SnCl2 Research Articles

Preventive dental erosion with silver diamine fluoride: An in vitro study

ObjectivesTo evaluate the erosion preventive effect of 38 % silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution in enamel and dentin of human permanent teeth. MethodsNinety enamel and ninety dentin blocks were prepared from permanent molars and allocated into three groups. Gp-SDF received a one-off application of 38 % SDF solution. Gp-SNF received a one-off application of a solution containing 800 ppm stannous chloride and 500 ppm fluoride. Gp-DW received a one-off application of deionized water. The blocks were submitted to acid challenge at pH 3.2, 2 min, 5 times/day for 7 days. All blocks were immersed in human saliva between cycles for one hour. The crystal characteristics, percentage of surface microhardness loss (%SMHL), surface loss, and elemental analysis and surface morphology were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness test, non-contact profilometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Data of%SMHL and surface loss were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. ResultsXRD spectra revealed that fluorapatite and silver compounds formed in Gp-SDF, while fluorapatite and stannous compounds formed in Gp-SNF. Gp-DW presented only hydroxyapatite. The median (interquartile range) of%SMHL in Gp-SDF, Gp-SNF and Gp-DW were 27.86(3.66), 43.41(2.45), and 46.40(3.54) in enamel (p< 0.001), and 14.21(1.57), 27.99(1.95), and 33.18(1.73) in dentin, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean (standard deviation, μm) of surface loss of Gp-SDF, Gp-SNF, and Gp-DW were 2.81(0.59), 4.28(0.67), and 4.63(0.64) in enamel (p < 0.001) and 4.13(0.69), 6.04(0.61), and 7.72(0.66) in dentin, respectively (p < 0.001). SEM images exhibited less enamel corruption and more dentinal tubular occlusion in Gp-SDF compared to Gp-SNF and Gp-DW. EDS analysis showed silver was detected in Gp-SDF while stannous was detected in the dentin block of Gp-SNF. Conclusion38 % SDF yielded superior results in protecting enamel and dentin blocks from dental erosion compared to SNF and DW. Clinical significanceTopical application of 38 % SDF is effective in preventing dental erosion in human enamel and dentin.

Elastic properties of TiC and TiN crystals in high temperature range

The elastic properties of crystals at high temperature are of significant interest as they affect the mechanical stability and performance of materials at elevated temperatures. In present study a theory for evaluating the temperature variation of second third and fourth order elastic constants for face centred cubic crystal structure solids is used on the basis of Coulomb and Born-Mayer potential using nearest-neighbour distance and hardness parameter. The theory is first applied to get the second order elastic constants (SOECs) and third order elastic contants (TOECs) for TiC and TiN crystals at different temperatures up to 500 K. In addition, the elastic constants thus obtained are used to evaluate the first order pressure derivatives (FOPDs) SOECs and TOECs. The elastic properties of these crystals at high temperature are of significant interest and are related to other important material properties such as thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, phase transformations, creep behaviour, oxidation resistance, and high-temperature strength.The results obtained show that the second order elastic constants and third order elastic constants of TiC are highest, so mechanical properties of TiC will be better than TiN, which makes it stiffer and more resistant to deformation under an applied load. These properties make TiC a popular material for cutting tools, wear-resistant coatings, and other high-performance applications.

Ag-MWCNT Composites for Improving the Electrical and Thermal Properties of Electronic Paste.

With the development of microelectronics products with high density and high power, it is urgent to improve the electrical and thermal conductivity of electronic paste to achieve the new requirements of packaging materials. In this work, a new synthesis method of Ag-MWCNTs was designed: Firstly, carboxylated MWCNTs and stannous chloride were used as raw materials to prepare high-loading-rate Sn-MWCNT composite material to ensure the high loading rate of metal on the MWCNT surface. Then, Ag-MWCNT composite material was prepared by the chemical displacement method to solve the problem of the low loading rate of silver nanoparticles on the MWCNT surface. On the basis of this innovation, we analyzed and compared the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of Ag-MWCNT composite electronic paste. Compared with the electronic paste without adding Ag-MWCNTs, the resistivity was reduced by 77%, the thermal conductivity was increased by 66%, and the shear strength was increased by 15%. Therefore, the addition of Ag-MWCNTs effectively improves the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the paste, making it a promising and competitive choice for new packaging materials in the future.

Elasto-Plastic Materials based on EPDM Rubber, LDPE, Plasticized Starch and OMMT

This paper describes the development of new types of dynamically cross-linked thermoplastic elastomers based on ethylene-propylene-terpolymer rubber and low-density polyethylene, reinforced with plasticized starch and montmorillonite with a chemically modified surface. An octylphenol-formaldehyde resin in the presence of stannous chloride dihydrate was used as a vulcanizing agent. The samples were obtained on a Brabender Plasti-Corder mixer, at appropriate temperatures and rotation speeds, using the dynamic vulcanization method and the melt intercalation technique. The mixtures obtained were modeled in the form of plates with standard dimensions using specific molds and a laboratory-scale electrical press. The obtained samples were analyzed from the point of view of the physical-mechanical properties, the melt flow index, as well as from the structural and morphological point of view. It was observed that the characteristics of the samples are influenced by both the composition and the methods of obtaining used. According to the obtained characteristics, the new elasto-plastic materials can be used in fields such as the footwear industry (for the production of: soles, heels, protective boots), in the rubber and plastics industry, the automobile industry, agriculture or construction (when making gaskets, technical items, hoses, etc.). They can be easily processed into different finished products by methods specific to plastics.

Microstructural, optical, and morphological investigations of SnO2 nanomaterials grown by microwave assisted sol gel method

Tin Oxide (SnO2) nanomaterials were grown using the microwave-assisted sol–gel method at different concentrations of tin precursor (namely 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 M). Stannous chloride is used as a Sn precursor. Liquid ammonia was used to maintain the pH in the range of 12–13. Synthesis was carried out in an aqueous medium using a Teflon container in a microwave oven for 1 hour. Precipitate was annealed in ambient air for 600oC. Structural, optical, and morphological investigations were done. XRD reveals the growth of the tetragonal phase of SnO2. The prominent presence of (110), (101), and (211) reflections was noticed at 26.6, 33.7, and 52 two-theta values. Tin oxide is transparent in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, several attempts have been made to decrease the visible blindness of tin oxide. The band gap is a property of nanomaterials that can tailor their application in the optoelectronic field. Band gap and crystallite size show a prominent relationship in the nano-domain. Strain was not considered while calculating crystallite size using the Scherrer formula. In this investigation, we have measured the crystallite size and other structural features such as strain, stress, deformation energy, dislocation de\ sity, etc using the W-H plot method. All modified models of the W-H method have been utilized for this measurement. A comparative and comprehensive study of structural features was carried out using the Scherrer method, the Williamson–Hall method, and all its modified models. The crystallite size measured by the Scherrer method and various models of the W-H method shows a peak at 0.2 M concentration. Crystallite size plots of various modified W-H methods show similar trends, followed by the Scherrer plot. Strain calculated by Brag’s theory as well as all modified W-H depicts similar behaviour upon changing the concentration. Globular agglomerated morphology was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of tin (Sn) and oxygen (O) was confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The band gap was obtained using the Tauc theory, which portrays variation in the range of 3.4 to 3.6 eV.

Impact of pH-adjusted fluoride and stannous solutions on the protective properties on the pellicle layer in vitro and in situ

This study evaluates the ideal pH for anti-erosion and anti-adherent efficacy of fluoride and stannous solutions (sodium fluoride (SF), amine fluoride (AF), sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP), stannous fluoride (SnF2) with 500 ppm fluoride concentration each and stannous chloride (SnCl2, 1563 ppm stannous)). In vitro, solutions were tested at pH 4.5 and 5.5. The main in situ experiments were carried out at the pH of 4.5: For pellicle formation 6 volunteers wore bovine enamel slabs intraorally for 1 min, rinsed with 8 ml solution for 1 min and continued for up to 30 min/8 h. Physiological pellicle samples served as controls. After incubation in HCl (2.0, 2.3) for 2 min mineral release was determined photometrically. Bacterial counts on 8 h biofilms were determined by fluorescence microscopy (BacLight™ and DAPI with Concanavalin A). Modification of the pellicle ultrastructure was examined by TEM. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney-U tests with Bonferroni-correction (p < 0.05). SnF2 showed a significant erosion protection. AF, SnF2, and SnCl2 were most anti-adherent. SnF2 and SnCl2 caused a pronounced basal pellicle with stannous precipitates. Compared to other fluoride monosubstances, stannous ions offer greater protection against erosive acidic attacks. Stannous ions act as crucial co-factor in this process.

Annealing of ZnO and SnO2 transparent conductive oxides

Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) are used in different field [1], especially as antireflective layers on the surface of solar cells [2,3].But in the solar cells process, annealing steps are often used , i.e ; the front metallic contacts of solar cells are obtained by serigraphy at high temperature (800 – 830°C). In this case what happen in TCOs used as antireflective layers ?. In this work we present the comparison of changes in physical properties of two TCOs: tin oxide SnO2 and zinc oxide ZnO when they are annealed at low and high temperatures. These films are deposited by the Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition APCVD technique. Tin oxide is deposited from tin dichloride (SnCl2, 2H2O) precursor and zinc oxide is obtained by the use of zinc acetylacetonate Zn(C5H7O2)2. The electrical and optical properties of tin oxide and zinc oxide are determined by the four points probes method and spectrophotometry measurement. The values of the resistivity of tin oxide and zinc oxide are 10-4 Ω.cm and 10-3 Ω.cm respectively. These films present an optical transmission higher than 80%. The scanning electronic microscopy images show that the films have a polycrystalline aspect. A post annealing of these TCOs at 450°C improves their electrical properties, while an annealing at higher temperature damage them.

SnCl4 initiated formation of polymerized solid polymer electrolytes for lithium metal batteries with fast ion transport interfaces

Solid-polymer-electrolytes (SPEs) are under active consideration for their high-energy and safe electrochemical energy storage. However, conventional polymer electrolytes are facing poor electrolyte/electrode interfacial contact and undesired lithium dendrite problems. Here, we report a polymerized-dioxolane (P-DOL) electrolytes created by in situ polymerization of DOL in the presence of tin tetrachloride (SnCl4), which enables ultra-conformal interfacial contact with all cell components. More importantly, SnCl4 plays a dual function by initiating ring-opening polymerization of DOL and simultaneously forming a LiCl/LixSn-based alloy composite protective layer on Li metal anodes. The robust Li-rich ion conductive alloys coupled with an electronically insulating surface component form fast ion transport channels. Using the SnCl4-initiated P-DOL SPEs exhibits a high ionic conductivity (>2 mS cm−1) and a wide electrochemical window (4.7 V) at room temperature. Applications of P-DOL SPEs in Li/Li symmetric and Li/LiFePO4 batteries further demonstrate low polarization and high capacity retention. This work provides a facile and practical approach to designing P-DOL SPEs for high-performance lithium metal batteries.

Efficient Chlorostannate Modification of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Their Biofunctionalization.

Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) are highly favored materials for a wide range of applications, from smart composite materials and biosensors to targeted drug delivery. These multifunctional applications typically require the biofunctional coating of MNPs that involves various conjugation techniques to form stable MNP-biomolecule complexes. In this study, a cost-effective method is developed for the chlorostannate modification of MNP surfaces that provides efficient one-step conjugation with biomolecules. The proposed method was validated using MNPs obtained via an optimized co-precipitation technique that included the use of degassed water, argon atmosphere, and the pre-filtering of FeCl2 and FeCl3 solutions followed by MNP surface modification using stannous chloride. The resulting chlorostannated nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized, and their efficiency was compared with both carboxylate-modified and unmodified MNPs. The biorecognition performance of MNPs was verified via magnetic immunochromatography. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to folic acid served as model biomolecules conjugated with the MNP to produce nanobioconjugates, while folic acid-gelatin conjugates were immobilized on the test lines of immunochromatography lateral flow test strips. The specific trapping of the obtained nanobioconjugates via antibody-antigen interactions was registered via the highly sensitive magnetic particle quantification technique. The developed chlorostannate modification of MNPs is a versatile, rapid, and convenient tool for creating multifunctional nanobioconjugates with applications that span in vitro diagnostics, magnetic separation, and potential in vivo uses.

Sensing analysis of polyaniline – stannous chloride pentahydrate composite of CO2 gas sensors

ABSTRACT In this experimental work, the composite of polyaniline-stannous chloride pentahydrate (PSCL) was synthesized at room temperature through polymerization using FeCl3 as an oxidant. The sensing was carried out at room temperature for a 150 ppm concentration of CO2 gas. The PSCL composite was coated on a glass substrate. The PSCL composite was characterized by XRD, FTIR, and Impedance spectroscopy analysis. XRD and FTIR confirm the formation of SnO2 particles in composites. The ideal capacitor will have phase angle at −90° which is shown by PSCL (10% and 20%) composites which indicate that they have lower ionic permeability and show there insulating properties. Whereas composites PSCL (5% and 15%) at low frequency show high ionic permeability, as they have phase angle near to −45° which makes them poor insulators. The response and recovery times of composites are [130 s, 31 s], [142 s, 556 s], [134 s, 98 s], and [113 s, 90 s] for PSCL 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. PSCL 15% shows better sensitivity toward CO2 gas at room temperature. PSCL composites show complete reproducibility. The migration of electron between the p-n junction formed in the composite and concentration of SnCL4. 5 H2O in the PSCL composite make it sensitive toward exposed CO2 gas.

DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BIVALENT TIN COMPLEXES WITH MACROCYCLIC MOIETY

The novel complexes Sn(II), were synthesized of macrocyclic ligands derived from various diamine and dicarboxylic acids in the ratio of 2:2 and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, mass, NMR, FT-IR, and electronic spectra. The interactions of macrocyclic ligands (MLn) with SnCl2 in a 1:1 molar ratio in methanol produced the ensuing physiologically active [Sn(MLn)Cl2] type complexes, where n = 1 or 2. The complexes were initially identified using conductivity tests, molecular weight calculations, and elemental investigations. The bonding mode was determined using spectral data from the IR, 1H NMR, and 119Sn NMR. The complexes exhibit hexacoordinated octahedral geometry. The positive findings of Brine shrimp lethality of the ligands and their complexes have been discussed. The antimicrobial effects of each complex on several types of harmful fungus and bacteria have been assessed. The research focused on investigating and analyzing various aspects related to male fertility. It specifically investigated cauda epididymal spermatozoa density, sperm motility, testicular sperm density, fertility, and biological constraints of propagative tissues. The findings and discussions about these factors were presented in the study.

Hexacoordinated tin complexes catalyse imine hydrogenation with H2.

Frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) hydrogenation catalysts predominantly use alkyl- and aryl-substituted Lewis acids (LA) that offer a limited number of combinations of substituents, limiting our ability to tune their properties and, ultimately, their reactivity. Nevertheless, main-group complexes have numerous ligands available for such purposes, which could enable us to broaden the range of FLP catalysis. Supporting this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that hexacoordinated tin complexes with Schiff base ligands catalyse imine hydrogenation via activation of H2(g). As shown by hydrogen-deuterium scrambling, [Sn(tBu2Salen)(OTf)2] activated H2(g) at 25 °C and 10 bar of H2. After tuning the ligands, we found that [Sn(Salen)Cl2] was the most efficient imine hydrogenation catalyst despite having the lowest activity in H2(g) activation. Moreover, various imines were hydrogenated in yields up to 98% thereby opening up opportunities for developing novel FLP hydrogenation catalysts based on hexacoordinated LA of main-group elements.

Standardization and Clinical Use of a Single-vial Formulation of Technetium-99m-Trodat Using Autoclave Method.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. SPECT imaging using technetium-99m [99mTc] labeled trodat is the choice of imaging to differentiate PD from its other forms like drug-induced PD. The main objective of our study was to prepare in-house sterile formulation of [99mTc]Tc-trodat and use in clinics. The labeling of trodat was standardized using glucoheptonate sodium salt (GHA), stannous chloride dihydrate (in 0.05 N HCl), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na-EDTA). The preparation was mixed and autoclaved at 15 psi for 15 min. The standardised formulation was stored at 4°C, -20°C and -80°C and labeling with 99mTc was tested for up to 6 days. The radiochemical purity, chemical impurities, and endotoxin levels were tested. The frozen formulation was tested in swiss mice (n = 3) for biodistribution studies at 4 h. Around 18 ± 2 mCi was injected intravenously in each patient (n = 5) and the image was acquired at 4 h post-injection. The radiochemical purity of the preparation was 98.3 ± 1.4% with a retention time of 16.8 ± 1.5 min as compared to 4.0 ± 0.5 min for free 99mTc. Animal distribution showed highest uptake in liver and dual excretion via hepatobiliary and renal system. [99mTc]Tc-trodat imaging was able to differentiate both caudate and putamen. In-house frozen preparation was advantageous, as it has decreased the chance of manual error as compared to daily make up formulations and economical as compared to commercially available kits.

Preparation of ultra-sensitive and highly specific miniature hydrogen sensors by &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; synthesis methods

Hydrogen, as one of the most well-developed green energy materials, has played an important role in industrial development, human production and life, and the treatment of diseases in recent years. Hydrogen sensor is an important safety monitoring equipment in chemical production. Developing long-term and efficient hydrogen gas sensor for real-time monitoring has become increasingly important and urgent. Hydrogen, as one of the main combustible gases present in the petrochemical production process, is of great research significance and challenging in meeting the need of cycling gas identification and highly sensitive detection. Therefore, it is of great practical value to develop the low-cost, low-power and highly sensitive miniature hydrogen gas sensors . In this work, a gold-doped tin dioxide nanostructured ultra-sensitive and highly specific micro-nanosensor is obtained based on the in-situ synthesis of micro-hot plates. It is shown that the sensitivity of this nanosensor is as high as 100 for hydrogen at 50 ppm, and the sensitivity of ethanol, an important interference gas, is only 1/22 of that of hydrogen at the same concentration, which has an obvious suppression effect. For the same concentration of carbon monoxide, methane and other interference gases do not show any response. XPS characterization shows that the defective oxygen ratio of the material is the main reason for the ultra-sensitivity of the sensor. Meanwhile, in this study, the precursor solution of gold-doped tin dioxide is prepared by using chloroauric acid and tin tetrachloride crystals as raw materials; the nanosized morphology structure is prepared by templating the generation of sensitive materials using polystyrene microspheres; the in-situ synthesis method is realized by applying a voltage to the calcination of a micro hot plate. Through this nanoscale templating in-situ heating method, a gold-loaded tin dioxide nanosensor is prepared. Note that the template assisted in-situ grown &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M5"&gt;\begin{document}$ {\mathrm{A}}{\mathrm{u}} $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20231265_M5.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20231265_M5.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; loaded Tin Oxide nano sensor is abbreviated as &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M6"&gt;\begin{document}$ {\mathrm{T}}{\mathrm{I}}{\mathrm{S}}\text{-}{\mathrm{Au}}\text{-}{{\mathrm{S}}{\mathrm{n}}{\mathrm{O}}}_{2} $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20231265_M6.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20231265_M6.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; Sensor . In order to illustrate the sensing mechanism, we analyze the elemental compositions, and the results show that under the condition of the high defective oxygen content, the in-situ heating method of templated preparation of &lt;inline-formula&gt;&lt;tex-math id="M7"&gt;\begin{document}$ {\mathrm{A}}{\mathrm{u}}\text{-}{{\mathrm{S}}{\mathrm{n}}{\mathrm{O}}}_{2} $\end{document}&lt;/tex-math&gt;&lt;alternatives&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20231265_M7.jpg"/&gt;&lt;graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2-20231265_M7.png"/&gt;&lt;/alternatives&gt;&lt;/inline-formula&gt; nano-sensor containing arrays of polystyrene spheres becomes an important reason for the ultra-sensitivity to hydrogen, high specificity, and the suppression of the important interfering gas, ethanol. Moreover, the in situ preparation method can be flexibly and scalably used to prepare high-performance miniaturized gas sensors with a variety of hollow-sphere nanostructured metal oxides, in order to obtain excellent sensitivity and adjustable selectivity.

Impact of flows, temperature and pressure on the GeSn growth kinetics with a digermane and tin tetrachloride chemistry

Impact of flows, temperature and pressure on the GeSn growth kinetics with a digermane and tin tetrachloride chemistry

Effect of Sn valence state in the in situ growth of FeOOH precursor on the performance of the α-Fe2O3 photoanode

Sn-doped Fe2O3 photoanodes are fabricated by employing a tin salt precursor with different Sn valence states, and Sn4+ ions are incorporated in the Fe2O3 photoanode.

Investigation of herbal dyes from Symplocos racemosa (Lodh) leaves and optimization of procedure for dyeing using synthetic mordants

The present study deals with the soaked and woven wool fabrics that were dyed with natural dyes extracted from the leaves of Symplocos racemosa (Lodh). The optimization was carried out with different conditions like concentration of dye material, time for extraction of dye, dyeing time and concentration of mordants. Out of the three methods of mordanting, the best shades for lodh leaf dye were obtained using post-mordanting with ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride and simultaneous mordanting with copper sulphate and potassium dichromate. Poor results were observed in the case of pre-mordanting. The colour fastness analysis indicated the light-coloured samples were affected more rapidly as compared to the dark ones. In this study, the lodh leaf dyed samples exhibited fairly good to excellent fastness to light in the case of ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride while good to good in both copper sulphate and potassium dichromate respectively and the results of washing fastness analysis revealed that lodh leaf dyed samples had good to excellent fastness to washing.

A Review on Preparation Techniques of Charge Transport Layer for Organic and Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

The fascinating behavior of charge transport layer in organic and inorganic perovskite solar cells has piqued the interest of designers of semiconductor SnO2 nanoparticles (PSC). The goal of this research is to look at several techniques for manufacturing SnO2 films for use as charge transport layers in PSC. To comprehend the link between the attribute of nanostructured SnO2 films and the efficiency of solar cells, special attention is devoted to the production and properties of the SnO2 thin films. The spin-coating deposition of SnO2 nano fluids generated via surface modification of nano-colloids composed of SnO2 has been one of the key techniques for obtaining SnO2 layers. It has also been reported that preparing SnO2 nanoparticles using Tin (IV) salts results in a high-quality SnO2 film. Light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of about 25.5% has been claimed in many PSC papers [1]. One benefit of adopting SnO2 materials is that they have substantially greater conductivity than TiO2. This work also discusses the production of SnO2 nanoparticles, a different method of generating SnO2 charge transport materials that may be accomplished by the process of freeze-drying precursors known as Tin (IV). SnO2 crystal formation may be regulated at temperatures as low as 700C.

Crystal structure, Hirshfeld analysis and computational study on tin (IV) complex: Insights from synthesis, spectroscopic, anticancer activity and molecular docking studies

A new class of tin (IV) complex (M1) was synthesized from 1,10-phenenthroline and di(o-chlorobenzyl) tin dichloride in good yield. The synthesized complex was assigned by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The tin complex M1 was compared theoretically and agreed well with experimental results. From the single crystal analysis, the synthesized complex containing two nitrogen and two chlorine atoms located in equatorial position, the benzene ring attached to two CH2 has an axial position and Sn is in a central position. This proves that the Sn-Cl and Sn-N bonds have a considerable binding interaction with the distances are 2.5004 A° and 2.5111 A° for Sn-Cl and 2.349 A° and 2.332 A° for Sn-N. The theoretical FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopic investigation agree well with the experimental one. In the FMO analysis, the calculated HOMO and LUMO bond gap value is 1.35 eV. The electrophilic and nucleophilic attack sites are confirmed by the MEP study. The synthesized tin complex was assayed for its in vitro anticancer activity against MCF7 and PC3 cell lines. Among them, compound displayed effective anticancer activity against PC3 cell lines which comparable activity to the reference standard drug, Cisplatin. In the docking study, a good binding affinity score was observed in the PC3(6XXO) cell line which correlates well with in vitro findings.

Preparation and characterization of graphene-based fluorine doped tin dioxide thin films via spray pyrolysis technique

Abstract In this work, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and graphene/fluorine-doped (G-FTO) thin films were prepared using a low-cost spray pyrolysis method at a substrate temperature of 500 °C. For the FTOs, stannous chloride was dissolved in methanol and acetic acid to form the precursor solution. A 0.05 mole (M) of hydrofluoric acid was added to the precursor as an n-type impurity. The FTO thin film has an optical transmittance of 82% and electrical sheet resistance of 15 Ω/□. By meticulously integrating graphene into the optimal precursor solution of FTO, a significant improvement in the electrical conductivity of the prepared samples was achieved, leading to a reduction in the sheet resistance to 8 Ω/□ with a suitable optical transmittance of 79%. Structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the prepared sample are investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, UV spectroscopy, and four-point probe technique. The best performance of the FTO thin films is achieved utilizing 2.5 µmole/L of fluorine concentration at a substrate temperature of 500°C for a spraying exposer time of 20 min. The prepared sample has an electrical sheet resistance of 15 Ω/□, optical transmittance of 82%, and figure-of-merit of 91.2×10−4 Ω−1.The addition of 0.4 µmole/L of graphene to the optimum FTO samples enhances the performance by a remarkable reduction in the electrical the sheet resistance to 8 Ω/□ and an acceptable reduction in the optical transmittance of 79%. The overall value of the figure-of-merit increased to 118.3×10−4 Ω−1. The achieved results offer a high potential for adopting the prepared films for electronic and optoelectronic applications.