Oxide TiO2 Research Articles

Green synthesis, formation mechanism and oxidation of Ti3SiC2 powder from bamboo charcoal, Ti and Si

Using low-cost and highly reactive bamboo charcoal, Ti and Si elemental powders as starting materials, Ti3SiC2 powder was synthesized via a simple and cost-efficient pressureless sintering technique in argon atmosphere. The influences of synthesis temperature, holding time and Si content on the Ti3SiC2 content of the synthesized products were investigated, and the analysis indicated that the relative content of Ti3SiC2 reached 98.9 wt% with a molar ratio of 3Ti/1.2Si/2.2C at 1400 °C for 1.5 h. The Ti3SiC2 with good crystallinity and homogeneous nanolayered structure was synthesized at lower temperatures due to the high reactivity and high specific surface area of bamboo charcoal. The non-isothermal oxidation behavior showed that Ti3SiC2 powder was stable in air below 540 °C. With the temperature increasing up to 1300 °C, continuous and dense TiO2 and SiO2 oxidation layers were formed on the surface of Ti3SiC2 particles, which conferred good oxidation resistance to Ti3SiC2 powder.

Facile synthetic route of TiO2–ZnO heteronanostructure coated by oxovanadium (IV) bis-Schiff base complex as a potential effective homogeneous/heterogeneous catalysts for alcohols redox systems

Oxovanadium (IV) bis-Schiff base complex was synthesized by a facile complexation of 2 molar ratio of 2‑hydroxy-Schiff base ligand (HL) with 1 molar ratio of VO2+ ion giving mononuclear VOL2 complex with a square pyramidal geometry. The structure conformation of HL and its corresponding VOL2 complex was assigned within various spectroscopic tools (IR, UV–vis. Mass spectra), as well as the elemental analyses (EA). The deprotonated 4-OH group in VOL2 caused a successful coating of VOL2 on a mixed oxides of TiO2–ZnO nanoparticles awarding nanocomposite of TiO2–ZnO@VOL2. By applying alternative analytical techniques, the surface morphology and internal structure TiO2–ZnO@VOL2 nanocomposites were investigated compared to that of TiO2–ZnO, i.e. by XRD, FESEM, HR-TEM, EDS and IR spectra), and also with TGA and BET (adsorption–desorption isotherm).The catalytic effectiveness of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts (VOL2 and TiO2–ZnO@VOL2) was examined in the productive oxygenation reactions of BA (benzyl alcohol) by an aqueous hydrogen peroxide under an aerobic environment to the chemo-selective product benzaldehyde (BZ), and benzoic acid (BO), as the overodixation product. Both VOL2 and TiO2-ZnO@VOL2 catalysts exhibited obvious classified action by 89% and 91% yielding amount of benzaldehyde after 4 h for reaction temperature 80 and 90 °C, respectively. The differentiation between them in the catalytic reactivity was depending on the heterogeneity and the effect of the coated TiO2–ZnO nanoparticles on the VOL2 catalytic potential. The kinetic parameter of the productive redox protocols for both catalyst was examined. Additionally, some other cyclic and acyclic alcohols were exhibited the productive redox protocol in the optimum control of both catalysts.

Oxidation Property of a Fourth-Generation Powder Metallurgy FGH4108 Nickel-Based Superalloy

Isothermal oxidation kinetics of a fourth-generation powder metallurgy FGH4108 nickel-based superalloy is investigated at 800 °C to 1100 °C by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). At 800 °C and 900 °C, the oxidation kinetic curves of the FGH4108 superalloy follow parabolic law. At 1000 °C, the oxidation kinetic curve follows cubic law. At 1100 °C, the oxidation kinetic curve has two distinct parts: the first part follows a parabolic law, and the second one obeys a linear law. Cross-sectional morphologies and elemental distributions show that the oxide film consists of two parts at 800 °C: the outer layer is a continuous dense protective Cr2O3 oxide film, and the inner layer is a discontinuous Al2O3 oxide layer. At 900–1100 °C, the oxides consist of three layers: the outermost is the oxides of Cr2O3 and TiO2, the middle is a continuous oxide of Al2O3, and the innermost is dotted oxides of TiO2. The thickness of the inner TiO2 oxide layer increases with the increase of oxidation temperature. On this basis, the oxidation behavior of the FGH4108 superalloy at high temperatures is confirmed to be controlled by the diffusion of Cr, Al, Ti, and O. From the aspect of oxidation resistance, the long-term service temperature of the FGH4108 superalloy should not exceed 1000 °C.

Effects of surface fluoride modification on TiO2 for the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene

In the present study, we investigated the influence of surface fluorine (F) on TiO2 for the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of toluene. TiO2 modified with different F content was prepared and tested. It was found that with the increasing of F content, the toluene conversion rate first increased and then decreased. However, CO2 mineralization efficiency showed the opposite trend. Based on the characterizations, we revealed that F substitutes the surface hydroxyl of TiO2 to form the structure of Ti-F. The presence of the appropriate amount of surface Ti-F on TiO2 greatly enhanced the separation of photogenerated carriers, which facilitated the generation of ·OH and promoted the activity for the PCO of toluene. It was further revealed that the increase of only ·OH promoted the conversion of toluene to ring-containing intermediates, causing the accumulation of intermediates and then conversely inhibited the ·OH generation, which led to the decrease of the CO2 mineralization efficiency. The above results could provide guidance for the rational design of photocatalysts for toluene oxidation.

Surface Modification of Biomedical Ti-18Zr-15Nb Alloy by Atomic Layer Deposition and Ag Nanoparticles Decoration.

Superelastic biocompatible alloys attract significant attention as novel materials for bone tissue replacement. These alloys are often composed of three or more components that lead to the formation of complex oxide films on their surfaces. For practical use, it is desirable to have a single-component oxide film with a controlled thickness on the surface of biocompatible material. Herein we investigate the applicability of the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique for surface modification of Ti-18Zr-15Nb alloy with TiO2 oxide. It was found that a 10-15 nm thick, low-crystalline TiO2 oxide layer is formed by ALD method over the natural oxide film (~5 nm) of the Ti-18Zr-15Nb alloy. This surface consists of TiO2 exclusively without any additions of Zr or Nb oxides/suboxides. Further, the obtained coating is modified by Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with a surface concentration up to 1.6% in order to increase the material's antibacterial activity. The resulting surface exhibits enhanced antibacterial activity with an inhibition rate of more than 75% against E. coli bacteria.

Interface characteristic of Zr-based metallic glass and copper by laser pulse welding

The crystallization behavior of amorphous alloys during welding is more complex than that of traditional metals. In this paper, the Zr-based amorphous alloy and copper crystals were welded by pulsed laser butt welding method, the crystallization behavior of the amorphous alloy/crystalline metal welding interface is deeply studied. The results show that Zr2Cu and Zr2Ni crystal phases appear at the interface between Zr based amorphous alloy and copper, and a Cu rich region is formed at the amorphous side of the interface. A small amount of Zr, Ni, Ti diffuses to the Cu side, forming ZrO2, TiO2, CuO and other oxides on the surface of the sample. These oxides will cause changes in the voltage potential at the interface.

Photodegradation of methylene blue and photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide using magnesium ferrite-titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide as a photo-catalyst under visible light

In this study, the ternary composite material of magnesium ferrite-titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (MgFe2O4–TiO2/rGO−MFOTG) was successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method from MgFe2O4–TiO2 (MFOT) and graphene oxide (GO). In particular, the MFOT was fabricated via the co-precipitation method with chitosan as a stabilizer. Meanwhile, the GO was fabricated via the improved Hummers’ method. The characterization results indicated that the MFOT was successfully synthesized and evenly distributed onto the surface of the rGO sheets with the average size ranging from 50 to 100 nm. The prepared material possessed a photodegradation efficiency of 95% for methylene blue under the radiation of UV and visible light for 60 and 70 min, respectively. Besides, the MFOTG exhibited a good catalysis performance for the photoproduction of H2O2 under the illumination of visible light with a productivity of 153.63 ± 2.76 mM/g for 30 min. The aforementioned results confirmed the potential applications of the resulting MFOTG in the environmental treatment and production of H2O2.

Geochemical internal variations of Salem Dolerite dykes from Southern Granulite Terrane: Implications of petrogenetic processes in the dyke conduits


 
 
 Salem dolerites were collected across the dyke from various parts of the studied area for identifying the differentiation process of magma in the conduits from the compositional profile. The thick dolerites show NNW-SSE, NE-SW, and NW-SE trends. The studied dyke shows systematic composition increasing and decreasing in the chilled margin and centre of the dyke as the texture and concentration of plagioclase and pyroxene increase. Chilled margins show microcrystalline to intersertal, and the centre of the dyke show sub ophitic textures. The compatible oxide MgO, element Ni and the Mg number (100Mg/(Mg+FeT)) increased and the incompatible oxides TiO2, P2O5, and elements Zr decreased from the chilled margin to the centre of the dyke in the compositional profile show reverse fractionation trends (opposite to fractional crystallization) in the studied dykes except for Seeliyampatti dyke. The Seeliyampatti dolerites show opposite compositional variations indicating a normal fractionation trend from the other dykes of the study area. The reverse fractional trends in dykes resulting in the progressive increase of cumulate minerals growth against the dyke wall called the «cumulate process», however, the normal fractional trend in Seeliyampatti resulting in the progressive increase of more evolved magma successively removes the early chilled margin and fills the thick dyke with less compatible and more incompatible components toward the centre of the dyke. Although the normal trend in thick dyke considered the exceptional liquid process of magma differentiation that was formed more like fractional crystallization. Factor analysis also supports the differentiation process of magma. The first factor accounts total variance of 57.68% showing the positively loaded incompatible element and negatively loaded compatible elements.
 
 

Rutile TiO2 Creates Advanced Na-Storage Materials

Rutile-type titanium oxide (TiO2) is a resource-rich and inexpensive material with a one-dimensional ion-diffusion path along the c-axis. However, it has received no attention as an anode material for Na-ion batteries because of its low electronic conductivity and limited ion diffusion in the ab-plane direction. We have revealed for the first time the reversible Na insertion–extraction reaction of rutile TiO2 and have recently reported the improvement in the anode performances by doping with various impurity elements such as Nb5+, Ta5+, and In3+. In this Review, we introduce a material chemistry methodology to enhance the anode properties of the rutile TiO2 electrode by impurity doping, introduction of oxygen vacancies, formation of single-crystalline particles, and reduction of their aspect ratio. The knowledge is remarkably effective for creating advanced high-performance anode materials with not only using rutile TiO2 but also using anatase TiO2 and other titanium-based oxides.

Tribological Behavior and Self-Healing Properties of Ni3Al Matrix Self-Lubricating Composites Containing Sn-Ag-Cu and Ti3SiC2 from 20 to 800 °C

As a high-temperature structural material, Ni3Al matrix composites are often used to manufacture basic mechanical components that need to be used in high-temperature conditions. To meet the increasing demand for metal matrix composites with an excellent tribological performance over a wide temperature range, Ni3Al matrix self-lubricating composites containing Sn-Ag-Cu and Ti3SiC2 (NST) were synthesized via laser-melting deposition. Dry sliding friction tests of NST against Si3N4 ball were undertaken from 20 to 800 °C to investigate the tribological behavior and wear-triggered self-healing properties. The results show that the tribological behaviors of NST are strongly dependent on the testing temperature and self-healing properties. At low and moderate temperatures from 20 to 400 °C, as the Sn-Ag-Cu flows into the cracks and is oxidized during sliding friction, while the cracks on the worn surface are filled with oxides consisting mainly of Al2O3, SnO2 and CuO. At higher temperatures of 600 and 800 °C, the cracks are filled by the principal oxides of Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 due to the partial decomposition and oxidation of Ti3SiC2. Compared with other testing temperatures, the recovery ratio relative to the Ni3Al base alloy of the cracks on the worn surface of NST is the highest at 400 °C, which is about 76.4%. The synergistic action mechanisms of Sn-Ag-Cu and Ti3SiC2 on the crack self-healing from 20 to 800 °C play a significant role in forming a stable solid lubricating film, improving the anti-friction and wear resistance of NST. The results provide a solution allowing for metal matrix composites to achieve excellent lubrication stability over a wide temperature range by virtue of the crack self-healing properties.

Cattaneo–Christov heat flux modeling in nanofliuid TiO2–titanium oxide and aggregation nanoparticle flow between two rotating disks

In this work, the heat transfer analysis is carried out with titanium oxide TiO and aggregation nanoparticles between two rotating disks. Further, the relaxation time, heat sources (temperature and space-dependent heat source) are presented. The flow phenomena is modeled through coupled partial differential equation (PDE). We transformed these PDE systems into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) system by suitable transformation. Moreover, we computed the solution of these ODEs system by Runge–Kutta scheme. We studied the effects of various interesting engineering parameters. We concluded that the tangential velocity is declined for both TiO–titanium oxide and aggregation nanoparticles for higher values of magnetic parameter (M), Reynolds number () and porosity parameter (). While the tangential velocity is higher for larger values of the rotation parameter (). The declines occur in the temperature field for both nanoparticles for higher values of porosity parameter (), Prandtl number (Pr), Reynolds number () and Eckert number (Ec). While it arises for thermal relaxation parameter , and Biot numbers (, ) for both nanoparticles (TiO–titanium oxide and aggregation nanoparticles). Moreover, we presented the characteristics of physical quantities such as skin friction and Nusselt number.

Enhanced photocatalytic ammonia oxidation activity and nitrogen selectivity over Ag/AgCl/N-TiO2 photocatalyst

The removal of ammonia (NH3) emitted from agricultural and industrial activities is of great significance to protect human health and ecological environment. Photocatalytic NH3 oxidation to N2 under mild conditions is a promising strategy. However, developing visible light photocatalysts for NH3 oxidation is still in its infancy. Here, we fabricate N-TiO2 and Ag/AgCl/N-TiO2 photocatalysts by sol-gel and photodeposition methods, respectively. The introduction of N not only endows TiO2 with visible light response (absorption edge at 460 nm) but also results in the formation of heterophase junction (anatase and rutile). Thus, N-TiO2 shows 2.0 and 1.8 times higher than those over anatase TiO2 and commercial TiO2 for NH3 oxidation under full spectrum irradiation. Meanwhile, surface modification of Ag can simultaneously enhance visible light absorption (generating localized surface plasmon resonance effect) and charge separation efficiency. Therefore, the photocatalytic activity of Ag/AgCl/N-TiO2 is further improved. Furthermore, the presence of N and Ag also enhances the selectivity of N2 product owing to the change of reaction pathway. This work simultaneously regulates photocatalytic conversion efficiency and product selectivity, providing some guidance for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for NH3 elimination.

Investigation of the Gradient Properties of Samples Obtained by Direct Laser Deposition from a Mixture of Ni/Ti Elemental Powders

The research of deposition of a nitinol sample in an equiatomic ratio from a powder mixture of nickel and titanium 55Ni-45Ti (in wt.%) is aimed at studying the heterogenicity of the chemical composition in the cross-section of a thin-walled and multilayer (bulk) cylindrical sample. The main task of the study was to determine the presence or absence of the chemical composition deviation from layer to layer, and mechanical properties. Analysis on an optical microscope, EDS analysis, and microhardness measurement, a thin-walled sample was studied. A chemical gradient was detected in the sample from the base along with its entire height. An increase in the content of the Ti element and a decrease of the Ni element was detected with an increase in the number of layers and the height of the sample, and a change in the microstructure and hardness were found. The increase in hardness from the base to the top point of the sample reaches 50%. X-ray phase analysis (XRD) showed the presence of NiTi phases in the martensitic and austenitic state, the side phases of NiTi2 in a thin-walled sample, and the presence of the Ni4Ti3 phase and the TiO2 oxide phase in a cylindrical bulk sample. The chemical composition of the cylindrical bulk sample agrees with the chemical composition of the mixture loaded into the powder feeder 55:45 Ni and Ti in wt. %. To indirectly determine the shape memory effect of the final alloy, mechanical tests were carried out for compression of cylindrical samples with subsequent heating, which confirmed the presence of the shape memory effect with a degree of reversible deformation of about 40%.

Revealing the role of SO2 in the high-temperature corrosion diffusion of two superalloys in CO2 through molecular dynamics and thermal stability

The corrosion behavior of HR230 and 740 H alloys in CO2 and CO2 with 0.5% SO2 at 1000 ℃ was studied by molecular dynamics, thermodynamics and experiments. The weight gain of both alloys in CO2 environment was increased with the addition of 0.5% SO2, in which the weight gain of 740 H alloy was higher than that of HR230 alloy. Some CrS sulfides were observed in Cr2O3 oxide film of both alloys, while TiO2 oxides on 740 H alloy could reduce the infiltration of S element. Thermodynamic calculations of the corrosion reactions showed that serious internal vulcanization and internal oxidation would occur in both alloys when the content of SO2 exceeded 3%.

Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern with Special Attention on the Removal of Acetaminophen in Water-Based Solutions

Despite being an indispensable medium for life and the environment, the deterioration of water quality continues to be a matter of great concern for the scientific community since this problem has generated the need to develop processes for water treatment. Among the wide variety of types of contaminants, the presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) has become an issue of global concern, since they are present in water in low concentrations and can persist in the environment, bioaccumulate and be toxic to human health and aquatic biota. Among CECs, this review focuses on pharmaceutical removal; what favorable effects they have on human and animal health are widely recognized, but the consequences or risks associated with the constant disposal of these products to the environment, through the manufacturing process, consumption, biological excretion or inappropriate disposal, are an area under constant study. The presence of pharmaceuticals in water represents a high risk to the environment because they contain active ingredients that were designed to induce specific pharmacological effects but, when dissolved in water, reach non-target populations and cause undesirable toxicological effects. This review pays attention to the photoelectrochemical removal of paracetamol (PTM), as a model molecule, from water, employing different photoactive materials (TiO2, BiVO4, ZnO and tungsten oxides) and the main parameters affecting their performance. The main goal of the present review is to facilitate future researchers to design their experiments concerning the PEC processes for the degradation of pharmaceuticals, specially PTM, and the existing limitations of each system.

The Role of the Ferroelectric Polarization in the Enhancement of the Photocatalytic Response of Copper-Doped Graphene Oxide-TiO2 Nanotubes through the Addition of Strontium.

To evaluate the potential role of in situ formed Sr-Ti-O species as a ferroelectric component able to enhance the photocatalytic properties of an adjacent TiO2 semiconductor, Cu-doped/graphene oxide (GO)/TiO2 nanotubes (TiNTs) composites (with 0.5 wt % Cu and 1.0 wt % GO) have been synthesized while progressive amounts of strontium (up to 1.0 wt %) were incorporated at the surface of the composite through incipient wetness impregnation followed by post-thermal treatment at 400 °C. The different resulting photocatalytic systems were then first deeply characterized by means of N2 adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance (UV-vis DR), Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and Z-mapping). In a second step, optimization of the kinetic response of the Sr-containing composites was performed for the formic acid photodegradation under UV irradiation. The Sr-containing Cu/GO/TiNT composites were then fully characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for their dielectric properties showing clearly the implication of polarization induced by the Sr addition onto the stabilization of photogenerated charges. Finally, a perfect correlation between the photocatalytic kinetic evaluation and dielectric properties undoubtedly emphasizes the role of ferroelectric polarization as a very valuable approach to enhance the photocatalytic properties in an adjacent semiconductor.

Recent Progress in Metal Oxide-Based Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction to Solar Fuels: A Review.

One of the challenges in developing practical CO2 photoconversion catalysts is the design of materials with a low cost, high activity and good stability. In this paper, excellent photocatalysts based on TiO2, WO3, ZnO, Cu2O and CeO2 metal oxide materials, which are cost-effective, long-lasting, and easy to fabricate, are evaluated. The characteristics of the nanohybrid catalysts depend greatly on their architecture and design. Thus, we focus on outstanding materials that offer effective and practical solutions. Strategies to improve CO2 conversion efficiency are summarized, including heterojunction, ion doping, defects, sensitization and morphology control, which can inspire the future improvement in photochemistry. The capacity of CO2 adsorption is also pivotal, which varies with the morphological and electronic structures. Forms of 0D, 1D, 2D and 3DOM (zero/one/two-dimensional- and three-dimensional-ordered macroporous, respectively) are involved. Particularly, the several advantages of the 3DOM material make it an excellent candidate material for CO2 conversion. Hence, we explain its preparation method. Based on the discussion, new insights and prospects for designing high-efficient metallic oxide photocatalysts to reduce CO2 emissions are presented.

CeO2-based thin-film electrolyte membranes for intermediate temperature SOFCs: Direct electrophoretic deposition on the supporting anode from additive-modified suspensions

In this work, direct electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of thin-film Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) electrolyte on porous nonconductive NiO–BaCe0.8Sm0.2O3 (BCS) and NiO-SDC substrates is studied. To improve the electrolyte sintering, the suspensions for EPD have been modified by the addition of Co3O4, TiO2, and Al2O3 oxides in the amount of 2, 2 and 5 mol. %, respectively. The high zeta potential values, necessary for the stable deposition, have been achieved by the introduction into the suspensions a nanosized SDC powder (10 wt %), obtained by laser evaporation. Dense composite electrolyte membranes up to 30 μm in thickness have been obtained after sintering at 1450 °C for 5 h. The influence of the sintering additives on the electrical properties of the films are studied. In SOFC mode, the effects of increasing the open circuit voltage (OCV) (1.06–0.92 V at the temperatures of 650–750 °C) are demonstrated as a consequence of the formation of a Ba-rich phase caused by the diffusion from the NiO-BCS substrate during sintering, which blocks the electron leakage current in the main SDC electrolyte. At 1450 °C, complete densification of Co-modified SDC films on the NiO-SDC anode substrate does not occur. Therefore, the sintering properties are influenced by both the Ba diffusion and the sintering additives.

Characterization and simulation studies on the corrosion products of HR230 and 740 H alloys in CO2 with 7% H2O environment at 1000 ℃

The corrosion behavior of HR230 and 740 H alloys in CO2 with 7% H2O environment at 1000 ℃ were investigated. Some TiO2 oxides and Al2O3 internal oxides were observed on the surface and in the matrix of 740 alloy respectively, which caused the weight gain of 740 H alloy was higher than that of HR230 alloy. The chemical adsorption capacity of H2O molecules on the surfaces of both alloys was stronger than that of CO2 molecules. The H2O molecule preferentially reacted with both alloys to form a Cr2O3 oxide layer, while the delayed CO2 molecule caused the internal oxidation of Al.

Structural, compositional study, and thermal behavior of TiO2/Cr2O3/GO nanocomposite for methylene blue degradation

This study emphasizes the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation potential of mixed systems of TiO2, Cr2O3, and graphene oxide (GO) based nanocomposites (NCs). Structural and thermal studies for TiO2, Cr2O3, TiO2/GO, Cr2O3/GO, TiO2/Cr2O3, and TiO2/Cr2O3/GO compositions are executed. XRD, FTIR, and EDX confirm the lack of impurities within compositions. Additionally, the EDX, and FTIR results are agreeing with each other in highly oxygenated NC formation. Regarding the morphological study, TEM micro-graphing supports TNC formation owing to aggregation-growing inhibition that causes surface area widening and enhances dye removal potential. On the other hand, FESEM is agreeing with TEM that TNC shows a lowering in grains size and aggregations that TiO2, and Cr2O3 record 60, and 75 nm, respectively. This agreement with TEM, and FESEM in widening surface area and adding crystallinity defects raising which recommended the occurrence of chemical decontamination operation. The thermodynamic study reports almost equal values of enthalpy (ΔH) and activation energy (i.e. according to the CR model: 155.6, 147.7 KJ mole−1, respectively), this is explained by the presence of TNC in the condensed phase through the temperature scope (545–750 °C), besides its significant stability. Moreover, the EDX, and FTIR results are agreeing TiO2/Cr2O3NC shows intermediate thermal behavior between its pure ingredient, leaving 97.3 % as a residual. TNC total weight loss hits 9.2 %. This percentage is contributed to four stages, 1.3 % (30–300 °C/dehydration), 2.3 % (300–545 °C/structure rearrangement), 3.5 % (545–750 °C/GO reduction process & structure rearrangement), and 2.1 % (750–100 °C/GO reduction). The inorganic compositions show acceptable thermal stability for environmental usage. The stated NCs able to be recycled that TiO2/Cr2O3/GO shows a minor decline in MB degradation potential that decreases from 98.8 to 87.5 % after five cycles.