Tinospora Cordifolia Stem Research Articles

Functionalization of Tinospora cordifolia stem waste charcoal (FTCC) and its utilization for decontamination of water

Functionalization of Tinospora cordifolia stem waste charcoal (FTCC) and its utilization for decontamination of water

In vitro Biological Properties and in Silico Studies on Tinospora Cordifolia Stem Aqueous Extract

ABSTRACT Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as “Giloy” or “Guduchi,” is a medicinal plant with a rich history in traditional medicine systems. The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia stems has garnered attention due to its reported pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro biological properties of the aqueous extract and complement the findings with in silico studies to gain insights into potential molecular interactions. The Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract was subjected to a battery of in vitro assays to assess its biological properties. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using invitro assay. To complement the in vitro findings, in silico studies involving molecular docking analyses were conducted to predict potential interactions between the extract’s constituents and relevant biomolecular targets. The in vitro evaluation revealed significant anti-inflammatory activity of the Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract, as evidenced by its ability to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In silico studies provided insights into the molecular interactions between the extract’s bioactive constituents and key inflammatory and antioxidant targets, further supporting the observed biological properties. The combined in vitro biological assays and in silico studies offer a comprehensive assessment of the Tinospora cordifolia stem aqueous extract’s potential therapeutic properties. The demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities align with the traditional use of Tinospora cordifolia and suggest its potential in managing inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. The in silico insights provide a molecular understanding of the extract’s mode of action, strengthening the rationale for further investigation and development of natural products derived from Tinospora cordifolia for pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.

Phytochemical Analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) stem grown in Kanha Shanti Vanam Heartfulness Centre, Hyderabad and its Antioxidant properties

There is a need for scientific validation of the claim that wild species of medicinal plants are more potent than cultivated plants. Tinospora cordifolia is a prominent medicinal plant used for diverse pharmacological activities. Current study evaluates Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis, total flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant activity of T. cord folia’s stem extract collected from Kanha Shanti Vanam. Hyderabad. The stem powder was extracted by a method involving the usage of 96% of ethanol and evaporated by a rotary evaporator to obtain the extract. Physiochemical, microscopic, phytochemical analysis and fingerprinting were done by employing a CAMAG HPTLC. The spectroscopic approach was also used to estimate the flavonoid concentration in relation to quercetin. 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay has been used to assess the antioxidant potential of the plant. The findings confirm that methanolic extracts of T. cordifolia stem powder from the region showed higher secondary metabolites, and it also indicates that the methanolic extracts of the stem are a potential source of antioxidants which may be due to the presence of flavonoids in the extracts. The study also reveals the potency of standardised extracts of T. cordifolia growing at Kanha Shanti Vanam can be developed as an antioxidant herbal medicine.

Dynamicity and extractability of hydro-alcoholic solvents for Tinospora cordifolia stem: an investigation for target-oriented traditional drug discovery based on biologically active phytocompounds

Dynamicity and extractability of hydro-alcoholic solvents for Tinospora cordifolia stem: an investigation for target-oriented traditional drug discovery based on biologically active phytocompounds

An Evaluation of the Effects of the Herbal Supplements of Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) on the Liver Function Parameters of Magra lambs Living in the Extensive System in Western Rajasthan's Arid Zone

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of herbal feed additives amla (Emblica officinalis) and giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) on Liver Function Test parameters of Magra lambs in the extensive management system. The experiment was performed on twenty eight magra lambs of three to four months of age under the extensive system, which were randomly distributed into four experimental groups of seven lambs in each group in a randomized block design (RBD). Herbal feed additive amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder with seed and giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder were supplemented at level of 1.5g/kg body weight with concentrate as oral/feed supplemented in T1 and T2 group, respectively except control group (C) and T3 in extensive management system. Group T3 were supplemented with the combination of amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder and giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder at the level of 0.75g/kg body weight with concentrate as oral/feed. At the end of experiment it appears that supplementation of herbal feed additives amla and giloy do not effect liver activity during the experimental period. Therefore, it can be concluded that the experiment was safe and did not cause any damage to the liver.

Effect of Herbal Additives Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) on Carcass Traits of Magra Lambs in the Semi Intensive Management System under the Arid Zone of Western Rajasthan

Aim: It was the objective of this study to determine whether the highly nutritious herbal feed additives Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) impacted carcass traits of Magra lambs in the semi intensive system of management.
 Study and Design: The experiment involved 28 lean lambs between the ages of three and four months under a semi intensive system, distributed at random into four experimental groups of seven lambs each, according to the randomized block design.
 Place and Duration of Study: The campus is located at 236 meters above mean sea level in the heart of the Thar Desert at 28° 18' 0" N (28.3° N) latitude, 73° 30' 0" E (73.5° E) longitude and 28° 18' 0" N (28.3° N) latitude. The duration of experimental study was thirteen weeks.
 Methodology: In a semi-intensive management system, groups T1 and T2 received an oral/feed supplement consisting of 1.5g/kg body weight of Amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder with seed and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder, respectively, along with concentrate, excluding the control group and T3. Group T3 group received an oral/feed supplement comprising a combination of Amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit powder and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) stem powder at a dosage of 0.75g/kg body weight, along with concentrate.
 Results: At the end of experiment, no significant changes were found in carcass traits except hot and cold carcass weight though; they were within normal range.
 Conclusion: At the end of experiment it appears that incorporation of 1.5g/kg body weight Giloy stem powder can be used as a part of the strategy as it is effective to alleviate stress in lambs in the semi-intensive system of arid zone of Rajasthan.

Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles synthesized from Tinospora Cordifolia induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer.

Cancer chemotherapy remains a serious challenge, and new approaches to therapy are urgently needed to build novel treatment regimens. The methanol extract of the stem of Tinospora Cordifolia was used to synthesize biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) that display anticancer activities against colorectal cancer. Biogenic ZnO-NPs synthesized from methanol extract of Tinospora Cordifolia stem (ZnO-NPs TM) were tested against HCT-116 cell lines to assess anticancer activity. UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis characterized the biogenic ZnO-NPs. To see how well biogenic ZnO-NPs fight cancer, cytotoxicity, AO/EtBr staining, Annexin V/PI staining, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis, and caspase cascade activity analysis were performed to assess the anticancer efficacy of biogenic ZnO-NPs. The IC50 values of biogenic ZnO-NPs treated cells (HCT-116 and Caco-2) were 31.419 ± 0.682μg/ml and 36.675 ± 0.916μg/ml, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis showed that cells treated with biogenic ZnO-NPs Bax and P53 mRNA levels increased significantly (p ≤ 0.001). It showed to have impaired MMP and increased ROS generation. In a corollary, our in vivo study showed that biogenic ZnO-NPs have an anti-tumour effect. Biogenic ZnO-NPs TM showed both in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects that could be employed as anticancer drugs.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Copper-Zinc Alloy Nanoparticles Using Stem Extract of Tinospora cordifolia and Comparative Study of Anti-Microbial Properties

Bimetallic nanoparticles are prepared from the combination of two different metals in a certain ratio and are getting importance over monometallic nanoparticles due to their better properties. In this work, copper-zinc nanoparticles (Cu-Zn NPs) have been prepared by reducing the metal precursors using Tinospora cordifolia (Gurjo) stem extract as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. The physicochemical properties of bimetallic nanoparticles have been studied in terms of UV-vis spectra, XRD and FTIR. Biological activities of as-synthesized nanoparticles were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The Cu-Zn NPs exhibited remarkable antibacterial as well as antifungal activities compared to either nanoparticle alone. Based on the findings, it can be revealed that Cu-Zn NPs can serve as good antimicrobial agent.

A Study on Pharmacological Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Tinospora cordifolia Stem Ethanolic Extract

This study aimed to assess the diuretic effects of Tinospora cordifolia stem ethanolic extract in Swiss Albino Rats. The administration of the higher dose (200 mg/kg) of the ethanolic extract derived from the stem part of Tinospora cordifolia resulted in a significant increase in diuresis during the 6th hour, with a measured output of 1.93 + 1.21ml, compared to the control group (0.38+ 0.12 ml). This effect was also compared to the reference standard, furosemide, which produced an output of 2.45 + 1.12ml (p < 0.05). Similarly, the higher dose (400 mg/kg) of Tinospora cordifolia stem extract demonstrated significant diuretic activity (2.70 + 1.15 ml) compared to the control group (1.14 + 0.09 ml) (p < 0.05). The increase in urine output was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The study also analysed the impact of furosemide (10 mg/kg) and Tinospora cordifolia extracts at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg on the excretion of electrolytes (Na+ and K+) in the 6-hour urine samples. The pH of the urine samples following treatment with Tinospora cordifolia stem extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was measured to be 5.48 and 6.79, respectively. The results obtained in this study provide a quantitative basis for explaining the diuretic activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The extract displayed notable diuretic activity, thus supporting its traditional use as a diuretic in ethno-pharmacology. Further investigations, including phytochemical and pharmacodynamic studies, are necessary to identify the active constituents responsible for this activity and to understand the exact mechanism of the diuretic effect exhibited by the aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia.

Unveiling Various Facades of Tinospora cordifolia Stem in Food: Medicinal and Nutraceutical Aspects.

Natural products with curative properties are gaining immense popularity in scientific and food research, possessing no side effects in contrast to other drugs. Guduchi, or Tinospora cordifolia, belongs to the menispermaceae family of universal drugs used to treat various diseases in traditional Indian literature. It has received attention in recent decades because of its utilization in folklore medicine for treating several disorders. Lately, the findings of active phytoconstituents present in herbal plants and their pharmacological function in disease treatment and control have stimulated interest in plants around the world. Guduchi is ethnobotanically used for jaundice, diabetes, urinary problems, stomachaches, prolonged diarrhea, skin ailments, and dysentery. The treatment with Guduchi extracts was accredited to phytochemical constituents, which include glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, and diterpenoid lactones. This review places emphasis on providing in-depth information on the budding applications of herbal medicine in the advancement of functional foods and nutraceuticals to natural product researchers.

In-vitro nematicidal activity of selected medicinal plant extract against Meloidogyne incognita

Meloidogyne incognita is a widespread pathogen that parasitises vegetables and other crops, reducing yields worldwide. The present study evaluates the nematicidal properties of Aegle marmelos (leaves and fruit) and Tinospora cordifolia (stem) extracts against Meloidogyne incognita under in-vitro conditions. Second-stage juveniles (J2s) were treated with different concentrations (0.5%–8%) of the extracts and observations were taken after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. A significant finding unveils that A. marmelos (leaf) extract exhibited the highest mortality rate 86.48% at 8% concentration; followed by 82.74% in T. cordifolia (stem) extract and 67.04% in A. marmelos (fruit) extract at 4% concentration. These results underscore the diverse nematicidal activity within plant extracts, shedding light on the potential applications in various fields. Further research and field trials are still required to validate the practical applicability of these plant extracts, paving the way for environment-friendly nematode control in agriculture.

Optimization Rubbing Fastness in Lyocell and Silk Fabric Dyeing with Tinospora cordifolia using Box-Behnken Design and Citrus limon Extract with Potassium Aluminium Sulfate Mordants

The demand for environmentally friendly natural dyes has risen significantly. This study currently aims to assess the rub-fastness properties of silk and lyocell fabrics that have been dyed using Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts. This dyeing process involves the utilization of both Citrus limon and potassium aluminium sulfate as mordants. To achieve this objective, we have employed the Box-Behnken experimental research design for sample preparation. Our investigation delves into the influence of various processing factors, encompassing dye concentration, time duration, and temperature, on the rubbing fastness attributes of lyocell and silk fabrics treated with Citrus limon extract and alum mordant. The dye, sourced through an aqueous extraction method from Tinospora cordifolia stems, is subsequently employed in dyeing silk and lyocell fabrics, followed by mordanting using the meta-mordanting technique. The assessment of rubbing fastness quality is conducted using the standard test method AATCC 8 for both fabric types. Our experimental findings unveil a notable similarity in rubbing properties between lyocell and silk fabrics dyed with Citrus limon and those treated with potassium aluminium sulfate mordant. Intriguingly, fabric samples treated with Citrus limon mordants exhibit marginally enhanced rubbing (2 to 3 G to 5 G) results when juxtaposed with their counterparts treated with potassium aluminium sulfate mordant. Throughout the experimental course, it becomes evident that both temperature (35 °C, 50 °C, 65 °C) and time (40, 55 and 70 min) exert a significant influence on the wet and dry rubbing fastness characteristics of both silk and lyocell fabrics. Notably, as dyeing time and temperature increase, there is a corresponding rise in fabric dye uptake.

Parameter processes and their impact on Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts for antibacterial and antioxidant materials

This work extracted the Tinospora cordifolia stem for antibacterial and antioxidant materials. The stems of T. cordifolia were extracted by using a simple maceration method. The effect of three independent variables (solvent ratios, temperature, and extraction time) was investigated to obtain optimal conditions. Ten grams of T. cordifolia were extracted using a mixture of methanol–water ratios 00:100, 15:85, 30:70, and 45:55 (% v/v) at 50–95 °C for 0.5 to 3 h. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the T. cordifolia extracts was analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu and Colorimetric-AlCl3 methods. The antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were assessed by serial dilution methods, and antioxidant properties were performed by DPPH methods. The optimum condition was achieved at methanol–water ratios of 00:100 % (v/v) at 95 °C for 2 h. The yield extraction for this condition is around 13.97%. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents for these conditions are about 6.85% and 7.07%, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration value against P. aeruginosa is 1024 µg/mL, and the minimum bacterial concentration is above 2048 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the antioxidant obtained is 217.55 µg/mL at a ratio of 00:100 methanol–water. The extraction process parameters significantly influenced the phytochemical (TPC and TFC), antibacterial activity, and antioxidant properties of T. cordifolia stem extracts. This work clearly shows the antibacterial potential of T. cordifolia stem extracts, suggesting that more investigation is required to isolate the bioactive compounds in this extract.

In Vitro Study on Spermicidal Action of Hydro-methanol Extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Stem in Rat and Human Sperm: a Comparative Analysis.

Human fertility regulation is a major way to control overpopulation. In this perspective, this study emphasized the in vitro effect of hydro-methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCHME) stem for spermicidal and reproductive hypo-functions using human and rat samples. Control, 0.5-, 1-, and 2-mg TCHME-charged groups were considered to assess the relevant parameters. Levels of spermiological parameters like sperm motility, viability, the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane, and nuclear chromatin decondensation were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the dose- and duration-dependent TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of TCHME on motile human and rat sperms were 0.8 and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively. Testicular androgenic key enzymes and antioxidant enzymes (human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rat)' activities were significantly diminished (p < 0.05), while antioxidant enzymes' activities were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in renal and insignificantly (p > 0.05) elevated in hepatic tissues of rat in TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. Significant elevation (p < 0.05) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)' level in human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rats and significant diminution (p < 0.05) in TBARS levels of liver and kidney were observed in TCHME-charged groups. It focused that TCHME is more potent for stress imposition on reproductive tissues and sperm compared to the other tested tissues. Non-significant alterations (p > 0.05) in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the said organs of rat indicated its non-toxic effect. It highlighted that TCHME possesses spermicidal and reproductive tissue-specific effects which strengthen the possibilities of male contraceptive development from it.

Corrosion Inhibition of Copper Metal by Ethanolic Extract of Tinospora Cordifolia Plant in Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acids of varying Strength (0.5 N to 3N) using Additives

Abstract: Using typical weight loss and thermometric techniques, the inhibitory impact of Tinospora cordifolia stem and leaf extract on copper corrosion in H2SO4 and HCl solutions of varying strength( 0.5N,1N,2N,3N) was investigated. The outcomes demonstrated that extracts worked as outstanding and effective inhibitors in acidic conditions, both in the absence and addition of additives. In an acidic environment, Tinospora cordifolia stem extract outperformed leaves extract in terms of inhibitory efficiency.The maximal inhibitory efficiency for stem extract at maximum inhibitor concentrations of 0.8% was 96.54% and 99.19% in 0.5 N H2SO4 and 95.26% &amp; 97.78% in 0.5 N HCl, respectively, in the absence and presence of additives (KI &amp; K2SO4). Similar to this, the effectiveness of the leaf extract's inhibition was 95.37% and 97.84% in 0.5 N H2SO4 and 94.15% and 96.92% in 0.5 N HCl, at a maximum inhibitor concentration of 0.8% in the absence and addition, respectively, of additives (KI &amp; K2SO4). Based on the findings, stem extract suppresses H2SO4 and HCl more potently than leaf extract.Surface coverage (θ) grows as inhibitor concentration rises (from 0.2% to 0.8%).The values of log(θ/(1-θ) increase linearly as inhibitor concentration rises,it has been demonstrated that ,the inhibitor's adsorption on the copper surface in the acid solutions followed Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The current investigation discovered that the inhibitors (stem and leaf) were more effective at inhibiting the metal copper in H2SO4 and HCl acid solutions when an additive (KI and K2SO4) was present than when the inhibitors (stem and leaf) were present alone. Synergistic effects are to blame for this. The combined action of the two chemicals is more potent on a metal surface than the combined actions of the two chemicals acting separately or concurrently.

Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds from Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts as antibacterial materials in seawater environments

The Tinospora genus is widely utilized because of its numerous bioactive compounds. This work aimed to isolate the bioactive constituents and antibacterial activities of the T. cordifolia plant. Maceration, column chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography plates were utilized to identify and visualize the extracted and isolated compounds. Total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts and active fractions were also analysed. Substances were identified through their molecular structure and molecular mass. The names, molecular weights, and structures of the components of the test materials were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, and HMBC). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 3294, 156, and 32 µg/mL for the crude extract, active fraction, and isolate of T. cordifolia, respectively. The total phenol active fraction was 38.44 mg GAE/g, while the total flavonoid content was 79.46 mg QE/g. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine or Moupinamide, a phenol group compound with a molecular ion weight of 314 m/z (M + H)+, was successfully isolated as the bioactive compound. The moupinamide isolate may be responsible for the antibacterial activity of T. cordifolia in this work. Our findings indicate that the bioactive isolate from T. cordifolia is a potential source of green material and exhibits the potential to inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm, which is responsible for microbial corrosion.

Evaluation of anti-atherosclerotic potential of Tinospora cordifolia in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis with associated changes in histological and biochemical parameters on Wistar rats

BackgroundAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Atherosclerosis starts with fatty streak which is an accumulation of lipid-laden foam cells in the intimal layer of the artery. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of vascular disease globally. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem possesses hypolipidemic and thrombolytic activity that might be effective in Atherosclerosis. Hence the present study is to determine the anti-atherosclerotic effect of ethyl acetate fraction of stem of Tinospora cordifolia (EATC) in the high-fat diet-induced atherosclerotic model on Wistar rats. Atherosclerosis was induced in male Wistar rats by high-fat diet (cholesterol, cholic acid, Propylthiouracil and salad oil) for 60 days. After completion of induction oral administration of EATC (100, 200 mg/kg) and Atorvastatin (10 mg/ kg) were given to animals for next 20 days. The success of the model was determined by histological and biochemical parameters at 80 days.ResultsEATC was able to significant decreased the raised serum level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, Low Density Lipoprotein, V Low Density Lipoprotein and significant increased the serum High Density Lipoprotein level as compared to the diseased control group. EATC exhibited less damage to the endothelial lining of the aorta and showed significant protective effect by lowering the deposition of cholesterol thereby increasing the lumen size compared to the diseased control group.ConclusionThe present study reveals that Tinospora cordifolia could be a potential source of drug in treatment of Atherosclerosis.

Study of Corrosion Inhibitory Effects of Alcoholic Extracts of &lt;i&gt;Tinospora Cordifolia&lt;/i&gt; on Metal Tin in Acidic Media HCl with and without Additive (KCl)

The corrosion inhibitory efficiency of Tinospora Cordifolia stem and leaf extract in different concentrations of HCl acid (0.5, 1, 2, and 3N) was examined using weight loss and thermometric methods in the absence and presence of an additive (KCl). According to the findings of this investigation, inhibition efficiency (ɳ%) rises with increasing inhibitor concentration as well as acid strength, and additional improvement in inhibition efficiency was found with the addition of additives (KCl) owing to a synergistic effect. According to the findings, stem extract is a better corrosion inhibitor than leaf extract. The maximum inhibition efficiency was observed for stem and leaf extracts (95.76 and 92.47 %) at their maximum concentrations (0.8 %) in the absence of an additive in the maximum strength of HCl acid (3N), while it was observed at 98.58 and 95.29 % in the presence of additive (3N KCl) of maximum strength.

Preparation, characterization, and safety assessment of statistical optimized probiotic supplemented herbal wine from Tinospora cordifolia.

Evidently proven medicinal benefits of Tinospora cordifolia and the growing demand of functional foods have created scientific interest in the functional beverage. Therefore, an attempt was made to prepare probiotic Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GSSK2 supplemented herbal wine having the benefits of both phytochemical and probiotic. Experimentally, fermentation of Tinospora cordifolia stem was found to be the most effective with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, isoleucine, and thiamine that yielded maximum ethanol (6.8 to 10%), total phenol (419 to 791.5µg/ml), and antioxidants capacity (98.2 to 160.4µmol/ml) after optimizing physical parameters, i.e., 20° Brix total soluble solid, pH 4.5, temperature 30°C, and 10% (v/v) inoculum. Further, prepared herbal wine was supplemented separately with seven different probiotic strains and among these Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GSSK2 had the highest 88.6% survival rate compared with other probiotics and was safe showing 100% survivability of HEK-293 and THP-1 cells. Both herbal- and probiotic-supplemented herbal wine showed the antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as probiotic-supplemented herbal wine had 19-21mm inhibition zone compared with 18-19mm with herbal wine. LC-MS analysis of the probiotic-supplemented herbal wine revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactone, glycoside, steroids having anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential. This is the first ever such study to demonstrate the antibacterial, antioxidant potential and safety of probiotic supplemented herbal wine in vitro.

Evaluation of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles from Tinospora cordifolia stem extract for photocatalytic, anti-microbial, and antifungal activities

Due to industrial effluent (textile, paper, leather, etc.), dye is unfavorably prevalent in water bodies. This is a major source of contamination that must be eliminated since it poses a substantial harm to the ecology. Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) stem extract has the potential to be used in the ecologically sound and non-toxic biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications and wastewater remediation. These NPs have a hexagonal phase with a wurtzite structure, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments. At 3.55, 3.56, and 3.67 eV, the optical band gap was shown to exist. Images taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that there are flower-shaped and agglomerated nanoparticles. Under UV light, the photocatalytic effectiveness of biosynthesized ZnO NPs was evaluated for the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation process. Following a first order kinetic model, 99% of the dye was broken down in 180 min. The created ZnO NPs can therefore be employed as photocatalysts for the breakdown of dye in wastewater. Additionally, the green approach's stabilised NPs from the stem of the (T. cordifolia) plant may be effective against the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The lowest observed MIC and MBC values for S. aureus and E. coli were 10.45 μg/mL, 93.57 μg/mL and 20.24 μg/mL, 121.02 μg/mL respectively. Additionally, ZnO NPs have demonstrated outstanding antifungal efficacy. When the fungicidal % inhibition was evaluated on the R. nectrarix and F. oxysporum clinical strains, inhibition zones of 51 mm by 1.00 mm and 34 mm by 0.57 mm, respectively, were found.