Tin Source Research Articles

Synthesis of novel Sn1-xZnxO-chitosan nanocomposites: Structural, morphological and luminescence properties and investigation of antibacterial properties

In recent times, metal oxide-organic nanocomposites have received great attention because of their feasibility to wide range applications such as super capacitors, antibacterial activity, biomedical sensors, battery applications and microfluidic devices. In this work, zinc oxide-chitosan (ZnO-CS) and their novel tin zinc oxide-chitosan (Sn1-xZnxO-CS) hybrid nanocomposites successfully synthesized by a simple one-pot sol-gel reaction. The equal metal oxide ratio such as 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (W/V) for zinc and tin sources with constant weight of chitosan were used to prepare the Sn1-xZnxO-CS nanocomposites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results proved the formation of Sn1-xZnxO-CS nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction patterns discovered the mixed phase polycrystalline nature of Sn1-xZnxO-CS nanocomposites. Optical and luminescence properties were extensively studied for nanocomposites by UV–Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy, respectively. The surface modification elaborately discussed with scanning electron microscope images due to incorporation of SnOx with ZnO-CS matrix. The antibacterial properties of Sn1-xZnxO-CS were tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi and Klebseilla Pneumoniae bacterial species.

Novel SnSb2S4 Thin Films Obtained by Chemical Bath Deposition using Tartaric Acid as Complexing Agent for Their Application as Absorber in Solar Cells

Ternary Sn-Sb-S thin films with remarkable optical, electrical and structural properties were developed by chemical bath deposition. Tin and antimony chlorides and thioacetamide were used as tin, antimony, and sulfur ion sources, respectively, while tartaric acid was used as a complexing agent. XRD analysis of as-deposited films showed a combination of binary phases of SnS, Sn2S3, and Sb2S3, while after thermal treatment in nitrogen at 400 °C, the films became crystalline showing well-defined reflections of the ternary SnSb2S4. The heating also influenced the morphology, compactness, and thickness of the films. On the other hand, all the films showed an absorption coefficient higher than 104 cm-1, while the optical band gap of the as-deposited film decreased from 1.49 to 1.37 eV after heating at 400 °C. In addition, the photoconductivity of the films prior to heating was of 10-9 Ω-1 cm-1, while after that at 400 °C was of 10-7 Ω-1 cm-1. The evaluation of the ternary film in solar cells gave an open-circuit voltage Voc of 448 mV and short-circuit current density of Jsc of 2.4 mA/cm2.

Hydrothermal synthesis of mesoporous SnO2 as a stabilized anode material of lithium-ion batteries

As an alternative high-capacity anode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), tin oxide (SnO2) is still puzzled by its low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and rapid capacity decay. In this study, the mesoporous SnO2 nanomaterials with stabilized lithium storage performances are synthesized by a hydrothermal method mediated glucose as a soft-template and following calcination under air. The influence of different tin sources and resultant microstructure on the performances of SnO2 are systematically characterized. The as-prepared SnO2 using SnCl4·5H2O as tin source (denoted as SnO2-1) delivers an initial discharge/charge capacity of 1790/980 mAh g−1 and keeps at 899/880 mAh g−1 with CE of 98% until the 50th cycle at 0.1 A g−1. It delivers an initial discharge/charge capacity of 1444/819 mAh g−1 and retains the capacity of 470 mAh g−1 until 100 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 and 320 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1 in the rate performance measurements, whereas the reference SnO2 (denoted as SnO2-2) synthesized using Na2SnO3·2H2O as tin source exhibits an undesirable electrochemical performance. The super capacity stability and rate capability of SnO2-1 is ascribed to the mesoporous structure, tiny crystal size, larger mesopore volume, and larger specific surface area. The results show an important insight and evidence to improve lithium storage performance of metal oxide anodes, and the hydrothermal mediated glucose as soft-template method supplies a promising pathway to synthesize the stabilized SnO2 anodes of LIBs.

Isotope systematics and chemical composition of tin ingots from Mochlos (Crete) and other Late Bronze Age sites in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: An ultimate key to tin provenance?

The origin of the tin used for the production of bronze in the Eurasian Bronze Age is still one of the mysteries in prehistoric archaeology. In the past, numerous studies were carried out on archaeological bronze and tin objects with the aim of determining the sources of tin, but all failed to find suitable fingerprints. In this paper we investigate a set of 27 tin ingots from well-known sites in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Mochlos, Uluburun, Hishuley Carmel, Kfar Samir south, Haifa) that had been the subject of previous archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. By using a combined approach of tin and lead isotopes together with trace elements it is possible to narrow down the potential sources of tin for the first time. The strongly radiogenic composition of lead in the tin ingots from Israel allows the calculation of a geological model age of the parental tin ores of 291 ± 17 Ma. This theoretical formation age excludes Anatolian, central Asian and Egyptian tin deposits as tin sources since they formed either much earlier or later. On the other hand, European tin deposits of the Variscan orogeny agree well with this time span so that an origin from European deposits is suggested. With the help of the tin isotope composition and the trace elements of the objects it is further possible to exclude many tin resources from the European continent and, considering the current state of knowledge and the available data, to conclude that Cornish tin mines are the most likely suppliers for the 13th–12th centuries tin ingots from Israel. Even though a different provenance seems to be suggested for the tin from Mochlos and Uluburun by the actual data, these findings are of great importance for the archaeological interpretation of the trade routes and the circulation of tin during the Late Bronze Age. They demonstrate that the trade networks between the eastern Mediterranean and some place in the east that are assumed for the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE (as indicated by textual evidence from Kültepe/Kaneš and Mari) did not exist in the same way towards the last quarter of the millennium.

Photoelectric properties of SnO2 decorated by graphene quantum dots

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal cutting method, and SnO2/GQDs composites were prepared by a one-step solvothermal method with SnCl4·5H2O as a tin source. GQDs presented a size of 10 nm and a topographic height of 1 nm, indicating that GQDs are roughly 2–3 graphene layers. The interplanar spacing of 0.24 nm and 0.34 nm corresponded to the crystal plane of GQDs (1120) and (002), respectively. Owing to the electrostatic interaction, the incorporation of positive SnO2 with negative GQDs results in the zeta potential decreased from 7.08 mV to −2.22 mV. The photoelectric properties of SnO2/GQDs composites were investigated. When the ratio of GQDs reached 0.30 wt%, the photocurrent value of SnO2/GQDs composites achieved a maximum of 3.008 × 10−4A/cm2 and the corresponding interface contact impedance reached a minimum.

Self-doped SnO2:F synthesis by aerosol-spray deposition technique and their application in relative humidity sensor devices

Fluorine-doped tin-oxide (SnO2:F) thin films were prepared by aerosol-spray deposition technique on soda lime glass substrate by one-step deposition process. Tin (II) fluoride (SnF2) was used as source of tin (Sn) and doping element fluorine (F), to synthesis a self-doped transparent conducting electrode. The doping concentration of the thin films was controlled by varying deposition temperature and the molar concentration of the SnF2 solution. Electrical resistivity of the samples was measured by Van Der Pauw method and the mobility was calculated by Hall measurement technique. SnO2:F thin films grown under optimum condition showed 1.2 × 10−4 Ω-cm resistivity and 6.5 × 1020/cm3 carrier concentration. Surface-free energy of the deposited thin films was calculated from the measurement of contact angle for three different probe liquids using the Wendt theory. Sample grown at optimum condition showed the lowest surface-free energy of 63.55 mJ/m2 with dominating polar component. Reduced graphene oxide was used to produce a resistive humidity-sensing device to study the effectiveness of FTO thin film as back electrode. Maximum of 18.27% responsivity was observed for the relative humidity of 90% along with the sensitivity of 1.16 Ω/% RH.

Kebijakan pengelolaan ekosistem laut akibat pertambangan timah di Provinsi Bangka Belitung

Bangka Regency is one of the regions that has the potential of natural resources with abundant tin mineral content. Initially tin mining was mostly carried out on the land, but with the development of the times and depletion of tin sources on the ground began to shift towards the sea. Environmental problems arising from marine mining are increasing, which is exacerbating damage to marine ecosystems, damaged coral reefs, and a decline in fishing production with this decreasing fishermen's income. This study aims to determine the policies of the Bangka Regency Government in the management of marine ecosystems and to know the impact of damage to marine ecosystems due to tin mining. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach method aims to describe the phenomena that occur at this time. The results of this study describe the contents of the marine mining policy as regulated No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management which aims to ensure the survival of living things and the preservation of ecosystems; Policy benefits; Management of Sea Water Pollution Control which includes: Environmental management objectives, Management Location, Time of Management and Implementers of Management and Management of B3 Waste; and Sea Water Quality Measurement Results. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/pjiap.v4i1.2539

The microstructure of Nb3Sn superconductors differing in the number of copper inserts at various stages of heat treatment

Superconducting materials with a high critical current density in magnetic fields up to 16 T at a temperature of 4.2 K are required to create magnetic systems of high-energy physics devices. We have studied the change of the microstructure of model samples of various designs with an internal tin source, differing in the number of copper separators (three, six and without them) at different stages of heat treatment. The formation of the following intermediate phases was studied: Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5 and triple Cu-Sn-Nb phase after annealing at 370°C/100 h, by the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of the Nb6Sn5 phase on Nb filaments located close to the tin source and copper separators was studied after heat treatment at a temperature of 665°C from 10 minutes to 25 hours. The results of the analysis led us to understand the kinetics of the Nb3Sn and Nb6Sn5 formation in internal tin superconductors with an increased current-carrying capacity and a low level of hysteresis losses.

Ultrafine SnO2 aggregates in interior of porous carbon nanotubes as high-performance anode materials of lithium-ion batteries

As a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries, tin oxide (SnO2) suffers from the pulverization lead by the volume expansion during electrochemical redox. Herein, ultrafine SnO2 nanoparticle aggregates have been successfully impregnated in the interior of porous carbon nanotubes (pCNT) via a simple vacuum-immersion of SnCl4 solution to pCNT powder followed by a vapor-induced hydrolysis. The ultrafine feature of the nano-SnO2 aggregates shortens the diffusion pathways of Li+, and more importantly, significantly reduces the strains during lithiation/delithiation; while pCNT could not only buffer the volume expansion but endow more favorable Li+ transportation kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. In addition, the mesopores on the wall of carbon nanotubes can not only facilitate the introduction of tin source in the process of material preparation, but also accelerate the diffusion of electrolyte in composite materials. As a consequence, the SnO2@pCNT composite delivers excellent cyclic stability and superior rate capability. Specifically, a discharge capacity of 968 mA h g−1 can be achieved after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1; in particular, at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1, the capacity could reach as high as 890 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles. Our results provide a highly scalable preparation scheme for fabrication of SnO2-based anode materials, which may be very referential to develop metal oxide-based lithium-storage electrode materials.

Tin isotope ratios in Early and Middle Bronze Age bronzes from central and southeastern Europe

The paper presents the results of two case studies. A first sample set includes tin isotopic compositions of 15 bronzes from three large hoards of the Early Bronze Age Únětice Culture in Central Germany. A major research question was, whether local tin from the Saxon-Bohemian Ore Mountains or from different sources was used to produce the artefacts. The tin isotope composition in the bronzes of these comparably early hoards of the classical phase of the Únětice Culture shows a small variation. The second sample set comprises 16 isotopically investigated objects from Romania and Hungary, belonging to hoards and settlements. In addition, the tin isotopic compositions of a dagger and an axe from Crete were examined. Considering the large geographical distance between the finds a major research question was, whether the tin isotope composition of central and southeastern European bronzes differ, and whether the isotopic compositions of the Aegean bronzes differ from those of the Carpathian Basin. Generally, it can be said that the tin isotope composition in this second sample set show a slightly larger variation than observed in the bronzes of the Únětice Culture. The Cretan objects show 124/120Sn isotope compositions, which are higher than the southeastern as well as the central European samples. This suggests that different tin sources might have been used to manufacture the bronzes. The paper discusses the variation of the tin isotope compositions and their bearing on the debate about tin trade in Europe.

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on photoelectric properties of high-transmittance FTO films prepared by spray pyrolysis

The FTO film prepared by spray pyrolysis has low efficiency and most of the precursors are discharged in the form of waste steam. According to the high oxidation property of H2O2, it is attempted to improve the film formation rate by changing the concentration of H2O2. Fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) thin films with high transmittance were prepared by spray pyrolysis using monobutyltin trichloride as the tin source and ammonium fluoride as the fluorine source. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0–0.08 M) are added to the precursor solution. In this paper, we studied the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the structure, surface morphology and photoelectric properties of FTO thin films. The results show that the growth rate of the FTO films increased from 6.04 nm/s to 8.36 nm/s with the increase of H2O2 concentration from 0 to 0.08 M. The optimum preparation process is H2O2 concentration controlled at 0.04 M, and FTO thin films suitable for solar cells are prepared. It has excellent performance parameters; carrier concentration:2.74 ∗ 1021 cm−3; carrier mobility:55.92 cm2 V−1 s−1; photoelectric quality factor:2.66 × 10−3·Ω−1and the average transmittance of visible light: 79.87%. At the same time, increasing H2O2 concentration leads to narrowing of optical band gap. Adding appropriate hydrogen peroxide concentration can improve the film production rate and obtain excellent quality films.

Atomic layer deposition of ultrathin indium oxide and indium tin oxide films using a trimethylindium, tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin, and ozone precursor system

Indium oxide (IO) and indium tin oxide (ITO) are widely used in optoelectronics applications as a high quality transparent conducting oxide layer. A potential application of these coatings is for enhancing the electrical properties of spacecraft thermal radiator coatings, where dissipating built-up static charge is crucial. In this work, the authors investigated the thickness-dependent electrical and optical properties of IO thin films synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with the aim of finding the optimum condition for coating radiator pigments. Trimethylindium and ozone were used as precursors for IO, while a tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin(IV) source was used for Sn doping to produce ITO. As-deposited IO films prepared at 140 °C resulted in a growth per cycle of 0.46 Å/cycle and film resistivity as low as 1.4×10−3 Ω cm. For the case of ITO thin films, an ALD process supercycle consisting of 1 Sn + 19 In cycles is shown to provide the optimum level of Sn doping corresponding to 10 wt. % widely reported in the literature.

Surfactant-assisted synthesis of a novel macroporous tin organophosphonate with mesoporous walls

A novel hierarchically mesoporous–macroporous tin organophosphonate with intra-framework organic groups is successfully fabricated through a facile hydrothermal route with SnCl4·5H2O as tin source and diethylene triamine pentakis(methylphosphonic acid) as organophosphorus source in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the templating agent. The as-prepared hybrid had macroporous structures with the pore size in the range of 0.6–2.1 μm and a specific surface area of 170 m2/g. Besides, the pore walls had particle-aggregated mesoporous substructures, consisting of amorphous tin organophosphonates, as characterized by SEM, TEM and N2 adsorption analysis and wide- and low-angle X-ray diffraction. FT-IR and NMR results indicated the integrity of the organophosphonate groups into the hybrid solid. It was found that the surfactant CTAB played an important role in obtaining macropores, and a possible formation route was proposed.

SnO2 nanosheets/graphite oxide/g-C3N4 composite as enhanced performance anode material for lithium ion batteries

SnO2/graphite oxide/g-C3N4 composite was synthesized by hydrothermally growing SnO2 nanosheets on graphite oxide/g-C3N4 using tin dichloride and mercapto acetic acid as tin source and structure-directing agent for SnO2 nanosheets, respectively. For comparison, SnO2/graphite oxide and SnO2/g-C3N4 composites were prepared with the same procedure except different supports. The obtained composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis and electrochemical properties. The results show that the SnO2/graphite oxide/g-C3N4 composite with the graphite oxide/g-C3N4 support enhanced reversible capacity and cycling performance for lithium storage.

Synthesis and properties of SnO2 aerogels via ambient pressure drying of sol–gel

Abstract

Effect of sodium stannate on low temperature electroless Ni − Sn − P deposition and the study of its mechanism

In this study, the ternary Ni − Sn − P alloy coatings were prepared on the copper substrate by electroless deposition at a relatively low temperature of 50 °C with a relatively high deposition rate of 9.0 μm·h−1 from a neutral solution by using sodium stannate (Na2SnO3) as the tin source. The coating consisted of 96.02% Ni, 2.82% P, and 1.16% Sn. The effects of Na2SnO3 and other deposition parameters on the deposition rate were investigated. Electrochemical experiments were also carried out to reveal the mechanism of Na2SnO3 influencing the Ni − Sn − P deposition procedure. It was found Na2SnO3 inhibited the anodic oxidation of hypophosphite and accelerated the cathodic reduction of Ni2+ simultaneously. Furthermore, the activation energy of Ni − Sn − P deposition process was estimated to be 42.6 kJ·mol−1. The Ni − Sn − P alloy coating exhibited smoother surface and improved corrosion resistance compared with Ni − P coating.

Template-free synthesis of high-yield phosphonated tin oxides with high specific surface area

High-yield porous phosphonated tin oxides (SnEDTMP) were successfully synthesized through a facile hydrothermal route with SnCl4·5H2O as tin source, ethylene diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP) as the organophosphorus and NaOH as the pH regulator. Without any additive template during synthetic process, the obtained product had a high specific surface area of 377 m2/g, which was considered to stem from the aggregation of nanoparticles resulting in sufficient void spaces. It was found that the order of NaOH added during synthetic process could effectively dominate the aggregation of nanoparticles such to form tight or loose accumulation, which was the key to successful preparation of high-specific-surface-area phosphonated tin oxides.

Molten salt synthesis of oxygen-deficient SnO2 crystals with enhanced electrical conductivity

Spiky polycrystalline SnO2 balls assembled from pyramid-shaped SnO2 nanocrystals with surface oxygen vacancies were synthesized by a simple and facile in-situ molten salt oxidation method using SnCl2 as the tin source and graphite as the surface reductant. In this method, perfect SnO2 nanocrystals are first formed on the surface of graphite particles at 500 °C. By increasing the processing temperature to 700 °C, the formation of surface oxygen vacancy defects was confirmed, supported by various characterisation methods including Raman and XPS spectroscopy. A sharp increase in the bulk electrical conductivity of the samples was detected by exceeding the onset temperature corresponding to the formation of oxygen deficient SnO2 crystals, at which the conductivity of the sample significantly outperformed that of commercial SnO2 nanoparticles. The formation of oxygen vacancies on SnO2 crystals is thermodynamically studied, and suggested to occur by surface carbon reduction of the crystals at sufficiently high temperatures. The enhanced electrical conductivity of oxygen deficient SnO2 crystals can lead to a wider application of tin oxides in advanced electrical applications.

Improving Performance of Lead‐Free Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite Solar Cells by Tin Source Purification

Lead (Pb)‐free tin (Sn)‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been recognized as one of the solutions to the toxicity of Pb and drawn considerable attention. However, Sn4+ caused by oxidation or incomplete reduction during synthesis severely deteriorates the device performance. Herein, the authors firstly reveal that the addition of Sn powder into the FASnI3 (FANH2CHNH2+) precursor solution prepared from SnI2 with 99% purity leads to great improvement of the device performance with a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.75%, which is, to the best of their knowledge, the highest efficiency among those of the FASnI3‐based PSCs with SnF2 as the only additive, comparable to and even higher than the device fabricated from SnI2 with a high purity of 99.999%.

Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene over NiW/(SnAlPO4-5+Al2O3) catalyst, the tuning effect of SnAlPO4-5 to the desulfurization reaction pathway

SnAlPO4-5 molecular sieves were hydrothermally synthesized using SnCl2·2H2O as the tin source, and were verified that divalent tin was incorporated into the framework by isomorphous substitution of trivalent aluminum, and increasing the numbers of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites relative to those in AlPO4-5. The molecular sieves were used to fabricate hybrid supports with alumina and then were loaded with active metals to obtain NiW catalysts. The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) were evaluated for the catalytic activity of the catalysts. Because of the higher number of weak acid sites, much greater average number of slab layers and higher dispersion of WS2, the HDS rate of DBT at 280 °C is improved from 49.6% for the NiW/(AlPO4-5+Al2O3) catalyst to 82.2% for the NiW/(Sn0.12AlPO4-5+Al2O3) catalyst. Moreover, the highly active NiW/(Sn0.12AlPO4-5+Al2O3) catalyst obviously increases the product of the direct desulfurization route in the DBT HDS, which is beneficial for reducing hydrogen consumption in the industrial applications.