Tin Oxide Content Research Articles

Sintering densification of ITO targets with low tin oxide content for depositing TCO films as electrodes of solar cells

Highly efficient solar cells demand transparent and conductive oxide films with high electronic mobility. Decreasing SnO2 content in In2O3 targets (ITO) is one of important ways, but resulting in difficulty of sintering densification. ITO targets with SnO2 contents of 1 wt%, 2 wt.% and 3 wt% were prepared by microwave sintering. Harmless sintering additives of TiO2 and trances of SiO2 promotes sintering densification. All the targets show the cubic bixbyite phase and dense microstructure. The fine grains with the average size of several microns were obtained. Higher sintering temperature contributes to eliminating the pores in targets, enhancing density and decreasing resistivity. The optimal sintering temperature of 1550 °C obtains the highest relative density (>99 %) and low resistivity (<3.4 × 10−4 Ω cm). The enhanced density of these ITO targets with low SnO2 content can effectively inhibit the formation of nodules on the surface of target during magnetron sputtering.

Ultrasonic-promoted growth of staggered heterostructured tin(II) oxide nanoparticles on bulk carbon nitride nanolayer: Activated in solar spectrum with enhanced photocatalytic treatment of dyes effluents

The present work introduced ultrasonic-promoted growth of staggered heterostructured nanoparticle-on-nanolayer tin(II) oxide-bulk carbon nanophotocatalysts. A series of SnO2-bulk g-C3N4 nanophotocatalysts with various ratios of SnO2 to bulk g-C3N4 (BGCN) were prepared by an ultrasound-promoted solvothermal synthesis approach. The synthesized samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Brunner, Emmett and Teller-Barrett-Joyner and Halenda (BET-BJH), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) techniques. Due to the investigation of photocatalytic performance, the decomposition of methyl orange (MO) and acid orange 7 (AO7) was examined as model pollutants under simulated sunlight irradiation. Characterization results showed that tin oxide content in the nanocomposite framework had a significant effect on the structural properties of SnO2-BGCN photocatalysts. It was found that the most promoting result of SnO2 was obtained over the SnO2-BGCN (3:1) sample prepared by 75 wt% SnO2 and 25 wt% bulk g-C3N4. The highest photoactivity was also ascribed to the SnO2-BGCN (3:1) sample (98% deletion of MO and 88% deletion of AO7), which led to the better separation efficiency of electrons and holes. Furthermore, the suggested reaction mechanism for dye degradation was discussed in detail.

Ag/Ag2S Nanoparticle-Induced Sensitization of Recovered Sulfur-Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles for SO2 Detection

Sulfur dioxide is one of the most hazardous and toxic air pollutants. Herein, S-doped SnO2 material (S-SnO2) was successfully recovered from tin sludge that is an important secondary tin resources with a tremendous output and high tin oxide content. After dispersion and Ag modification of the recovered S-SnO2, the as-prepared Ag/Ag2S-doped S-SnO2 (Ag/Ag2S/S-SnO2) showed an excellent sensing performance toward SO2. The morphology, structure, and surface state of the as-prepared materials were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron spin resonance (ESR), photoluminescence (PL), and N2 adsorption–desorption. The recovered S-SnO2 dispersed by titanate coupling agents (CT-201) showed enhanced particle dispersion and an enlarged active surface area and exhibited a high response toward SO2. Ag/Ag2S modification of the dispersed S-SnO2 obtained a markedly increased response of 10.1 and a lower operating temperature of 180 °C by increasing the amount of surface oxygen vacancies and by facilitating SO2 dissociation by further reacting between SO2 oxidation products and Ag2S. This work demonstrated the enhancement mechanism of the reaction between multiple valence sulfides on SO2-sensitive properties of SnO2-based catalysts. Furthermore, this work realized high-value-added recovery of a secondary tin resource and contributed to the alleviation of the scarcity of tin resources and reduction in the burden on the environment.

The role of electrodeposition current density in the synthesis and non-enzymatic glucose sensing of oxidized zinc-tin hybrid nanostructures

This work reports the synthesis of different zinc-tin oxidized hybrid nanostructures and their non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance. Co-deposition of metallic Zn and Sn has been performed on copper (Cu) substrates at different current densities (15, 20, 25 & 30 mA/cm2). The electrodeposited Zn–Sn films have been hydrothermally treated at 95 °C for 12 h to obtain oxidized Zn–Sn hybrid nanostructures. XRD data confirmed the formation of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO2 and SnO) without exhibiting metallic phases. The FE-SEM and EDX results reveal that the current density is the controlling factor for surface morphology and Sn content (from 4 at% to 16 at%), respectively. Photoluminescence spectra also show that UV impurity peak intensity is enhanced with the increase in current density due to the rise in tin oxide content. The potential of oxidized Zn–Sn nanostructures have been explored for the non-enzymatic glucose sensing using electrochemical methods like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry. The response time of about 1 sec was observed for all the modified electrodes. The non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance for oxidized Zn–Sn electrodes is found to be strongly dependent on tin content and surface morphology. A higher glucose detection sensitivity of 2135 μA mM−1cm−2 (in the range of 0.5 μM–0.1 mM) has been observed for oxidized Zn–Sn electrode prepared at 30 mA/cm2. This study demonstrates the potential of oxidized Zn–Sn hybrid nanostructures toward non-enzymatic glucose sensing.

Tin oxide as a promoter for copper@palladium nanoparticles on graphene sheets during ethanol electro-oxidation in NaOH solution

In this work, tin oxide was examined as a promotor for the electrocatalytic activity of core-shell structured copper@palladium nanoparticles supported on graphene sheets [Cu@Pd/SnO2−Gr]. This transition metal oxide was added in different weight percentage values during the synthesis procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were applied to characterize the formed electrocatalysts. The added SnO2 wt.% value in Cu@Pd/SnO2−Gr electrocatalysts affected their measured electrocatalytic performance during ethanol oxidation reaction in alkaline solution. The highest oxidation current density value was measured at the electrocatalysts containing 5 or 20 wt% SnO2. They also displayed increased electroactive surface area values when compared with those at other prepared electrocatalysts. Some kinetic information was derived from the scan rate and Tafel studies. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed improved charge transfer characteristics with introducing increased tin oxide content in Cu@Pd/SnO2−Gr electrocatalysts. The enhanced activity and long-term stability of Cu@Pd/SnO2−Gr electrocatalysts recommend their application as anode materials in alkaline alcohol fuel cells.

Physical-Chemical Properties of Low-Melting Phosphate Glasses in Relation to Tin Oxide Content

The influence of SnO on the physicochemical properties of low-melting glasses in the system Li2O–SnO–P2O5(LSP), intended for use in compositions for vacuum-tight low-temperature bonding of different materials, was studied. The low values of Tg promoted high spreadability of LSP-glass powders at temperatures below 450°C (typical for gluing electronic articles). The mass losses upon boiling of LSP-glasses varied over a wide range (0.19 – 4.55%), and in terms of chemical resistance the glasses characterized by mass losses below about 3% surpass the lead-borate glasses widely used in solders. The values of nv for LSP-glasses were raised to values characteristic for lead-borate glasses by optimizing the alkali-content ratio.

Preparation and study of ternary polypyrrole-tin oxide-chitin nanocomposites and their potential applications in visible light photocatalysis and sensors

In the present study, nanoparticles of tin oxide were synthesised by co-precipitation method along with polypyrrole-chitin matrix prepared by chemical oxidative polymerisation technique. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform–infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the functional group, optical properties, crystallite size and geometry respectively. Moreover scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) was used to study surface morphology and elemental composition of the sample. The synthesised nanocomposites shows enhanced photocatalytic activity towards RhB dyes under visible light with increasing tin oxide content. The holes and superoxide free radicals were found to be dominant species in photocatalysis confirmed by quenching experiment. The photocatalyst also shows better adsorption capability and recyclability, also the photodegradation favours the acidic medium. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic properties of the nanocomposites were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry for detection of methanol (0.001 M to 0.5 M) by drawing cyclic voltammogram in the range −1.0 to +1.0 V at scan rate of 10 mV/s. The nanocomposites as electrocatalyst showed better sensitivity even at lower concentration of 0.001 M. From the given data, it is evident that the synthesized nanocomposites can be used as effective photocatalyst as well as electrocatalyst in different areas.

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide at nanostructured SnO2/carbon aerogels: The effect of tin oxide content on the catalytic activity and formate selectivity

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 has been considered as a promising method for the production of value-added chemicals. In this work, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate is carried out over novel carbon aerogel supported SnO2 nanocrystals prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. The as prepared materials exhibit good catalytic activity and high formate selectivity. It is found that the content of SnO2 plays an important role in the whole process, in which the formate is the exclusive product. At low SnO2 content the catalyst shows poor activity due to the lack of active ingredients, while at high SnO2 content it results in a dramatic decrease of the faradaic efficiency for the formate because of the blockage of part of active sites due to the agglomeration and poor conductivity of SnO2. It is also found that the optimized SnO2/CA-80 with 28.1 wt.% SnO2 leads to the best performance, offering a relatively high faradaic efficiency of ∼76% for the formate formation in 1.0 mol/L KHCO3 at −0.96 V (vs. RHE). Moreover, the above catalyst exhibits excellent stability during the control potential electrolysis for 12 h.

A Hierarchical, Nanofibrous, Tin‐Oxide/Silicon Composite Derived from Cellulose as a High‐Performance Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractA hierarchical nanofibrous tin‐oxide/silicon composite with tin oxide nanoparticles anchored on the silicon nanofiber surface is fabricated employing natural cellulose substance (ordinary filter paper) as structural template. Tin oxide gel is deposited uniformly onto the surface of the silicon nanofibers that prepared by magnesiothermic reduction of the silica replica of the filter paper, and thereafter, the as‐prepared tin‐oxide−gel/silicon nanocomposite is calcined in argon atmosphere to yield the tin‐oxide/silicon nanocomposite. The resulted tin‐oxide/silicon nanocomposite possesses a hierarchical network structure that inherited from the initial cellulose substance. When the nanocomposite is evaluated as an anode material in lithium‐ion batteries, it exhibits superior lithium storage properties compared with the pure silicon nanofiber and tin oxide powder matters. For such a nanocomposite with 58.8 wt% tin oxide content delivers a specific reversible capacity of 547.8 mAh g−1 after 150 discharge/charge cycles at 100 mA g−1. The improved lithium storage performances are attributed to the unique three‐dimensional hierarchical porous network structure of the nanocomposite, high dispersed fine tin oxide nanoparticles on the silicon nanofiber surface, as well as the synergistic effects between the silicon nanofibers and the tin oxide nanoparticles on the lithium storage.

Synthesis and characterization of SnO2, TiO2 and Ti0.5Sn0.5O2 nanoparticles as efficient materials for photocatalytic activity

This work reports the synthesis of polydispersible SnO2, TiO2 and Ti0.5Sn0.5O2 nanoparticles via microwave-assisted polyol as an efficient method using diethylene glycol (DEG) and triethylene glycol (TREG) as solvent. The properties of as-prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance and FTIR spectrophotometery, photoluminescence spectroscopy and N2 physisorption. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples were indexed on the anatase phase of TiO2 and cassiterite phase of SnO2 and Ti0.5Sn0.5O2. The TEM images show uniform isotropic morphologies with average sizes close to10 nm. The band gap is reduced for Ti0.5Sn0.5O2 and enhances visible light absorption, a shift resulting in the absorption threshold towards the visible spectral range, compared to pure titania and tin. Slight shifts to longer wavelength are attributed to the change in the acceptor’s level induced by the mixture of both oxides. The evaluation of the photocatalytic activity is carried out using indigo carmine (IC) as model of chemical pollutants in UV irradiation conditions. The photocatalytic decolorization of the dye follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics and the constant apparent rate was increased with the increase of the tin oxide content up to 50%.

Sintering behavior and refining grains of high density tin doped indium oxide targets with low tin oxide content

High density indium tin oxide (ITO) ceramic targets with low SnO2 content were prepared successfully by sintering co-precipitationally synthesized powders. The sintering behavior, properties and refining grains of the ITO targets were studied in normal pressure oxygen ambience. Higher sintering temperature promoted sintering densification, resulted in abnormal grain growth and decreased bending strength. By a two-step sintering method, the uniform and fine-grained microstructures were obtained. The sintered density of the ITO targets was further improved. Furthermore, the grain size was reduced, and the bending strength was also enhanced.

Photocatalytic decolorization of Rhodamine B dye using novel mesoporous SnO2–TiO2 nano mixed oxides prepared by sol–gel method

Abstract The photocatalytic removal of Rhodamine B dye was successfully carried under UV irradiation over mesoporous SnO2/TiO2 nanoparticles embedded various molar compositions of SnO2 (0–25%) synthesized by sol–gel process using polymethylmethacrylate as template. Structural and textural features of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, Fourier transformer infra-red (FTIR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The existence of tin oxide is associated with remarkable reduction in particle size to 6 nm and increasing the surface area up to161 m2/g revealing the successful role of SnO2 in manipulating high surface area nanoparticles. The TEM results revealed that well-dispersed and uniform spherical nanoparticles with diameters of 6 nm were embedded in the sample matrix. Both adsorption and UV irradiation are contribute for decolorization of about 92% of Rhodamine dye over the sample embedded 10% SnO2 after 3 h of the reaction compared with 70% only decomposition over pure titania. The photocatalytic decolorization of the dye follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics and the apparent rate constant was increase with increasing the tin oxide content up to 10%. The existence of tin oxide is associated with remarkable reduction in particle size, increasing the oxidizing power and increasing the efficiency of charge carrier separation which considered the main reasons for a remarkable increasing in the catalytic activity of the samples. As the mode of preparation is economically feasible, we can consider this catalyst to be very effective to decolorize various organic dyes.

THERMAL STABILITY AND SURFACE STRUCTURE OF SnO2-CeO2 IMPREGNATED CATALYSTS

Newly prepared SnO2-CeO2 catalyst samples used as depollution catalysts were characterized applying low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetry (TG-dTG) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) methods. Pure SnO2 has higher surface area (17 m2/g) than the pure CeO2 (8 m2/g). Addition of organic tin oxide precursor to ceria in amount of 5 wt% slightly decreases the surface area of CeO2 (SSn5-Ce= 7 m2/g). The increase of tin oxide content to 10 and 20 wt% increases the surface area of the catalyst (SSn10-Ce= 9 m2/g; SSn20-Ce= 10 m2/g). A similar effect was observed for pores of 1.7-300nm size. Catalyst sample Sn5-Ce exhibited the lowest pore volume, which increases with increasing the amount of tin oxide. Tin dioxide in Sn-Ce samples with lower loadings of SnO2 (.10 wt%) were well dispersed showing amorphous structure. High loading (20 wt%) of tin dioxide in Sn-Ce showed XRD lines of formation of cassiterate crystalline structure of SnO2 without evidence of solid solution formation. In case of SnO2 the TPR profile exhibits a major peak at about 545 C with much greater intensity than in case of CeO2, revealing that SnO2 was more easily reducible than CeO2. Sn-Ce samples exhibit reducibility at lower temperatures (between 545-635 C) compared to the single tin dioxide (750 C).

The Preparation and Characterization of Solid Superacid S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2-&lt;/sup&gt;/SnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

The new type of solid superacid S2O82-/SnO2-SiO2 was prepared by precipitation and hydrothermal aging method with ammonium persufate as soaker instead of sulphuric acid. The samples with different tin oxide content were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, BET, TG/DTA and Hammett indicators techniques. Catalytic activities for esterification of butanol and acetic acid were also investigated. As a result, most sulfate-ion in surface of S2O82-/SnO2-SiO2 coordinate with Sn bidentatly, and the acidic strength of S2O82-/SnO2-SiO2 is related to the content of tin oxide. Besides, introducing appropriate Si can improve the combination of the tin with SO42- thus increases the amount of acid. Catalyst S2O82-/SnO2-SiO2 reveals high catalytic activity and stability in the esterification at very large range of composition.

CoSn-graphite electrode material prepared by using the polyol method and high-intensity ultrasonication

Composite electrode materials containing nanoparticles of nearly amorphous CoSn and ultrathin layers of graphite are prepared here. For this purpose, Sn(II) and Co(II) ions in tetraethyleneglycol are reduced with NaBH4 in the presence of ball-milled graphite while high-intensity ultrasonication is continuously applied. The followed preparative route is a combination of the polyol and sonochemical methods. The observed capacity value for CoSn-ball milled graphite is over 400mAh/g after 40 cycles (this is superior to graphite). The good electrochemical cycling behavior is connected to the small particle size of CoSn, the low crystallinity of CoSn and the dispersion of the CoSn particles in an optimized carbon matrix. The selected binder (polyvinylidene fluoride or lithium polyacrylate) also can contribute to improve the cycling behavior. The low electrochemical efficiency, particularly in the first cycles, may be related to the spontaneous oxidation of the metallic particles surface and irreversible electrolyte consumption. The use of inert atmosphere (Ar-flow) results in a decrease of the tin oxide content, as determined by using 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, an increase of the initial electrochemical efficiency up to a maximum of 90.4%, and higher capacities (507mAh/g after 40 cycles).

Reduced conductivity in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-poly(styrene sulfonate) and indium tin oxide nanocomposite for low indium tin oxide content

We studied the electrical conductivity of nanocomposite layers of p-type conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDT/PSS) and the n-type conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles. A decrease in electrical conductivity of PEDT with increasing ITO content up to a volume fraction of about 16 vol % is observed. Above the volume fraction of 16 vol % the conductivity increases very steeply, most probably due to percolation between the ITO-nanoparticles. The analysis of characteristic PEDT infrared absorption bands yields a decrease in the bipolaron absorption and an increase in polaron absorption with increasing ITO content. The shift from bipolaron to polaron absorption is interpreted as “undoping” of PEDT due to a charge transfer between the p-type PEDT/PSS and the n-type conductive ITO nanoparticles. However, an estimation of the depletion length leads to the conclusion that depleted charge carriers only cannot explain the decrease in conductivity. Morphological changes of the system PEDT/PSS by incorporating of the ITO nanoparticles are considered as additional origin for the decrease in conductivity.

Preparation of Stabilized Nanosized Tin Oxide Particles by Hydrothermal Treatment

Stable colloidal suspensions of tin oxide (content 0.9–6.1 wt%) were synthesized by subjecting conventionally prepared tin oxide gels to hydrothermal treatment with an ammonia solution (pH 10.5) at 200°C for 3 h in an autoclave. Based on X‐ray diffractometry analyses, the tin oxide crystallites after hydrothermal treatment were resistant to thermal growth at elevated temperatures, and this feature became more conspicuous as the tin oxide content of the colloidal suspension decreased. For the powder derived from a 1.8 wt% colloidal suspension, for example, the mean sizes of the tin oxide crystallites were 7.5 and 13 nm after calcination at 600° and 900°C, respectively, in comparison with corresponding values of 13.5 and 29 nm for the untreated gel‐derived powder. Thin film spin‐coated from the same suspension had good uniformity, packed with tin oxide grains (crystallites) of a mean size of 6 nm after calcination at 600°C. Optical determination of the tin oxide sol particle size, as well as gravimetric analysis of the dehydration from the powder samples, were conducted to determine effects of hydrothermal treatment.