exposure of the extracranial side of the jugular foramen. Three working corridors, namely the pre-carotid, pre-jugular, and retro-jugular, allow access to the deeper part of the jugular foramen area and the superior parapharyngeal space. In the present series, a gross total resection was achieved in 89.4% of the patients. Three recurrences occurred after an average follow-up of 80.5 ± 51 months. The anterolateral approach is highly effective in the treatment of retrostyloid superior parapharyngeal space schwannomas involving the jugular foramen. Its simplicity of execution, versatility, and very low morbidity are among its main strengths.

Promoting the Rule of Law in Communities with Criminal Groups: Experimental Evidence from Lagos, Nigeria

How can the state promote the rule of law in communities with criminal groups? Criminal groups often engage in bloody turf battles with quasi-impunity, undermining the state's monopoly on violence. The state struggles to contain criminal violence partly given to a lack of police-citizen cooperation. Moving beyond theories that explain limited cooperation as exclusively a function of police illegitimacy, I argue that social psychological constraints prevent citizens from sharing information with the police. Criminal groups inflate citizens' judgements of retaliation risk and create misperceptions among citizens that few other community members support sharing information. I test strategies for overcoming these constraints in Lagos, Nigeria with the first large-scale survey experiment incorporating virtual reality. Witnesses share 17% more information when a tip line is made anonymous. They share 9% more information after becoming aware of others cooperating. Exposing witnesses to co-ethnic police officers also increases information-sharing by 15% but only for those that ex-ante trust the police.

LONG-TERM PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR VISUAL IMPROVEMENT AFTER EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE REMOVAL.

To identify prognostic factors that may predict the amount of long-term visual improvement after idiopathic epiretinal membrane removal. A retrospective study of 114 patients who underwent epiretinal membrane removal was performed. The central foveal thickness, inner retinal layer thickness, inner retinal irregularity index, length of the cone outer segment tip line defect, and length of the ellipsoid zone defect were measured. The optical coherence tomography parameters that were associated with the amount of visual improvement were determined at 24 months postoperatively. Central foveal thickness and inner retinal irregularity index were not associated with best-corrected visual acuity at 24 months (P = 0.227 and P = 0.544, respectively), whereas the lengths of cone outer segment tip line defect and ellipsoid zone defect were associated with worse best-corrected visual acuity at 24 months (P = 0.015 and P < 0.001, respectively). Univariate regression analysis indicated that central foveal thickness and inner retinal irregularity index were associated with visual improvement (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that inner retinal irregularity index, a marker of the inner retinal deformation, was associated with visual improvement after adjusting for age, gender, and other optical coherence tomography findings (P < 0.001). Patients with preoperative inner retinal deformation were found to have significantly improved long-term visual outcomes after epiretinal membrane removal.

Cavitation shotless peening effects on fatigue crack growth behaviour under bending loads

The effects of partial surface shotless peening on the fatigue crack growth behaviour of a ferritic steel have been experimentally investigated in this paper. Seven fatigue tests were performed on four-point bend specimens fabricated from Optim700QL high-strength steel. Three distinct extents of partial cavitation shotless peening, with respect to the crack tip and specimen symmetry line, were applied on the specimen geometry. Alternating current potential difference (ACPD) was used to measure and monitor the crack depth during fatigue tests. The tests on partially surface peened specimens were conducted under two different load levels. The fatigue crack growth results from these experiments on partially peened specimens have been presented and compared with the results from an additional test on an unpeened specimen. The results show that the residual stress distribution fields formed because of the peening process play a significant role in the fatigue crack shape evolution, crack retardation, and crack propagation behaviour of the material.

Idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery: safety, efficacy and patient related outcomes.

This review aims to give to the reader an overview selectively oriented on safety and efficacy of surgery, providing concise and direct answers about crucial questions of trainees and experts. Surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a safe and effective procedure that can achieve long-term stable postoperative visual and anatomical improvement, with an overall low recurrence and complication rate. Young patients, with a short onset of symptoms and with better initial visual acuity achieve higher levels of visual outcome. The preoperative degree of metamorphopsia is the prognostic factor for their postoperative degree. Successful results may be obtained in eyes with specific optical coherence tomography criteria, such as thin ganglion cell layers, thin internal plexiform layer, longer photoreceptors outer segment, regular ellipsoid zone and cone outer segment tips line, and without ectopic inner foveal layer. Internal limiting membrane peeling demonstrates positive anatomical and functional outcomes, but final positions about its safety remain controversial.

SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS AND VISUAL OUTCOME AFTER TREATMENT FOR VITREOMACULAR TRACTION.

To evaluate the capacity of spectral domain optical coherence tomography macular findings to predict best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) outcomes after treatment for symptomatic vitreomacular traction. This consecutive, retrospective study included 24 patients (29 eyes) who experienced vitreomacular traction release with pneumatic vitreolysis (n = 9), intravitreal ocriplasmin (n = 6), or pars plana vitrectomy (n = 14). Preoperative and postoperative spectral domain optical coherence tomography images were used to determine the cone outer segment tips (COST) line, inner segment/outer segment line, and other frequently used features. Correlations between optical coherence tomography findings and BCVA were determined using regression analyses. Postoperative BCVA was correlated with length of the COST line and inner segment/outer segment line defects at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively (P < 0.05) by simple linear regression analysis. However, multivariable regression analysis showed that only length of the COST line defect was significantly correlated with BCVA preoperatively and postoperatively (P < 0.05). Postoperative BCVA improvement at 12 months was significantly correlated with preoperative length of the COST line defect (P < 0.01). Recovery of the COST line and inner segment/outer segment line defects as observed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography is positively correlated with visual acuity improvement after successful vitreomacular traction treatment. Best-corrected visual acuity improvement may be predicted using the length of the preoperative COST line defect.

Claims-making, child saving, and the news media

Drawing on a social constructionist paradigm, this article critically examines mass-mediated framing of the issue of child sexual exploitation online and via mobile communications technology. The Canadian Centre for Child Protection (C3P),1 a non-profit charity located in Winnipeg, Canada, is used as a case study of claims-making and the social construction of the social problem of child sexual exploitation online. The present study focuses on media engagement by C3P and its subsidiary CyberTip—Canada’s national internet tip line—between 2000 and 2011, just prior to CyberTip receiving legislative designation as Canada’s official reporting agency. The analysis draws on news media accounts of claims-making activities of C3P in three local and national Canadian newspapers. By focusing on the rhetoric of claims forwarded by the organization, I argue that C3P has been successful in gaining symbolic ownership of the issue and has been instrumental in defining the nature, extent, and appropriate responses to the problem of online child sexual exploitation in Canada. I conclude by considering the broader implications for criminal justice policy and practice.

Ramp initiation in fold-thrust belts: Insight from PIV analysis of sandbox models

Do forethrust ramps propagate up-section from the tip line of a detachment or do they initiate within the deforming strata, connecting later with the detachment? To address this question, we acquired cross-sectional digital images of a sand layer undergoing shortening, in a sandbox analog model. Analysis of a succession of images, using particle-image velocimetry (PIV), defines spatial and temporal variations in strain and vorticity in the sand layer during shortening. Results show that the foreland edge of layer-parallel shortening in the sand layer defines the location of the detachment's tip line, and that initiation of a new forethrust ramp begins within the layer above the detachment, well to the hinterland of the detachment tip. Once initiated, the ramp grows both up-dip and down-dip until it links to the detachment to define a new branch line. As the forethrust ramp grows, the position of the tip line of the active detachment migrates to the hinterland, so that previously active portions of the detachment stop slipping. Once the ramp intersects the detachment, displacement on the detachment to the foreland of the new branch line ceases temporarily, while slip on the ramp accommodates all shortening.

Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Patients With Macropsia.

To evaluate the retinal morphologic characteristics of patients with macropsia caused by epiretinal membrane (ERM) based on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A cross-sectional, non-interventional study was performed to compare the characteristics of retinal structures in eyes with ERM according to the presence or absence of macropsia. Twenty-six patients with ERM and macropsia were defined as the macropsia group and 26 age-matched patients with ERM without macropsia were the control group. All participants underwent a full ophthalmologic examination and SD-OCT examination. Macropsia was diagnosed and quantified using a double dot chart. The thickness of retinal layers, including the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner segment / outer segment / retinal pigment epithelium (IS/OS/RPE) at the central fovea, were measured by electronic calipers of the SD-OCT system. The interocular ratio of each parameter was calculated for each patient and compared between the two groups. The integrity of the external limiting membrane (ELM), IS/OS junction, and cone outer segment tips (COST) line were evaluated. The thickness of the IS/OS/RPE differed significantly between both eyes in the macropsia group (P < .001), whereas the control group was not significantly different (P = .161). The ONL in the diseased eye was significantly thicker in the macropsia group than in the control group (P = .020), whereas these two groups did not differ significantly in the thickness of ONL in the control eye (P = .860). More patients had a disrupted COST line in the macropsia group (P < .001 for macropsia group, P = .252 for control group). No eye showed disrupted ELM and IS/OS junction, regardless of the presence of macropsia. Eyes with macropsia showed thicker foveal ONL, IS/OS/RPE, and more frequently disrupted COST lines. This may indicate that the contractile strength of ERM can lead to centralization of photoreceptor cells. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49:656-663.].

Research on crack discontinuous interface simulation method based on the meshfree diffraction criterion

Meshfree method is a new numerical method whose solution domain only discredited into independent nodes. To model crack discontinuous interface in practical, the equivalent distance for the weight function arguments is adapted. Firstly, the paper analysis the feature of the function, which point out that the methods have their own disadvantages. And then the paper put forward new binary linear equation, which is used to the weight function arguments to dispose of the crack’s noncontiguous interface. The function can simulate the displacement field around crack tip or crack closure line and also avoid the value overflow phenomenon which the node and a computation superposition occurs in the present processing method. The method has provided new mentality and idea for the present meshfree method in crack analysis. Finally three typical crack theoretical models are established as example. The comparison with the analytical solution shows that the displacement value the crack and the stress intensity factors has a better precise based on the new method, and also verified the method is valid.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.24.3.19009

The influence of partial surface shot peening on fatigue crack growth behaviour of a high‐strength ferritic steel

AbstractThe effects of partial surface shot peening on the fatigue crack growth behaviour of a ferritic steel have been experimentally investigated in this paper. Dog‐bone specimens fabricated from Optim700QL were tested under tension‐tension fatigue loads. Three distinct extents of partial shot peening, with respect to the crack tip and specimen symmetry line, were tested. The fatigue crack growth results from these experiments have been compared with those obtained from the same specimen geometry but with no peening. The results show that the residual stress fields formed ahead of the initial notch tip due to the partial peening process play a significant role in the fatigue crack growth behaviour of the material and effectively result in accelerated crack propagation at the midwidth of the specimens. It has been shown in this study that partial peening can lead to a fatigue crack growth rate around twice as fast as that of the unpeened specimen.

The Nasal Tip Rotation Flap for Reconstruction of the Lateral Nasal Tip, Anterior Ala, and Soft Triangle: The Authors' Experience With 55 Patients.

Defects of the lateral nasal tip, anterior ala, and soft triangle subunits lack reconstructive options that are consistently satisfactory. For such defects, the novel anterior-based nasal tip rotation flap provides functional and aesthetic results in a single operative session. To describe the authors' experience with the nasal tip rotation flap, including patient selection and design modifications to enhance aesthetic success. An IRB-approved retrospective database review of nasal tip rotation flap repairs was performed at the Medical University of South Carolina and Stanford University Medical Center. The design and surgical technique of this flap are described and illustrated, emphasizing factors such as nasal shape and defect location in modifying flap design. The nasal tip rotation is a single-stage, local flap that provides optimal tissue match with recapitulation of the native topography of the nasal tip and incision lines that are well hidden at the junction of cosmetic subunits. The mechanics of the flap distribute closure tension widely across the alar rim without focal notching or airway compromise. The nasal tip rotation flap is a reliable, cosmetically elegant repair that fills a gap in the reconstructive options for anterior ala and soft triangle defects on the nose.

3D crack propagation by the numerical manifold method

A method for three-dimensional crack propagation by the numerical manifold method (NMM) is analyzed. With the help of mathematical cover and physical cover, no Heaviside function is required to describe a crack in the NMM, and so the three-dimensional crack propagation with NMM can be analyzed being similar to that of two-dimensional cases. Mohr-Coulomb criterion with a tensile cut-off is used to analyze failure state of each crack tip line. A simplified method for determining the final propagating direction is described. According to the final propagating direction, a non-local crack tracking method is used to determine the updated crack tip line. Quadrilateral or triangle tracking method is selected according to the situation during propagation. For boundary faces, in order to make the deformed surface remain plane, new generated faces are needed to be triangulated. Three numerical examples are analyzed to validate the proposed 3D crack propagation method. The numerical results are all in good agreement with those results in the existing studies. Furthermore, a concrete gravity dam under water pressure with an overload factor is simulated and the progressive failure process of the concrete gravity dam is obtained, which demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method in practical engineering.

MACULAR MICROSTRUCTURAL FEATURES IN CHILDREN WITH TILTED DISK SYNDROME EVALUATED BY SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

To assess macular microstructure in eyes with tilted disk syndrome (TDS) and determine the relationship between TDS foveal morphology and visual function. Twenty-six TDS eyes from 19 children (aged 5∼15 years) with a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of -3.1 ± 1.3 diopter (D) and 28 control eyes from 14 children (aged 7∼12 years) with a SER of -3.0 ± 0.7 D were recruited. Horizontal and vertical optical coherence tomography scans through the fovea produced images that were segmented into eight intraretinal layers. Thicknesses of the total retina and each layer were measured at the foveal center and 12 other macular locations: 500 μm, 1,000 μm, and 1,500 μm along the horizontal and vertical meridians. The relationships between TDS best correct visual acuity (BCVA) and the presence of photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junction line, IS/OS foveal bulge, and cone outer segment tip (COST) line were evaluated. The thickness of TDS central fovea, 218.94 ± 22.20 μm, was not significantly different from controls. The total retinal thickness in TDS eyes was thinner than controls at all peripheral locations (P < 0.05) except at 500 μm and 1,000 μm superiorly, and 1,500 μm temporally. Tilted disk syndrome intraretinal layer thicknesses in the nasal and inferior regions varied significantly from controls (P < 0.05). Only 80.7% and 23.1% of TDS eyes had a normal foveal bulge and continuous COST line, respectively, compared with 100% and 96.4% of controls. The BCVA of TDS eyes was similar whether or not the foveal bulge or COST line was abnormal. Differences in intraretinal layer thickness may be correlated with defective vision.

CHANGES OF OUTER RETINAL THICKNESS WITH INCREASING AGE IN NORMAL EYES AND IN NORMAL FELLOW EYES OF PATIENTS WITH UNILATERAL AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

To test the hypothesis that the thickness of outer retinal layers will change with increasing age in normal eyes and in the normal fellow eyes of patients with unilateral age-related macular degeneration. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography images of 127 normal eyes of 127 subjects and 58 normal fellow eyes of 58 patients with unilateral age-related macular degeneration were studied. The thickness between the retinal pigment epithelium line and the cone outer segment tips line, between the cone outer segment tips line and the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment line, and between the inner segment/outer segment line and the external limiting membrane line were measured at the fovea in both groups. The thickness between retinal pigment epithelium line and the cone outer segment tips line, and between inner segment/outer segment line and the external limiting membrane line were significantly and negatively associated with age in the normal group. Cone outer segment tips line and the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment thickness was not significantly associated with age. Retinal pigment epithelium line and the cone outer segment tips line was thinner in the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral age-related macular degeneration than in the age-matched normal eyes. Cone outer segment tips line and the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment and inner segment/outer segment line and the external limiting membrane line thicknesses in the fellow eyes were not significantly different from that of normal eyes. The tissue between the retinal pigment epithelium line and the cone outer segment tips line may become atrophic in older eyes and in the normal fellow eyes of patients with unilateral age-related macular degeneration.

Outer Retinal Structural Alternation and Segmentation Errors in Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in Patients With a History of Retinopathy of Prematurity

To evaluate retinal anatomy and segmentation errors from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging in school-aged children. A prospective cohort study in a referral medical center. One hundred thirty-three eyes of 133 patients were enrolled. Patients were grouped as those who were treated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (ROP-Tx group); those with spontaneously regressed ROP (ROP-non-Tx group); other premature patients (premature group); and full-term age-matched children (full-term group). Anatomy and segmentation errors of retina were evaluated by SD-OCT. The mean age at assessment was 9.5 years (range, 4-16 years). The external limiting membrane (ELM) and the cone outer segment tips (COST) line were least frequently identified in patients of the ROP-Tx group (65.2% and 47.8%, P= .002 and P < .001, respectively). The visual acuity of the patients did not correlate significantly with the absence of COST line (P= .140) but correlated with the absence of ELM (P< .001). The presence of artifacts, including misidentification of the inner retina, misidentification of the outer retina, out-of-register artifacts, off-center scans, and degraded scan images, was observed to range from 0.6% to 50.0% in 4 groups of patients. All types of errors occurred more frequently in the ROP-Tx group than in the full-term group (all P < .05). Outer retinal abnormalities were commonly observed in the ROP-Tx group. The higher segmentation errors in the ROP-Tx group might be related to fine structural abnormalities in the outer retina. Future studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms for these structural changes.

Correlation between the health of the cone outer segment tips line and ellipsoid zone with vision after macular hole surgery

Purpose: To determine whether preoperative cone outer segment tips (COST) line, ellipsoid zone (EZ), and external limiting membrane (ELM) defects is significantly related with postoperative recovery of photoreceptors and vision after type 1 macular hole closure. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 28 eyes of 28 patients with surgically closed macular holes. Heidelberg's Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to obtain images of the foveal area, and lengths of COST line defect, EZ defect, and ELM defect were measured preoperatively and at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. The pattern of recovery of the photoreceptor layers was observed as complete recovery, incomplete recovery, or disrupted. Results: It was observed that 13 out of 28 eyes with a mean preoperative length of foveal COST line defect 303.8 microns, showed a significant visual improvement in the range of 0.17 logMAR units (6/9-6/6) with complete or incomplete recovery of the EZ and ELM. Twelve patients with mean preoperative length of foveal COST line defect 632 microns showed only slight visual improvement by one or two lines in the range of 0.47 logMAR units (6/18), with an incomplete pattern of photoreceptor recovery. However, 3 patients with a mean preoperative COST line defect of 815 microns did not show any visual improvement of 0.61 logMAR units (6/36) with EZ and ELM disruptions postoperatively. Conclusion: The length of preoperative COST line defect is predictive of the recovery and arrangement of photoreceptors and best corrected visual acuity after type 1 macular hole closure. Eyes with complete and incomplete recovery of COST, EZ, and ELM were associated with significantly better visual acuity as compared to eyes with a disrupted pattern of photoreceptor recovery.

Rates and kinematics of active shortening along the eastern Qilian Shan, China, inferred from deformed fluvial terraces

AbstractIn the eastern Qilian Shan, a flight of fluvial terraces developed along the Jinta River valley are deformed across the Nanying anticline. Four individual fluvial terraces are preserved at different elevations above the river, and higher terrace treads are draped by systematically thicker aeolian loess. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of deposits at the base of the loess provides constraints on the timing of surface abandonment; terraces were abandoned at 69 ± 4 ka B.P. (T4), 57 ± 4 ka B.P. (T3), and between 34 ± 3 ka B.P. (T2), respectively. Differential GPS measurement of the terrace profile across the anticline allows reconstruction of subsurface fault geometry; we model terrace deformation above a listric thrust fault with a tip line at 2.2 ± 0.1 km depth and whose dip shallows systematically to 23 ± 3° at depth of 5.8 ± 1.1 km. Combining terrace ages with this model of fault geometry, we estimate a shortening rate of 0.8 ± 0.2 mm/a across the Nanying fold and a shortening rate of ~0.1 mm/a across the mountain front fault since ~70 ka B.P. This rate suggests that the frontal fault system along the eastern Qilian Shan accomplishes crustal shortening at rates of approximately 0.9 ± 0.3 mm/a during late Pleistocene time.

Clinical parameters related to metamorphopsia outcome in patients with resolved central serous chorioretinopathy using M-CHARTS: retrospective cohort study.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the clinical parameters related to metamorphopsia outcome in patients with resolved central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).MethodsThe charts of 36 eyes with resolved CSCR were retrospectively reviewed. We measured metamorphopsia using M-CHARTS after resolution of serous retinal detachment. We analyzed the relationship between metamorphopsia outcome and clinical parameters including age, visual acuity, chronicity of CSCR, symptom duration and several spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings using univariate and multivariate forward logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe M-CHARTS detected metamorphopsia in 19 eyes (52.8 %). In the univariate analysis, the eyes with metamorphopsia were, relative to those without metamorphopsia, significantly associated with a greater proportion of chronic-recurrent CSCR, initial and final irregularities of retinal pigment epithelium, longer symptom duration, thinner final thickness of central fovea and outer nuclear layer, and final disruption of external limiting membrane (ELM), photoreceptor inner and outer segment junction and cone outer segment tip line (P = 0.003, 0.037, 0.019, 0.003, 0.013, 0.015, <0.001, 0. 012 and 0.002, respectively). However, in the multivariate analysis, chronic-recurrent CSCR (OR 22.5, P = 0.019) and final disrupted ELM (OR 82.6, P = 0.004) were the independent clinical parameters related to poor metamorphopsia outcome.ConclusionsResidual metamorphopsia was detected using M-CHARTS in about half of patients (52.8 %) with resolved CSCR. Chronic-recurrent CSCR and final disrupted ELM were the independent clinical parameters related to poor metamorphopsia outcome in patients with resolved CSCR.