Collision Time Research Articles

Centrality determination in heavy-ion collisions with the LHCb detector

The centrality of heavy-ion collisions is directly related to the created medium in these interactions. A procedure to determine the centrality of collisions with the LHCb detector is implemented for lead-lead collisions at √s NN = 5 TeV and lead-neon fixed-target collisions at √s NN = 69 GeV. The energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter are used to determine and define the centrality classes. The correspondence between the number of participants and the centrality for the lead-lead collisions is in good agreement with the correspondence found in other experiments, and the centrality measurements for the lead-neon collisions presented here are performed for the first time in fixed-target collisions at the LHC.

On the estimation of bulk viscosity of dilute nitrogen gas using equilibrium molecular dynamics approach

In this work, we present a study for the estimation of bulk viscosity using the equilibrium molecular dynamics-based Green–Kubo method. We have performed a parametric study to find optimal hyper-parameters to estimate bulk viscosity using the Green–Kubo method. Although similar studies exist for shear viscosity, none has been reported so far specifically for bulk viscosity. The expected uncertainty in bulk viscosity for a given length and number of molecular dynamics trajectories used in statistical averaging is determined. The effect of system size, temperature, and pressure on bulk viscosity has also been studied. The study reveals that the decay of autocorrelation function for bulk viscosity is slower than that for shear viscosity and hence requires a longer correlation length. A novel observation has been made that the autocorrelation length required for convergence in the Green–Kubo method for both shear and bulk viscosity of dilute nitrogen gas is of the same mean collision time length units irrespective of simulation pressure. However, when the temperature is varied, the required autocorrelation length remains unaffected for shear viscosity but increases slightly with temperature for bulk viscosity. The results obtained from the Green–Kubo method are compared with experimental and numerical results from the literature with special emphasis on their comparison with the results from the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics-based continuous expansion/compression method. Although the primary focus and novelty of this work are the discussion on bulk viscosity, a similar discussion on shear viscosity has also been added.

Efficiency Studies of Fast Neutron Tracking Using MCNP

Fast neutron identification and spectroscopy is of great interest to nuclear physics experiments. Using the neutron elastic scattering, the fast neutron momentum can be measured. Wang and Morris introduced the theoretical concept that the initial fast neutron momentum can be derived from up to three consecutive elastic collisions between the neutron and the target, including the information of two consecutive recoil ion tracks and the vertex position of the third collision or two consecutive elastic collisions with the timing information. Here, we also include the additional possibility of measuring the deposited energies from the recoil ions. In this paper, we simulate the neutron elastic scattering using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) and study the corresponding neutron detection and tracking efficiency. The corresponding efficiency and the scattering distances are simulated with different target materials, especially natural silicon (92.23%28Si, 4.67%29Si, and 3.1%30Si) and helium-4 (4He). The timing of collision and the recoil ion energy are also investigated, which are important characters for the detector design. We also calculate the ion traveling range for different energies using the software, “The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM)”, showing that the ion track can be most conveniently observed in 4He unless sub-micron spatial resolution can be obtained in silicon.

Vehicle Collision Detection & Prevention using VANET Based IoT With V2V

EMERGENCY alert in case of any accident is vitally necessitated to rescue the victims. And so, this paper is made to present the results of a major analysis relating to emergency alert conditions at the time of collision (automobile). In this study, the authors have investigated modern Internet of Things (IoT) and VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) technologies and developed a collection of modern and specialized techniques as well as their characteristics. It has sensors that detect unbalanced circumstances and provide with a warning to the microcontroller if a collision occurs. Additionally, the technique can be implemented in such a way that vehicles are alerted of possible closing barriers. Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication (V2V) has a huge impact since it allows vehicles to communicate with each other while in proximity and the buzzer together with the LEDs serves as a safety feature. The primary goal of the system is to carry out the microcontroller functions in every environment and moreover, the concept refers to detect and prevent the collision specially in a foggy weather as well as at night and in other odd circumstances. The Internet of Things (IoT) and the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) have now been merged as the fundamental and central components of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Furthermore, while the procedure of obtaining the insurance may be longer for certain people. On the other hand, others may avoid the law after being involved in severe collisions which makes it difficult for the authorities to discriminate between criminal and non-criminal evidence.

Instant far-field effects of continental collision: An example study in the Qinling Orogen, northeast of the Tibetan Plateau

The ongoing Cenozoic Indo-Asia continental collision not only formed the highly elevated Tibetan Plateau but also reactivated the crustal deformation in adjacent Paleozoic-Mesozoic orogens. This includes the renewed phase of deformation in the Qinling Orogen, northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, which was formed initially by Paleozoic closure of the Paleo-Tethys and subsequent early Triassic continental collision between the North and South China blocks. Debates continue as to when and how the reactivation initiated. To investigate this question, this study reports a vertical profile of apatite and zircon (UTh)/He thermochronometric ages from the Guangtoushan Granite to estimate the exhumation history of the central Qinling Orogen, where previous models for the growth of the Tibetan Plateau inferred late Cenozoic northeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau by outward flow of the lower crust from the plateau interior. Age-elevation relationship and thermal history modelling suggest two phases of relatively rapid exhumation during the early Cretaceous (~130–110 Ma) and the latest Cretaceous – early Paleocene (~70–50 Ma), respectively. The early Cretaceous exhumation coincided with the time of the Lhasa-Qiangtang collision, whose far field effects have been widely reported in regions of the central-northern Tibetan Plateau. In the southern and central Qinling, our finding of an early Paleocene (~70–50 Ma) increase in exhumation rate followed by minimal exhumation during the late Cenozoic suggests negligible impact of the lower crust flow from the expanding Tibetan Plateau on the rock exhumation of the Qinling. Instead, our study suggests instant strain migrations from the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asia collision zones to the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the early Cretaceous and the early Paleocene, respectively, supporting the models highlighting the importance of rigid blocks in facilitating intracontinental strain migration.

Anticipated Collision Time (ACT): A two-dimensional surrogate safety indicator for trajectory-based proactive safety assessment

Surrogate Safety Measures (SSMs) are widely used to assess potential crash risk proactively. Notably, most of the existing safety indicators are fundamentally designed to capture the rear-end collision risk. However, in reality, the traffic dynamics involve the simultaneous interaction of multiple vehicles on a 2-dimensional (2D) surface, which results in a broad spectrum of collision patterns, such as head-on, side-swipe, rear-end, and angled collisions. This study proposes a novel 2D surrogate safety indicator called Anticipated Collision Time (ACT) to capture the risk pattern corresponding to all collision types using a single measure. We also devised a procedure to automatically detect conflict situations and extract ACT profiles as well as crash-type information from the trajectory data. The primary inputs to the ACT estimation are the shortest distance between the vehicles and the closing-in rate. This study also introduces another safety indicator derived from the ACT profile called Time of Evasive Action (TEA). TEA primarily captures the time at which a vehicle commences to respond, in terms of deceleration, when it encounters an unsafe situation. Such a measure helps to understand the response pattern of different vehicles/drivers to a potential collision. We also derived Time Exposed ACT (TE-ACT) and Time Integrated ACT (TI-ACT) from the ACT profile to capture crash exposure and severity. To highlight the potential of ACT, the Powered Two Wheeler (PTW) safety in an urban environment was analyzed with trajectory data collected from a busy urban midblock section. The results emphasize the capabilities of ACT and the other derived indicators to capture crash risk proactively. It is incontrovertible from the analyses that the ACT is opening up a new avenue for a comprehensive investigation of the safety of various transport facilities, irrespective of geometry and traffic scenario.

Diachronous initiation of Arabia–Eurasia collision from eastern Anatolia to the southeastern Zagros Mountains since middle Eocene time

ABSTRACT The persistent debate over the timing of initial Arabia–Eurasia collision has eluded consensus for decades, with most estimates ranging widely from ~50 to 10 Ma along both the Anatolian and Zagros segments of the orogen. Here, we independently evaluate the timing and location of initial collision using a quantitative plate tectonic reconstruction that is the first to include the entire Arabian microcontinent and regions to the north in eastern Anatolia, northwestern Iran, and the Caucasus. The reconstruction combines new kinematic constraints from recent global plate models with a synthesis of available constraints on crustal shortening and continental and back-arc subduction to restore the pre-collisional geometries of the Arabian and Eurasian continental margins and to track their interaction through time. Our preferred model suggests that initial continental underthrusting, or soft collision, of the relatively thin Arabian passive margin with Eurasia occurred by ca. 42 Ma along the eastern Bitlis suture zone and began transmitting strain across central and eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and northwestern Iran. Collision inception then propagated westward into central Anatolia and southeastward into the northwestern Zagros Mountains by late Eocene time (ca. 40–35 Ma), the central Zagros by latest Eocene to early Oligocene time, (ca. 35–25 Ma), and finally the southeastern Zagros by latest Oligocene to middle Miocene time (ca. 25–15 Ma). The diachroneity of Arabia collision led to widespread upper-plate (Eurasian) contraction and a similarly time-transgressive magmatic lull that lagged behind the onset of collision by ~2–12 Myr. By incorporating the entire Arabian microcontinent and regions to the north, this new tectonic reconstruction highlights the diachronous nature of Arabia–Eurasia collision that occurred first along the Bitlis suture zone in eastern Anatolia during late middle Eocene time and became progressively younger to the southeast along strike of the Zagros suture zone.

Analysing pedestrian–vehicle conflict behaviours at urban pedestrian crossings

Pedestrian safety has become a serious problem with the rapid growth of motorised vehicles in transportation systems in developing countries. Pedestrians often respond differently to changes in surrounding and traffic conditions. A study was undertaken to investigate pedestrians’ gap acceptance and the parameters affecting their risk-taking behaviours based on time to collision (TTC) and post-encroachment time (PET) indexes. Three signallised intersections and two mid-block crossings were selected in Qazvin, Iran. A total of 752 pedestrians were examined by video recording and field observation, and pedestrians’ gap acceptance behaviour was estimated by using a binary logit model. The results showed that the average TTC and PET were 4.27 and 1.44 s, respectively. In addition, the presence of children alongside the older pedestrians led to a less risk-taking crossing. Additionally, pedestrian risk-taking was reduced by increasing both time indexes. Rainy weather conditions also reduced pedestrians’ risk-taking behaviour. Elasticity analysis indicated that parameters such as pedestrians’ conflict with vehicles at the first or second half of the crossings, walking with a child, speed of the approaching vehicle, the crossing type and running while crossing were the most important factors in pedestrian risk-taking.

Remote-Controlled Method with Force and Visual Assists Based on Time to Collision for Mobile Robot

Various remote-controlled methods have been developed to improve operability using force or visual assists; however, using only force or visual assists may deteriorate the operability or safety performance. Therefore, a remote-controlled method with both force and visual assists is proposed to improve the operability while maintaining safety performance. The proposed remote-controlled system consists of a wheeled mobile robot, control device, and monitor. The force assist is generated using the time to collision (TTC), which is the predicted time of collision of the mobile robot against an obstacle. This force assist is applied to the operator using a control device to achieve collision avoidance. Using a visual assist, a predicted trajectory for the mobile robot based on the TTC is generated. For operability improvement, this predicted trajectory with color gradation is shown on the monitor. In summary, the achievement of operability improvement while maintaining safety performance is confirmed from experimental results using the proposed method.

Observation of B[formula omitted] mesons and measurement of the B[formula omitted]/B+ yield ratio in PbPb collisions at TeV

The Bs0 and B+ production yields are measured in PbPb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV. The data sample, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 nb−1. The mesons are reconstructed in the exclusive decay channels B→s0J/ψ(μ+μ−)ϕ(K+K−) and B→+J/ψ(μ+μ−)K+, in the transverse momentum range 7–50GeV/c and absolute rapidity 0–2.4. The Bs0 meson is observed with a statistical significance in excess of five standard deviations for the first time in nucleus-nucleus collisions. The measurements are performed as functions of the transverse momentum of the B mesons and of the PbPb collision centrality. The ratio of production yields of Bs0 and B+ is measured and compared to theoretical models that include quark recombination effects.

Nonuniqueness for the ab-family of equations with peakon travelling waves on the circle

Peakon traveling wave solutions on the circle are derived for the cubic ab-family of equations, which includes both the Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao (FORQ) and Novikov (NE) equations. For a≠0, it is proved that there exists an initial data in the Sobolev space Hs, s<32, with nonunique solutions on the circle. We construct a two-peakon solution with an asymmetric peakon–antipeakon initial profile that collides at a finite time. At the time of collision, the two-peakon solution reduces to a single peakon solution, which will complete the proof of nonuniqueness.

The semi-classical limit with a delta-prime potential

We consider the quantum evolution [Formula: see text] of a Gaussian coherent state [Formula: see text] localized close to the classical state [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] denotes a self-adjoint realization of the formal Hamiltonian [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text] the derivative of Dirac’s delta distribution at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] a real parameter. We show that in the semi-classical limit such a quantum evolution can be approximated (with respect to the [Formula: see text]-norm, uniformly for any [Formula: see text] away from the collision time) by [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a suitable self-adjoint extension of the restriction to [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], of ([Formula: see text] times) the generator of the free classical dynamics. While the operator [Formula: see text] here utilized is similar to the one appearing in our previous work [C. Cacciapuoti, D. Fermi and A. Posilicano, The semi-classical limit with a delta potential, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. 200 (2021) 453–489], in the present case the approximation gives a smaller error: it is of order [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], whereas it turns out to be of order [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], for the delta potential. We also provide similar approximation results for both the wave and scattering operators.

Robust control of lateral obstacle avoidance for intelligent vehicle shared-driven by people and vehicles based on dynamic early warning

In the paper, a novel framework for the control system of lateral obstacle avoidance (LOA), which is based on dynamic early warning for intelligent vehicles shared-driven by people and vehicles (IVSDPVs), is presented to perform LOA in dynamic conditions (e.g. the speed of obstacle vehicles changes). Firstly, to achieve the accurate warning of IVSDPVs and adjust that with dynamic intervention of the driver in dynamic conditions, a multi-level early warning algorithm based on fusion and complementarity of the critical safe distance and reciprocal of collision time is proposed. Moreover, the critical safe distance is obtained using a combination of longitudinal with lateral directions. Secondly, if the driver does not respond until the “Critical” level warning, the IVSDPVs is automatically taken over by the control strategy to conduct active LOA control. Thirdly, to overcome the parameters perturbation, that is, mass, cornering stiffness, and signal disturb, the robust control strategy is presented to achieve accurate trajectory tracking of LOA. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is evaluated by testing on the Simulink/Trucksim platform to demonstrate the controller’s capability in obtaining accurate early warning and achieving LOA across various working conditions.

Guest editorial: Smart communications and networking: architecture, applications, and future challenges

Guest editorial: Smart communications and networking: architecture, applications, and future challenges

Vehicle Pedestrian Interaction Analysis at Unsignalized Intersection using Trajectory Data

As the pedestrian’s rapid progress, pedestrian safety has recently assumed greater importance in the research population activities. To assess road user interactions at an unsignalized junctions with heterogeneous traffic complexity, innovative trajectory-based data was used and to make urban intersections safer for road users, the proposed severity levels will be used to test and evaluate numerous infrastructures and control upgrades. Study authors suggests an advanced pattern-based technique to characterize pedestrian-vehicle interactions based on road user behaviors. Surrogate safety measures (SSM) can be estimated more accurately with this study than with the regular grid-based analysis. In order to evaluate SSM (Speed, Time to Collision (TTC), Gap Time of the pedestrian and vehicle interactions) at an unsignalized crossing, Safe Distance and Stopping sight distance with trajectory data are to be estimated. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used to classify severity grades based on specified indicators generated at an unsignalized junction in India. From the analysis, Severity at the intersection found as 8.12, 8.91sec respectively, Average gap time, stopping sight distance also calculated. Plots between Time to Collision and Gap Time for pedestrian passing first (PPF), vehicle passing first (VPF) are compared by developing a linear regression model and R2=0.684, 0.656 developed with some independent parameters respectively. Concluded that TTC for PPF is higher than VPF and by considering all the evaluated values this research had improved the methods for analysing and improving the safety of uncontrolled intersections.

Late Early Cretaceous magmatic constraints on the timing of closure of the Bangong–Nujiang Tethyan Ocean, Central Tibet

As one of the most important parts of the eastern Tethys, the evolution of the Bangong–Nujiang Tethyan Ocean (BNTO) has important geological implications for paleogeographic reconstructions of the Tethyan Realm. However, the closure time of the BNTO remains highly debated. Here, we report geochronological, petrological and geochemical data from three newly identified undeformed stitching plutons that intrude a north–south-oriented section of ophiolitic mélanges in the middle–eastern parts of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ), central Tibet. The stitching plutons comprise the Chaqu diorite–granite association, the Jiang Co granite, and the Konglong diorite porphyry. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SMIS) zircon UPb dating suggests that these three plutons were emplaced at ca. 116–112 Ma. The stitching plutons show heterogeneous Sr–Nd–Hf–O isotopic compositions. The Chaqu diorites have initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios varying from 0.7062 to 0.7064 and εNd(t) values from −2.0 to −1.6, and slightly high zircon δ18O (6.2–6.8‰) and positive zircon εHf(t) (+2.6 to +7.4) values. The Chaqu granites show high initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.7064–0.7065) ratios and low εNd(t) (−2.3 to −2.1) values, and elevated zircon δ18O (6.2–7.3‰) values and variable zircon εHf(t) (−1.7 to +4.9) values, similar to those of the associated Chaqu diorites. The Jiang Co granites exhibit higher initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.7085–0.7094) ratios and negative εNd(t) (−8.33 to −8.27) values, and variable zircon δ18O (4.8‰ to 6.0‰) and εHf(t) (−6.9 to −2.0) values. The Konglong diorite porphyries have initial 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios ranging from 0.7069 to 0.7075 and negative εNd(t) values ranging from −4.2 to −4.1, and high zircon δ18O (9.0‰ to 9.8‰) and variable zircon εHf(t) (−7.3 to +0.7) values. Geochemical evidence indicates that they were derived from different magma sources that included varying proportions of mantle and crustal components. The Chaqu diorites were derived by partial melting of an ancient metasomatized mantle source, and the Chaqu granites were formed by fractional crystallization of the Chaqu dioritic magmas. The Jiang Co granites were generated by partial melting of low δ18O high-temperature hydrothermally altered ancient continental crust. The Konglong diorite porphyries were likely generated by partial melting of high-δ18O enriched lithospheric mantle. In combination with data from adjacent ophiolites, magmatic rocks, and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, we suggest that the stitching plutons were generated in a post-collisional setting induced by upwelling of asthenospheric mantle due to slab breakoff beneath the BNSZ. Our data provide an important new upper age limit for the time of collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes, i.e., the latest closure time for the BNTO.

IPSILATERAL INJURIES OF THE ELBOW JOINT AND THE DISTAL RADIUS

The elbow joint injury and the ipsilateral fractures of distal radius are rare but are different. Objective. To analyze character of the elbow joint injury and distal part radius fractures in connection with peculiarities of traumatic energy intensity, to consider of treatment options of such trauma cases. Methods. The study is based on the retrospective analyze of the clinical observation of 8 patients with the ipsilateral elbow joint injury and distal part of radius(3 men and 5 women, average age is 39 ± 5). Besides of the distal part radius fracture 1 patient had luxation of the forearm, 5 — fracture-dislocations in the elbow joint and in 2 cases — the fractures of distal metaepiphysis of the humerus. In 7 cases of the elbow joint injuries and in 3 cases of the distal part radius fractures the surgical treatment was made. Results. Except 2 cases the injuries happened in result of landing from the height of 1–12 meters. The severity of injuries was ranking and their correlation with the indicator of falling height was analyzed. The treatment peculiarity of the elbow joint injury and the ipsilateral fractures of distal part radius is considered. Conclusions. In the majority of cases ipsilateral injuries of the elbow joint and of the distal part radius are the result of falling from the height, infrequently — the results of falling from easy posture of the body; the severity of injury depends on the falling height (correlation coefficient Spearman’s — 0.78), the character of elbow joint injury may depend on the position of the extremity at the time of landing and successive additional collision of elbow region with traumatic agent. When the patient falls from significant height may happen polytrauma, what lead to many stages of treatment. By the ipsilateral injuries substantiation of manipulations or surgical operations priorities is very important.

Wireless Music Playing Buzzer Sensor-Assisted Music Tone Adaptive Control

Aiming at the problem of adaptive change of auxiliary music tones, this paper proposes a MAC protocol with a common music tone listening/sleeping type based on a wireless music buzzer sensor. First of all, the new MAC protocol adopts network-wide synchronization, and all sensor nodes in the entire network use the same scheduling table, so that the entire network nodes enter the music tone listening period and the sleep period at the same time. Secondly, the node adaptively adjusts the duty cycle of the node according to the number of data packets in the sending queue, increases the node’s music tone listening time, reduces the end-to-end delay of data packets, and improves the throughput of the network. Then, the experiment adopts a new backoff strategy to adjust the contention window according to the backoff times and collision times of data packets sent by nodes in the last five working cycles, increase the backoff time of sending data packets under high network load, and reduce the appearance of data packets. We build four simulation experiments on the NS2 simulation platform: unassisted music tone adaptive network, single auxiliary music tone adaptive network, auxiliary music tone adaptive convergence network, and random deployment network, which will be based on the auxiliary music tone adaptive MAC protocol, and IEEE802.11 protocol and SMAC protocol are run in four simulation experiments, respectively, and the performance of the three protocols is analyzed according to the tracking files in the simulation experiment. The analysis results show that the simulation wireless sounding buzzer sensor network is adaptive to different auxiliary music tones and different topologies.

Autonomous collision avoidance sample grasping method for extraterrestrial exploration

Collecting samples from extraterrestrial body is of great significance for deep space scientific exploration. This paper proposes an autonomous grasping method to collect unknown natural samples from unstructured extraterrestrial surface in a safe, gentle and robust way. A deep reinforcement learning based end-to-end grasping pose estimation framework is designed. The proposed framework takes visual information as input and learns an appropriate grasping strategy. A feature extraction deep neural network and a reinforcement learning policy network are trained simultaneously so as to obtain light-weight networks for extraterrestrial detector. Meanwhile, in order to protect the sample from being damaged during grasping, collision detection is incorporated into the closed-loop during training. The grasping strategy is trained in simulation and is then transferred to real-world. Simulation and real-world experiments show that the learned policy can adapt to unseen irregular stones with less times of collision and at a high grasp success rate under single, scattered, and cluttered scenes.

Charm-quark fragmentation fractions and production cross section at midrapidity in pp collisions at the LHC

Recent $p_{\rm T}$-integrated cross section measurements of the ground-state charm mesons and baryons, D$^{\rm 0}$, D$^+$, D$_{\rm s}^{+}$, $\Lambda_{\rm c}^{+}$, and $\Xi_{\rm c}^0$, are used to evaluate the charm fragmentation fractions and production cross section per unit of rapidity at midrapidity ($|y|<0.5$), in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 5.02$ TeV at the LHC. The latter is ${\rm d} \sigma^{\rm c \overline{c}}/{\rm d} y|_{|y| < 0.5}$ =1165 $\pm 44(\rm{stat})^{+134}_{-101}(\rm{syst})$ $\mu b$. These measurements were obtained for the first time in hadronic collisions at the LHC including the charm baryon states, recently measured by ALICE at midrapidity. The charm fragmentation fractions differ significantly from the values measured in e$^+$e$^-$ and ep collisions, providing evidence of the dependence of the parton-to-hadron fragmentation fractions on the collision system, indicating that the assumption of their universality is not supported by the measured cross sections. An increase of a factor of about 3.3 for the fragmentation fraction for the $\Lambda_{\rm c}^{+}$ with a significance of $5\,\sigma$ between the values obtained in pp collisions and those obtained in e$^+$e$^-$ (ep) collisions is reported. The fragmentation fraction for the $\Xi_{\rm c}^0$ was obtained for the first time in any collision system. The measured fragmentation fractions were used to update the $\rm c \overline{c}$ cross sections per unit of rapidity at $|y|<0.5$ at $\sqrt{s} = 2.76$ and 7 TeV, which are about 40% higher than the previously published results. The data were compared with perturbative-QCD calculations and lie at the upper edge of the theoretical bands.