Tin Solution Research Articles

Solidification behavior of Sn crystals − Under different temperature gradients

Lead-free solder alloys typically comprise β-Sn, known for its anisotropy. Our experiments revealed that under standard solidification conditions （Room temperature cooling）, characterized by an angular distribution spanning 20–60°, β-Sn crystals exhibited minimal nucleation and lacked a distinct optimal orientation. However, when a temperature gradient of 295 K/cm was applied during the solidification of β-Sn crystals, a conspicuous selective orientation emerged. This orientation favored the growth along the [110] grain axis. However, with the further increase in temperature gradient, a significant transition occurs in the growth mechanism of Sn crystals: multiple nucleation centers emerge, leading to dendritic crystal growth. With the further increase in temperature gradient, a significant transformation occurs in the growth mechanism of Sn crystals: multiple-nucleation centers emerge, leading to dendritic crystal growth, and subsequently transitioning towards equiaxed growth. Consequently, the expansion of the temperature gradient results in an increase in undercooling, triggering a series of changes in crystal growth patterns: the solidification front transitions from planar to dendritic growth and further to equiaxed growth. This is because, with the increasing prominence of undercooling, the transport of solutes from the tin solution to the tin melt diminishes. The atomic saturation in the tin melt decreases, causing a decline in the grain growth rate and promoting the formation of equiaxed crystals.

Optimal Regime for Growth of Epitaxial Germanium Layers from the Liquid Phase Based on Thermodynamic Calculations

Thermodynamic calculations were performed to determine the optimal conditions for the growth of germanium epitaxial layers from a Ge-Sn solution (system) to a germanium substrate. The determination of the optimal conditions was based on the change in the Gibbs energy values of the system during the crystallization process and the size of the crystal-forming nanoclusters. Based on the results obtained, we determined the optimal conditions for obtaining low-dislocation, crystalline perfect germanium epitaxial layers from a liquid tin solution, and recommended starting the crystallization process at 923 K and finishing at 800 K. When the temperature drops below 800 K, the formation of Ge1-xSnx epitaxial layers from the Ge-Sn solution was observed.

Thermodynamic determination of optimal conditions for growing Si1-xGex crystals from a tin solution on a silicon substrate

Thermodynamic calculations have been carried out for growing crystalline Si1-xGex solid solution epitaxial films on Si<100> and Si<111> substrates from a tin solution-melt by liquid-phase epitaxy. Nanoclusters are thought to be involved in crystal growth. To determine the optimal conditions for obtaining a Si1-xGex crystal from a Si-Ge-Sn solution system, we focused on the change in Gibbs energy and the size of the nanoclusters involved in crystal formation. On this basis, a film with a thickness of 5 µm to 8 µm was experimentally obtained in the temperature range from Тc.s.=1135 K (crystallization start temperature) to Тc.t.=1023 K (crystallization termination temperature). It was also possible to reduce the dislocation density at the substrate-film boundary (up to 3 ´ 104 cm-2) and along the growth direction (film surfaces up to 8 ´ 103 cm-2). A method of thermodynamic prediction for obtaining semiconductor structures has been developed.

Improved tribological properties, cyto-biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory ability of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy through surface texturing and nitriding

Surface texture and nitride coating have been proved as effective ways to improve the tribological properties of biomedical titanium alloys. However, the influence of surface texture and nitride coating on cells behavior, especially on the polarization of macrophages, was rarely reported. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V parts with designed rhombus surface texture were successfully prepared by selective laser melting process. Followed by post heating treatment in N2, uniform and dense nitride coatings on the textured surfaces consisted of TiN, Ti2N, TiN0.9 and N-containing solid solution with a thickness of ~5 μm were generated. The combination of surface texture and nitride coating reduced the frictional coefficient from 0.343 to 0.166, and significantly improved the wear resistance of the substrate. The nitride coating promoted the adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells in the early stages (1 d and 3 d). Textured surfaces provided larger area for cells growth that encouraged the cell adhesion and early spread. The significant increasing of the expression of Arg-1 and the ratio of CD206 positive cells (M2 phenotype) comparing with the uncoated group indicated that the nitride coating promoted the macrophages (Raw264.7 cells) polarization into anti-inflammatory type after co-culturing for 24 h. Surface texture combined with nitride coating further increased the ratio of CD206 positive cells and also reduced the inflammatory factors releasing.

Neutron-induced mass shift of tin isotopes recognized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as an isotopic fingerprint on neutron reactions

The phenomenon of isotope shift in response to neutron irradiation was investigated. The high fission-neutron fluence of 1.44×1018 cm−2 from the second Egyptian research reactor (ETRR-2) was used to induce a mass shift in a metallic tin sample. A triple-quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was used to analyze the isotope abundances in the mass range from A=111 to A=125. The problem of mass bias due to kinetic fractionation on use of the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was treated by our calibrating the mass bias with a standard reference tin solution and building a response function. The response function was used to obtain absolute abundances in each mass range instead of isotope ratios. The results show that the mass shifts in the irradiated sample are dependent on the cross section of the neutron capture reaction in the tin isotopes.

Concentration Effects on Characteristics of Gas Sensors Based on SnO<sub>2</sub>:Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Thin Films

In this research, SnO2 nanostructure thin films were fabricated by spray pyrolysis method, using concentration of tin (Sn) salt solution deposited on a glass substrate at temperature of 450 °C. The tin solution was prepared by solves 2.2563gm of SnCl2.2H2O (molecular weight 219.4954 g/mole) in 100 ml of ethanol, then add 60 drops of pure hydrochloric acid ( HCl) using drop by drop technique. Different concentrations of antimony oxide (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) hve been used to depose the thin films. The structure has been examined by X-ray diffraction technique, which shown that all films are polycrystalline with tetragonal rutile crystalline structure with preferential orientation in the (200) direction and, grain size decreases with increasing doping concentration. Optical measurements shown that the films are transparently in the visible region, with an average transmittance more then 80% and, sharp absorption edge nearly at 350 nm, the nature of the optical transition were direct allowed with band gap varies between (2.97 - 3.75 eV) which is directly proportional to doping concentration. The results also show that the doping has led to improved the response time of the sensing. Two kinds of gases NO2 and NH3 have been used to test the sensing performance, at different operating temperatures (R.T, 100, 200, 250, 300 and 350) oC , and bias voltage (3 Volt). For NO2 gas the highest sensitivity was 77%, the shortest response time 2.9 s and the recovery time 19 s, while for NH3 gas sensitivity was 11.5%, the response time 4.1 s and the shortest recovery time 20s,

Development of 68Ga-labeled tin colloids for evaluating phagocytic function of Kupffer cells using preclinical PET imaging.

This study aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for producing 68Ga-labeled tin colloid and the feasibility of 68Ga-tin colloid positron emission tomography (PET) for visualization and evaluation of the phagocytic function of Kupffer cells (KCs) in vivo. 68Ga-tin colloid was prepared by adding tin solution (1mM, 0.2mL) to 68Ga solution (1.0mL), followed by pH adjustment with sodium acetate (1M, 0.2mL). Various labeling times were tested to find the optimal one. Colloid size was measured by filtering the solution through three-ply membrane filters (with pore sizes of 200, 3000, and 5000nm), and radioactivity was measured in the whole filtrate and the filters using a gamma counter. The in vitro stability of the colloid was evaluated by the size measurement after incubation under ambient conditions for up to 60min. PET scanning was performed for 30min after intravenous administration of 68Ga-tin colloid solution (4MBq) to healthy rats. Time-activity-curves for the liver, spleen, and blood pool were generated. Finally, liver uptake was compared before and after the establishment of KC-depletion and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rat models. Colloid size increased with increasing labeling time. After pH adjustment, the colloid sizes remained nearly unchanged. The optimal labeling time was determined as 30min. PET imaging of healthy rats revealed that liver uptake of the 68Ga-tin colloid increased with increasing colloid size. In KC-depleted rats, liver uptake significantly decreased (n = 4, p < 0.01). NASH model rats showed significantly decreased uptake of 68Ga-tin colloid in the livers (n = 5, p < 0.01). 68Ga-tin colloid, prepared by a simple radiolabeling method, enabled in vivo PET imaging to evaluate the phagocytic function of KCs.

Fast Raman mapping and in situ TEM observation of metal induced crystallization of amorphous silicon

Crystalline silicon is grown onto an amorphous silicon (a-Si) seed layer from a liquid tin solution (steady state liquid phase epitaxy, SSLPE).

Preparation of silver fractal nanostructures and their application in surface enhanced Raman scattering

Abstract Three kinds of silver fractal nanostructures were prepared by replacement reaction method using copper, tin, aluminum foils and AgNO3 solution. The dentritic, flower bud and shoot bud silver nanostructures had self-similar structural features. Meanwhile, these silver fractal nanostructures had the same structure characters as proper plants in actual biological systems. Furthermore, these silver fractal nanostructures exhibit high surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity.

RESEARCH OF THE DEPENDENCE OF CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF p-Si-n-(Si2)1 - x - y(Ge2)x(ZnSe)y-STRUCTURES ON TEMPERATURE

The possibility of growing of the solid solution (Si2)1 - x - y (Ge2)x (ZnSe)y on silicon substrates by liquid-phase epitaxy from the tin solution - melt has been shown. The current - voltage characteristics of heterostructures at room temperature has three sections: ohmic section - I ~ V , exponential one - I ~ exp ( qV / ckT ), and the third one with cubic dependence - I ~ V3 that at increasingtemperature is replaced by the weaker dependences - I ~ V2,8, I ~ V2,5 and I ~ V2,3 at temperatures of 360, 390 and 420 K, respectively. The experimental results are explained on the basis of theoretical ideas about the complex nature of the recombination processesin these materials.

Microstructure and Tribological Performance of Laser-Cladded Ni60+h-BN Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy at High Temperature

With the expansion of the application range of titanium alloys, the wear protection problem has become increasing prominent due to their poor wear resistance, especially in high-temperature environments. To solve this problem, in this work, Ni60+h-BN coatings on Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloys were prepared using a laser cladding technique. The results indicated that the Ni60+h-BN coatings mainly contain the phases of NiTi2, TiN, TiB, (Si, Al)2Cr, and solid solution Fe0.2Ni4.8Ti5, possessing much higher microhardness (1,055.36 ± 16.33 HV0.22) than TC4 substrates (309 ± 10 HV0.2), and the Ni60+h-BN coatings show excellent wear resistance and antifriction properties at 600 °C with the dominant wear mechanism of slight adhesive wear and oxidative wear. As observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses, most of the initial h-BN particles in the mixed powders were decomposed and the reinforcements of TiB and TiN were in situ synthesized after high-power laser irradiation, which plays a role in wear resistance, and the metal oxides (TiO2, Al2O3, NiO, and Fe2O3) produced under high-temperature friction condition play a role in lubrication and antifriction at 600 °C. As a consequence, the synergy effect of coupling the reinforcements and the metal oxides contributes to the excellent tribological performance of Ni60+h-BN coatings at 600 °C.

Study on the removal of iron impurities in methanesulfonic acid tin plating bath

This thesis investigated the the influence of sodium sulfite as reducing agent on the recovery rate of tin ion. The approach is that HZ016 type cation exchange resin was used to adsorb Sn2+ and Fe2+ in electroplated tin solution first. After adsorption, the resin was removed by sulfuric acid, which was added with NaOH to adjust pH value to form precipitation and separate tin. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy spectrum (EDS) method were used to analyze the composition of the precipitates adjusted by pH. The results show that when the mass ratio of resin to bath is 1:2, the adsorption efficiency of resin reaches 98.3% and 97.1% respectively, and the elution efficiency of tin and iron reaches 95.1% and 94% respectively when the mass ratio of resin to eluent sulfuric acid is 1:4. Sodium sulfite was added to increase the efficiency of tin recovery by 8.1%. EDS and XRD atlas showed that after pH regulation, the main composition of the filtration precipitation was the hydroxides of tin.

A simple, rapid and green ultrasound assisted and ionic liquid dispersive microextraction procedure for the determination of tin in foods employing ETAAS

This paper proposes a simple, rapid and green ultrasound assisted and ionic liquid dispersive microextraction procedure using pyrocatechol violet (PV) as complexing reagent and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide [C6MIM][Tf2N] as ionic liquid for the detection of tin employing electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The optimization step was performed using a two-level full factorial design involving the following factors: pH of the working media, amount reagents, ionic liquid volume and extraction time and the chemometric response was tin recovery. The procedure allowed the determination of tin with limits of detection and quantification of 3.4 and 11.3 ng L−1, respectively. The relative standard deviation was 4.5% for a tin solution of 0.50 µg L−1. The validation method was confirmed by analysis of rice flour certified reference material. The method was applied for the quantification of tin in several food samples. The concentration range found varied from 0.10 to 1.50 µg g−1.

Growth, structure, and properties of GaAs-based (GaAs)1–x–y (Ge2) x (ZnSe) y epitaxial films

The possibility of growing the (GaAs)1–x–y(Ge2)x(ZnSe)y alloy on GaAs substrates by the method of liquid-phase epitaxy from a tin solution–melt is shown. X-ray diffraction shows that the grown film is single-crystal with the (100) orientation and has the sphalerite structure. The crystal-lattice parameter of the film is af = 0.56697 nm. The features of the spectral dependence of the photosensitivity are caused by the formation of various complexes of charged components. It is established that the I–V characteristic of such structures is described by the exponential dependence I = I0exp(qV/ckT) at low voltages (no higher than 0.4 V) and by the power dependence J ~ Vα, where the exponent α varies with increasing voltage at high voltages (V > 0.5 V). The results are treated within the framework of the theory of the drift mechanism of current transfer taking into account the possibility of the exchange of free carriers within the recombination complex.

Direct solar conversion to electricity nanoscale effects in pSi–n(Si2)1–x (ZnSe) x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.01) of solar cells

Epitaxial layers of the solid solutions (Si2)1–x(ZnSe)x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.01) of n-type conductivity on pSi base were cultivated by liquid phase epitaxy from a restricted amount of tin solution–melt. The spectral photosensitivity dependence of the pSi–n(Si2)1–x(ZnSe)x structure was studied. A peak was discovered in the response level within the interval of photon energy from 2.67 to 3 eV conditioned by the energy band of ZnSe “quantum dots,” which is located ~1.55 eV lower than the ceiling of the silicon valence band.

주석도금폐액으로부터 이온교환수지를 이용한 주석 회수

Abstract In order to recover tin from the waste tin plating solution, we used the ion exchange method using three types of ion exchangeresins. The ion exchange resin with tertiary functional group(Lewatit TP 272) has not adsorption ratio of tin. The ion exchangeresin with iminodiacetic functional group(Lewatit TP 207) has high adsorption ratio of tin, but impurity content in the recoveredtin solution was relatively high. Whereas, in case of the ion exchange resin with functional group of ethylhexyl-phos-phate(Lewatit VP OC 1026), adsorption ratio of tin was less than that of Lewatit TP 207. However, it was possible to removeimpurities in the recovered tin solution by controlling the pH of the solution. High purity tin solution can be recovered by remov-ing the organic materials with water washing process. Key words : Ion exchange resin, tin, recovery, waste plating solution 1. 서론 주석은 LED TV, 합금재료, 도금재료, 전기 및 전자제품의 필수 소재로 사용되는 금속으로 차세대 핵심소재로 부각되면서 수요도 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 그러나주석 자원의 경우 동남아 등 일부 국가에만 편중되어

Effect of rapid solidification on microstructure, creep resistance and thermal properties of Sn-10 wt.% Sb- 3 wt.% X ( X= In, Ag, Bi and Zn) lead-free solder alloys

AbstractThe harmful effects of lead on the environment and human health, coupled with the threat of legislation, have prompted a serious search for lead-free solders for electronic packaging applications. The melt-spinning processes of ternary Sn-10 wt.%Sb-3 wt.%X (X=In, Ag, Bi and Zn) were analyzed using x-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Vickers hardness tester (HV). The investigation showed that, the addition of a small amount of the third element enhances the ductility of the Sn–10 wt.% Sb lead-free solder due to the formation of a fine, homogeneous ternary microstructure.. It is concluded that, the addition of 3.0 wt% Ag improves the grain size of the ternary microstructure. Moreover, SnSb intermetallic compound, precipitated finely from the solid tin solution near the grain boundaries with antimony. This fine precipitated intermetallic compound suppresses the coarsening of the ternary structure and thus enhances solder ductility. Structural and microstructural analysis revealed that the origin of change in mechanical behaviors was due to refined beta-Sn grains and formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) SnSb, InSn19, β-In3Sn and Ag3Sn. The results indicated that the melting point of Sn-10Sb-3 wt.% Ag and Sn-10 wt.%Sb- 3 wt.% Zn alloys reduced to 230 and 240 ˚C respectively. In particular, the zinc addition at 3 wt.% is the most effective in improving solder ductility. The good creep resistance of Sn-10 wt.% Sb-3 wt.% Zn lead-free solder correlated to a large β-Sn grain size and complete soluble of SnSb IMC particles in the β-Sn matrix.

Recovery of copper and tin from stripping tin solution by electrodeposition

In this paper, the method of recycling copper and tin by constant-current and constant-voltage electrolysis from the stripping tin solution of tinned copper wastes was studied. The experimental results show that the elements could be deposited on the cathode in turn by different deposition potentials, therefore, the copper and tin were separated by constant-voltage electrolysis but not constant-current electrolysis. In this study, the influence of anode materials was also investigated. Graphite anode is stable without impurities dissolved into the stripping tin solution, while 316 stainless steel anode is dissolved into Fe2+ and Fe3+ as anodic corrosion, which could decrease the deposition efficiency of tin. The copper and tin in the stripping tin solution are separated orderly by electrodeposition at different voltages using the graphite anode. The recovery rate of copper is up to 100 % at 2.00 V, while that of tin is 80 % at 3.00 V.

Enthalpies of Formation of (Cu,Ni)3Sn, (Cu,Ni)6Sn5-HT and (Ni,Cu)3Sn2-HT.

Standard enthalpies of formation of ternary phases in the Cu-Ni-Sn system were determined along sections at 25, 41 and 45.5 at.% Sn applying tin solution drop calorimetry. Generally, the interaction of Ni with Sn is much stronger than that of Cu with Sn. Along all sections the enthalpy of formation changes almost linearly with the mutual substitution of Cu and Ni within the respective homogeneity ranges. Thus no additional ternary interaction promoting the formation of further Cu-Ni-Sn phases can be assumed. The results are discussed and compared with literature values relevant to this system.

Thermodynamic investigations in the solid state of the lanthanum–magnesium–zinc system

The La–Mg–Zn phase diagram is experimentally investigated at 595 K, xLa > 4% and the corresponding isothermal section is partially determined. This section includes 5 substitutional solid solutions based on the binary compounds (LaMg, LaZn, LaMg3, LaMg10.3 and La2Zn17) and three ternary phase (La8(Mg,Zn)92, La3(Mg,Zn)11 and La4.27Mg2.89Zn30). The enthalpies of mixing in the ternary solid solutions are calculated at 298 K on the basis of tin solution calorimetry experiments.