Timing Belt Research Articles

Modeling and validation of dynamic performances of timing belt driving systems

A modeling method for a generic layout of timing belt driving system (TBDS) is presented, and the formulas for modeling a meshed teeth belt, an automatic tensioner, and rotational pulleys are established. A numerical method consisting of an iterative algorithm for calculating the dynamic responses of system is proposed. One engine TBDS with a crankshaft, a camshaft and a tensioner is taken as a studying example. The method and the procedure for obtaining the dynamic responses are described and studied. The dynamic performance of the TBDS, such as oscillation angles of pulleys and tensioner arm, and the transmission error between pulleys, are calculated and compared with the measurement, which validates the presented method. The influence of tensioner performance (stiffness and damping), meshed teeth model and different belt pre-tensions on the dynamic responses of a TBDS system are investigated. The tensioner behavior and belt tension are also analyzed based on the calculated dynamic responses. The developed method presented in this paper can be used for predicting the dynamic responses, optimizing the parameters of an engine TBDS, and reducing the design period and the cost for prototype validation.

Modelling of wear out of timing belt’s pulley

The paper deals with the problem of volumetric wear of timing pulleys. The authors analyze the course of this phenomenon depending on the properties of the belt-pulley friction pair. Timing belts are made of various materials, including additional coating layers, similarly to pulleys. The gear operation problem consists in modelling the pulley life for specific gear materials. The authors made also an attempt to investigate the rate of this phenomenon and its impact on the kinematic efficiency of the transmission gear with timing belts.

Online Oil Condition Monitoring of Four-Stroke Engine

In recent days, Automobiles that make easy transportation of goods play an important role in the economic growth of any country. Transportation necessitates the continuous running of a vehicle without any unwanted break downs. The engine is considered as the heart of an automobile. Vehicle break on may happen due to unexpected or premature failures of some critical parts of an engine. Critical parts of engines are mainly cylinder, piston, crankshaft, timing belt, and clutch. The failure of the above components mainly depends on the lubricating performance of engine oil. Now a day’s oil is being usually replaced based on periodic maintenance schedule designed by vehicle manufacturers. This schedule is framed based on kilometer coverages of vehicles or time period. In this practice, there is the possibility of being oil replaced before completing its life. Even during service work, technicians in the workshop do not follow any method to know the actual condition of oil before replacing it. There is a need for actual driving habits, traffic conditions, engine speed, and load conditions, road conditions (gradients) to predict the condition up to which oil was being utilized. Thus the above is helpful in the prediction of the remaining life of engine oil. This can be done only by monitoring the properties of engine oil continuously during vehicle running. The properties of any lubricating oil are the viscosity, Viscosity index, density, Specific weight, Specific volume, specific gravity, surface tension, and capillarity. Since viscosity place, a vital role in lubrication oil condition can be judged by monitoring it continuously. The monitoring of viscosity helps to identify the actual condition of the oil. This is done by a system that receives signal for the temperature of oil, converts the same into viscosity units and displays it. Therefore vehicle users can identify the exact replacement of engine oil.

Reliability Availability Maintainability Analysis in Forming Industry

The availability of the machine is the major consideration of all manufacturing industries. This activity leads to decide productivity of the industry. This research paper explained in detail about the availability analysis of the Timing Belt (V-Belt) manufacturing systems in the rubber industry. The performance of the belt manufacturing systems is analyzed by using the Markovian Birth-Death approach in all conditions of the systems like Raw, Reduced capacity and Repair (RRR). The transition diagram of the belt manufacturing process is drawn by the actual layout of the belt manufacturing process in the rubber industry and then developed the first-order differential and steady-state mathematical equation of the belt manufacturing process in the rubber industry. This approach is most widely used for sequence operation problems and this is the suitable mathematical model for the performance analysis of systems because this model predicts the future sequence of the model with respect to the current sequence model of the process industry. This approach can easily denote the repairable systems of all conditions (RRR). The main goal of this research analysis is to identify the effective subsystem of the belt manufacturing process in the rubber industry by the graphical representation of the changes in the availability and variations of the failure, repair rate of the subsystem of the best manufacturing process in the rubber industry. The variety of the failure rate and repair rate of the systems and the decision matrix of the subsystems is developed by the Markovian Birth-Death approach. The mathematical equations of all subsystems are solved by using MATLAB programming.

Methods for estimating hysteretic behavior and vibration responses of a timing belt tensioner

An automatic tensioner that consists of a torsional spring and friction damping elements is widely used in belt drive system. The relation of the applied torque versus the imposed angle of tensioner during loading and unloading processes is described as a hysteretic loop. An analytical model is established for estimating the hysteretic behavior of a tensioner, and measurements for hysteretic loop in quasi-static and dynamic excitation are carried out to validate the analytical model. Taking one engine timing belt drive system as a studying example, the method and the procedure for estimating vibration responses of the nonlinear tensioner are given. An iterative algorithm for predicting the accurate equivalent viscous damping of tensioner is carried out in analyzing a belt drive system. The vibration responses of tensioner are validated by the measurement of timing belt drive system. The developed method presented in this article is useful for predicting the hysteretic behavior of tensioner, vibration responses, and the parameters optimization of a belt drive system.

Feedforward Control With Disturbance Prediction for Linear Discrete-Time Systems

A typical process control system, in most operations, works to regulate the output against the frequent and variable disturbances, while there is rarely a set-point change. Disturbance rejection solely based on the feedback control tends to be poor when the disturbance propagates to the output quickly. With measurable disturbances, the feedforward control has a great potential for better performance. However, the inversion-based feedforward controller is not realizable if it is noncausal. In this paper, a novel feedforward control scheme is proposed with disturbance prediction capability and yields extraordinary improvement under accurate prediction, but its performance deteriorates with the prediction error. To overcome this, an offsetting mechanism is designed and augmented to the former control for the error compensation. Theoretical analysis and design procedure of the proposed scheme are given. Its effectiveness is demonstrated against the existing feedforward control schemes through simulation on typical examples and a case study on a timing belt actuator.

The influence of environmental and manufacturing conditions on lifetime and reliability predictions for industrial timing belt drives

Timing belts are widely used for transmitting forces and torques. Despite the relatively simple design of timing belts, a lack of understanding of the respective system’s behavior can lead to flawed development, the results of which are unplanned failures and high warranty costs. The service lifetime of a timing-belt drive is influenced by a number of factors. In addition to pretensioning, timing-belt geometry and the torque to be transmitted, environmental conditions are among the most relevant factors. The operating temperature of the timing belt is a particularly key factor with regard to the lifetime. Another factor that should not be neglected is the manufacturing process and thus the manufacturing quality of the timing-belt drive—especially of timing-belt pulleys. In order to gain a better understanding of the failure behavior of timing-belt drives and to underline the relevance of the lifetime problems with belt drives, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the two factors “ambient temperature” and “timing-pulley feed rate”. A clear correlation between the ambient temperature and the lifetime of a timing belt could be demonstrated. In contrast, no significant influence on the failure behavior could be identified in the examined region in the case of the pulley feed rate. The test results can be used to mathematically describe a transfer function between the thermal stress and the lifetime (lifetime model). This lifetime model facilitates appropriate designs for timing-belt drives and lifetime prognoses for different temperatures.

An Integrated Hybrid Approach for Circular supplier selection and Closed loop Supply Chain Network Design under Uncertainty

Abstract In recent decades, reverse logistics has garnered considerable attention since it recovers value of returning products, satisfies environmental requirements, and pays attention to customers’ rights. Suppliers, as the first layer of the supply chain network, pose a great impact on environmental pollution. Therefore, in this paper a hybrid approach of fuzzy analysis network process (FANP), fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (FDEMATEL), and multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MOMILP) models are developed for circular supplier selection and order allocation in a multi-product circular closed-loop supply chain (C-CLSC) considering multi-depot, capacitated green routing problem using heterogeneous vehicles. In this regard, a mathematical model concerning an inventory-location-routing problem is developed that minimises cost and shortage simultaneously and also deals with imposed uncertainties. A fuzzy solution approach is proposed to simultaneously incorporate uncertainty and to change the multi-objective model into a single-objective model. To motivate the practical aspect of the proposed model in real world applications, we applied the model to an automotive timing belt manufacturer. The obtained results indicate that the proposed model is cost efficient and environmentally friendly for CLSC network designs.

Parameter Space Optimization Towards Constrained Controller Design With Application to Tray Indexing

Tray indexing driven by timing belt actuator is widely used in the industry, where high-precision profile tracking is essential to guarantee good production quality. To avoid humming sound and chip dislodged, an autonomous S-curve trajectory is used as the reference profile and the jerk resulting from the control input chattering needs to be well controlled. To implement the optimal tracking control with respect to an S-curve profile and maintain a guaranteed adequate level of performance towards the perturbation, the composite system is constructed by augmenting the S-curve trajectory with the system model and an H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> guaranteed cost optimization problem is formulated. The system performance in terms of tracking accuracy and jerk minimization is quantified as the H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -norm, and it aims to minimize the upper bound to the H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -norm over the uncertain domain. However, due to structural constraints on the composite gain matrix as well as robustness requirement, the algebraic Riccati equations cannot be used. This article presents the theoretical results where all the stabilizing constrained gain matrices can be parameterized over an extended matrical set. Efficient numerical procedures are developed to obtain the ε-optimum with guaranteed robustness by linear programming and outer linearization in an iterative framework. Numerical optimization and experiments are conducted to validate the theoretical results and the practical appeal of the proposed approach.

Experimental Analysis and Optimization of Timing Belt Guide Plate Material on Engine Operational Friction Loss

We focus on the friction loss measurement and reduction of the timing belt guide plates of a fourcylinder gasoline engine. To minimize the friction loss caused by the dynamic friction of the guide plates during timing belt motion and improve the efficiency of the internal combustion engine (ICE), we adopt four different plastic materials in fabricating the guide plates. With controlled engine boundary conditions and operational modes, an AVL electric dynamometer is used to measure the output of the engine. The results indicate that selecting polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the additive in fabricating the guide plates can effectively reduce the friction loss, so that the output torque and output power of the engine can be improved, thus reducing fuel consumptions. This work also has positive impact on the efficiency optimization of similar ICEs.

Torque Minimized Design of a Light Weight 3 DoF Planar Manipulator

The main objective of this paper is to design a robotic arm with all the motors located at the base so that the arm becomes lighter than the conventional arms where each motor is set on the links themselves which will lead to an extra weight of the motor to be held by previous motors. The main advantage of this development is to decrease the torque required to control the arm. The motion of motors transferred to links via aluminum pulleys, bearings, and timing belts that yield to the need of lighter motors and hence a lighter manipulator. The maximum torque of each joint has been calculated then compared with the torque required using conventional structures. The proposed arm has been built and tested. The simulation and experimental results reveal a noticeable improvement in the required maximum torque, which was reduced to less than half in some links.

전기자동차 AC 컴프레서용 IPMSM의 V-shape 영구자석 매입각도에 따른 특성 연구

The development and supply of electric vehicles is recently leading the change of Air Conditioner (AC). The belt-driven compressor in traditional vehicle is connected to a crankshaft with timing belt to be operated. Thus it is not possible to be properly controlled at efficient operating point AC requires. In case of electric vehicles, however, by introducing IPMSM(Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) as AC compressor, it allows to control independently from traction motor and operate at the efficient operating point. This paper analyzes the characteristics of V-shaped IPMSM suitable for AC compressor with higher power density and efficiency and introduce the index of effective insertion angle.

Simulation analysis of timing belt movement characteristics based on RecurDyn

The timing belt drive is composed of a closed ring-shaped adhesive tape with corresponding teeth on the inner peripheral surface and corresponding pulleys. During exercise, the toothed teeth mesh with the pulley to transmit motion and power. The vibration problem of belt drive has always been a hot research topic. In order to analyze the vibration problem caused by belt drive, this paper makes use of the multi-body dynamics software RecurDyn belt drive simulation model. Through the model displacement sensor and the system simulation results, the various movement characteristics of the belt are analyzed.

Modelling a timing belt pitch

The paper deals with the problem of timing belt pitch significance for the dynamics of a timing belt transmission gear motion. Specific pitches of timing belts have been used for many years. They were previously reserved for belts made of rubber, while another group of pitches was intended for belts made of polyurethane. This division ceased to apply recently, and in addition there are belts with pitches which have not been used before, such as HTD9M or AT15. The paper presents the parameter that makes the pulley diameter and the pitch dependent on the number of teeth involved in meshing (coupling) with a pulley. It is an equivalent of the coverage factor occurring in cylindrical timing gears. Earlier studies on that parameter did not take into account the teeth unevenly spaced over the width of the belt. New pitches of belts may occur in "mass production" applications and they are applied more and more often. Thus it is important to bear in mind the consequences of changing the pitch of the timing belt in transmission gear structures.

Analysis of Possible Concept Solutions of Chain Drives

Possible concept solutions of chain drives are analysed in this paper in order to point out the benefits of chain drive application and, in particular, the possibility of application of multi-level chain drive. The paper also analyses the possibility of replacing the gear drives with chain drives, which, in the case of short-term drive and using the same direction of rotation, enables a slightly simpler drive solution. The paper doesn’t consider difference between the roller and gear chains application because these two types of chains can be used very successfully. Also, the possibility of using timing belt drive is not considered, but it can be also used very successfully in this type of drive, but only as a transmission of motion.

Influence of tension layer quality on mechanical properties of timing belts

Reinforcement of the tooth belts is the element responsible for the transmission of the torque. Its structure is related to the dynamics of the belt and such important parameters as the stiffness of running stability on pulleys and above all, the pitch stability. The axis of symmetry of the reinforcement in the vertical direction of the belt is the reference point of the belt geometry as well as the neutral axis of stresses caused by bending. On the arc of the contact between belt and pulley, over the reinforcement, the belt is stretched, and below it is compressed. In the tooth belts, there are various solutions of the carrier layer, in terms of the materials used, but also types of fibers, quantity of the fibers, etc. The paper presents the results of analysis of the carrier layer of the most popular tooth belts with T10 and AT10 trapezoidal teeth. The paper shows possible direction of choice of the construction materials of the carrier layer and their importance for the dynamics of the gear with the tooth belt.

Nominal Stiffness of GT-2 Rubber-Fiberglass Timing Belts for Dynamic System Modeling and Design

GT-style rubber-fiberglass (RF) timing belts are designed to effectively transfer rotational motion from pulleys to linear motion in robots, small machines, and other important mechatronic systems. One of the characteristics of belts under this type of loading condition is that the length between load and pulleys changes during operation, thereby changing their effective stiffness. It has been shown that the effective stiffness of such a belt is a function of a “nominal stiffness” and the real-time belt section lengths. However, this nominal stiffness is not necessarily constant; it is common to assume linear proportional stiffness, but this often results in system modeling error. This technical note describes a brief study where the nominal stiffness of two lengths ( 400 m m and 760 m m ) of GT-2 RF timing belt was tested up to breaking point; regression analysis was performed on the results to best model the observed stiffness. The experiments were performed three times, providing a total of six stiffness curves. It was found that cubic regression mod els ( R 2 &gt; 0.999 ) were the best fit, but that quadratic and linear models still provided acceptable representations of the whole dataset with R 2 values above 0.940 .

Dynamic formulation, identification and energy-saving control for an LCD glass-handling robot system

In this paper, dynamic formulation, system identification and motion control for a liquid crystal display (LCD) glass-handling robot system are studied. Hamilton’s principle is employed to derive Lagrange’s equations of both flexible and rigid models for an LCD glass-handling robot driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The real-coded genetic algorithm is adopted to identify all the parameters of the robot and PMSM simultaneously, and to search for the unknown coefficients of polynomials for the point-to-point trajectories by minimizing the input absolute electrical energy (IAEE). In this paper, variable structure controller (VSC) is realized to track the minimum IAEE point-to-point trajectory with a sliding-mode observer. In numerical simulations, vibrations due to flexibility of the timing belts are investigated for the angular displacements, speeds, accelerations of arms, and the horizontal and vertical displacements of the robot. In comparisons of numerical simulations and experimental results, it is demonstrated that identification results of the dynamic model present well matching with the system. Finally, the VSC tracking control based on the minimum IAEE trajectory is realized and its robustness and energy-saving performance is demonstrated simultaneously. The proposed methodology to design the minimum IAEE trajectory can also be applied to any other mechatronic system driven by a PMSM.

Usulan Penjadwalan Penggantian dan Pemeriksaan Komponen Kritis Mesin Feeder dan Fanblower (Studi Kasus di PT. Petnesia Resindo)

Many companies do not pay attention to machine maintenance. One of them is PT Petnesia Resindo. The company that have been engaged in platic is still implementing a breakdown maintenance. This proved to disturb the production process. Sothis research is interested in trying to implement preventive maintenance against the proposed machine company, Research begins with the determination of critical machines based on the OEE level. Both engines are feeder and fanblower engine is including a critical engine. The critical components based on the rules " 80-20 "pareto diagram are tapper roll bearing, thrust ball bearing,timing belt,and disc pack coupling . After the analysis of distribution test, it will get the replacement interval and checking interval replacement tapper roll bearings is 1300 hours, for thrust ball bearing component is 1900 hours, for timing belt component is 3220 hours, and for disc pack components is 2080 hours As for the inspection interval of tapper roll bearing component is 1034 hours, for thrust ball bearing component is 1179 hours, for timing belt component is 2545 hours, and disc pack component is 1280 hours. After implementing preventive maintenance it is expected cost savings and slowing down the level of reliability. The cost savings of tapper roll bearing component is around 71%, for thrust ball bearing component is 76%, for timing belt component is 61%, and disc pack component is 59%.

Timing belt in power transmission and conveying system

This paper presents the problem of phenomena occurring at the contact of a timing belt and a pulley. Depending on a belt size range these phenomena differ significantly. There is no indication as to what solutions are optimal for drive belts. The analysis of the coupling process and performance tests have shown that the drive belt should have a cord of very good mechanical properties and its raceway side should be made from the material of a low friction coefficient against the pulley material. A flat belt in power transmission and conveying systems cooperates with several elements consisting of timing pulleys, tensioners or guiding rails. In gear with timing belts they depend strongly on characteristics of the process as well as the type of friction. In recent constructions, producers of timing belts are very much concerned about achieving as much slippery surface as possible. The work describes the problem of friction on different surfaces as well as its influence on gear lifetime. Research results confirm that on many surfaces bigger coefficient of friction is expected.