Sowing Time Research Articles

Improving the elements of cultivating technology for Sarepta mustard (Brassica juncea L.) on leached blackearth of Western Ciscaucasia

Increasing interest among agricultural producers in Sarepta spring mustard as a promising, multi-purpose crop requires improving the elements of its cultivation technology to obtain consistently high yields. The current study was carried out in 2021–2022 on the experimental fields of the central experimental base of the FSBSI “FRC “All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Oil Crops by the name of Pustovoit V. S.”. The purpose of the research was to study and scientifically substantiate individual elements of the technology (sowing time, seed sowing rate and level of mineral nutrition) for Sarepta mustard’s cultivation on seed productivity of the crop grown on leached blackearth (chernozem) of Western Ciscaucasia. There has been established that the highest yield (1.42 t/ha) and oil yield (0.60 t/ha) of the crop is obtained at an early sowing time (the first term (early) is in the 2nd decade of April) with a minimum seed sowing rate (1.3 million units/ha). Sarepta spring mustard’s single feeding of with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N60 in the seedling phase has helped to obtain maximum yield of 2.08 t/ha and 0.87 t/ha of oil. But the largest oil content in seeds (47.1 %) was identified in the variant with the application of nitrogen fertilizer at a dose of N30 fractionally in equal parts, i.e. in the stages of germination (N15) and booting (N15). Foliar treatment of Sarepta spring mustard with helium mixtures (Micro gel at a dose of 1 l/ha and Brassica gel at a dose of 2 l/ha) in the booting stage allowed obtaining the highest yield of 1.85 t/ha, with 47.9 % of oil in seeds and 0.80 t/ha of oil yield.

The Effect of Location, Cultivar, and Sowing Time on the Growth and Productivity of Buckwheat in Egypt

The present study was conducted in Egypt at two different locations Bilbeis City Site (BCS) and Sadat City Site (SCS) during two successive seasons (2018/2019 - 2019/2020) planting cultivars Tartary buckwheat (FT) and common buckwheat (FE) in three planting times (mid-Nov., mid-Jan., and mid-March) to investigating the effect of location, cultivar, and sowing time on the growth and productivity under the Egyptian environmental conditions. The study followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and compared two buckwheat cultivars, FT and FE to separate locations and different planting times in Egypt. Our results showed that planting buckwheat in BCS consistently outperformed those in SCS in terms of growth and productivity attributes. Species FT showed superior growth metrics and productivity over FE in both sites and seasons. In terms of sowing times, mid-March demonstrated optimal productivity with yields of 596 kg/hectare and 576 kg/hectare across two seasons. The study underscores the combined influence of location, cultivar, and sowing time on the growth and productivity of buckwheat in Egypt, reiterating the need for tailored agricultural practices specific to each region and cultivar for enhanced yield of this promising undertilized and neglected crop in Egypt.

Effect of normal sowing time and herbicides on yield attributes and yield of ACCase resistant Phalaris minor in wheat under irrigated conditions

Effect of normal sowing time and herbicides on yield attributes and yield of ACCase resistant Phalaris minor in wheat under irrigated conditions

Characteristic odor of foxtail millet from different area with different sowing time based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The odor of the foxtail millet is one of the most important indexes to evaluate the foxtail millet quality. Different sowing time results in different quality of the foxtail millet, and the volatiles can be used as fingerprint for distinguish them. The odor components of foxtail millets from spring sowing area and summer sowing area were investigated by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE). A total of 53 volatile compounds were identified in all the samples containing 19 aldehydes, 4 alcohols, 7 ketones, 7 benzene derivatives, 12 hydrocarbons, 3 heterocycles and 1 acid. Aldehydes were the predominant odor components in foxtail millet. Compared with summer sowing area, there were abundant variety and high content of odor components in spring sowing area. Twenty-one volatiles were found to be odor-active compounds. The components with the highest OAVs in most sowing area were (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal and nonanal. Finally, 20 volatiles were screened out to distinguish the foxtail millet from spring-sowing area and summer-sowing area by multivariate statistical analysis. The results will be helpful to identify the foxtail millet from different sowing seasons and provide evidence that the spring-sowing foxtail millet shows more active odors.

The influence of individual elements of agricultural technology on the productivity of durum wheat in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region

Relevance. For the manufacture of high-quality pasta, durum wheat grain is used. Improving the productivity of hard spring wheat is an urgent task. The formation of a powerful root system is the key to the full supply of nutrients and plastic substances to the plant. Increased productivity, the number of spikebearing shoots. Plants become more resistant to adverse environmental factors, which is important for spring durum wheat, which is more demanding than spring soft wheat. The timing of sowing and especially the application of mineral fertilizers are a significant factor affecting not only the formation of individual elements of the crop structure, which subsequently form the productivity of plants, but also the formation of the root system. To do this, it is necessary to choose the optimal sowing time, at which the critical phases of plant development fall under the most favorable agrometeorological conditions and the formation of the most powerful root system.Results. The conducted studies allow us to recommend the most optimal terms of sowing and the use of fertilizers to ensure the efficiency of growing durum spring wheat. In dry conditions, when sowing crops without applying fertilizers, sowing in the second ten days of May is most effective. If it is possible to apply nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, it is better to sow durum spring wheat in the second and third decades of May.

Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time

In this study, the influence of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interaction (G × E) on the content of total free phenolic compounds (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity (AC) was investigated, using sixteen durum wheat genotypes cultivated under seven crop management systems in Mediterranean environments. Possible correlations between TPC and AC with protein content (PC) and vitreous kernel percentage (VKP) were examined. Gs that exhibited stability across diverse conditions were studied through a comprehensive exploration of G × E interaction using a GGE biplot, Pi, and 𝘒R. The results indicated significant impacts of E, G, and G × E on both TPC and AC. Across E, the mean values of G for TPC, ABTS (2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) values were 48.8 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g, 121.3 mg TE/100 g, 23.0 mg TE/100 g, and 88.4 mg TE/100 g, respectively. E, subjected to splitting top-dressing N fertilization, consistently showed low values, while the late-sowing ones possessed high values. Organic crop management maintained a stable position in the middle across all measurements. The predominant influence was attributed to G × E, as indicated by the order G × E > E > G for ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, while for TPC, it was E > G × E > G. For TPC, the superior Gs included G5, G7 and G10, for ABTS included G3, G5 and G7, and for protein included G1, G9, and G16. G7 and G5 had a high presence of frequency, with G7 being the closest genotype to the ideal for both TPC and ABTS. These results suggest that the sowing time, nitrogen fertilization, and application method significantly impact the various antioxidant properties of durum wheat. This study holds significant importance as it represents one of the few comprehensive explorations of the impact of various Es, Gs, and their interactions on the TPC and AC in durum wheat, with a special emphasis on crop management and superior Gs possessing stable and high TPC and AC among them, explored by GGE biplot, Pi and 𝘒R. Further experimentation, considering the effect of the cultivation year, is necessary, to establish more robust and stable conclusions.

A Study on the Constraints faced by the Vegetable Growers in Mallawan Block of Hardoi District in Uttar Pradesh, India

Training is the analytical process for human resource development as well as also playsan essential role in hastening of particular attitude among human behaviours. Moreover, training is a tool for accomplishingintervention of thelevel of human resource, that becomesincreasingly and pivotalfor the development substantially in all fields with an extending satisfaction in technology. The present investigation was aimed to observe the constraints faced by the vegetable growers in the production of vegetable cultivation. The data of constraints were assembled and analysed by using Garret’s ranking methodology to develop a quantitative position of each constraint. Likewise, data findings were showed that thevegetable growersfacedtechnological, resource, market and miscellaneous constraints. Among technological constraints, lack of knowledge about improved varieties, seed rate including sowing time were prominent. Similarly,regarding resource constraints, high costs of pesticides were more dominant. Furthermore, in case of market constraints, non- remunerative price and poor marketing facilities results, high risk which wasdominant. And last one is miscellaneous constraint, non-availability of labour during peak season and high wages. Therefore, numerous field level constraints faced by the vegetable growers had been recognized as well as categorized into the circumstances for training needs.

The influence of sowing time on the yield of dill fruits and coriander in the dry steppe zone of Transbaikalia

This article describes the history of the industrial development of the essential oil industry and the prospects for cultivating such essential oil crops as dill and coriander, including in the territory of Transbaikalia. Data are provided on the volume of essential oil production in Russia in different years. The noted morphobiological features of dill and coriander suggest the possibility of obtaining a high yield of fruits when they are cultivated by agricultural producers in the dry steppe zone of Transbaikalia. For the first time, in the conditions of the dry steppe zone of Transbaikalia, field research was carried out to study the effectiveness of some agricultural practices for cultivating zoned varieties of dill and coriander. The results of three years of research (2021-2023) on the formation of fruit yield of plants of the Umbrella family with a one-year development cycle - dill (Gribovsky, Lesnogorodsky varieties) and coriander (Karibe variety) in the driest soil-climatic zone of Transbaikalia are summarized. It was revealed that the heat supply of the growing season affects the formation of the fruit yield of the studied crops. The highest fruit yield was obtained from the Gribovsky dill variety at an average sowing time, and from the Lesnogorodsky variety when sowing early. At the same time, the Gribovsky variety is superior in yield to the Lesnogorodsky variety. The coriander variety Caribe provided the maximum fruit yield at a late sowing time in all years of research. In general, the soil and climatic conditions of the dry steppe zone of Transbaikalia make it possible to obtain a harvest of aromatic dill and coriander at the level of other regions of Russia, which determines the future development of essential oil crop production in our region.

Productivity of onion depending on the seeding fraction and feeding with water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers

The productivity of agricultural crops is determined by the choice of varieties, planting material, the optimal time of sowing and planting depending on the climatic conditions of the region, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, and care methods. Planting material plays an important role in the growth and development of onions and the formation of yield. Onions are very demanding in terms of nutrition, this is due to the length of the growing season, growth rates and poorly developed root system. To obtain high and high-quality onion yields, it is necessary to use fertilizers in an accessible form. Water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers quickly and evenly penetrate deep into the soil. Fertilizers improve the growth and development of plants, regulating nutrition processes, increase the yield and quality of the resulting products. As a result of many years of research, it was found that optimizing the mineral nutrition of onions through the use of fertilizers in active form provides a significant increase in the yield of onions. A comparative assessment of the productivity of onions when grown from sets of different fractions using water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic has been little studied.Materials and methods. The purpose of the research: to improve the technology of cultivating onions depending on the fraction of the set and fertilizing with water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers. In 2020–2021 On onions of the Stuttgarter Riesen variety, a two-factor experiment was carried out to study the effect of fertilizing with Aquarin and Rastvorin fertilizers when using different fractions of sets for planting. The studies were carried out using generally accepted methods.Results and its discussion. In the Udmurt Republic, the optimal for planting Stuttgarten Riesen onions is the medium and large fraction of the set, and the positive effect of water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers Aquarin and Rastvorin on the yield and its structure has been revealed. However, it is more economically profitable to use the fine fraction of sets when growing onions.

Effect of Sowing Environment and Varieties on Growth Attributes of Rain-fed Wheat under Sub-tropical Foothills of Jammu

A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm Advanced Centre for Rain-fed Agriculture (ACRA), Rakh-Dhiansar of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications at during Rabi season of 2018-19 to study the effect of six dates of sowing (31st October, 15th November, 30th November, 15th December, 30th December and 14th January) on growth attributes of two wheat varieties (PBW-175 and JAUW-598). The sowing of rain-fed was done at spacing of 20 cm in sandy loam soil. The observations were recorded on plant height, total dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and relative crop growth rate of wheat crop. Growth of wheat in terms of plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate and relative growth rate at periodic intervals revealed that at all the growth stages, the growth characters of wheat showed a pronounced improvement with varieties and sowing environments. The data showed significant effects of different sowing time on plant height, total dry matter and crop growth rate while relative crop growth rate found to be non-significant. Among varieties total dry matter found to be significant at 90, 120 DAS and at harvest as well as CGR at 60-90 DAS and 90-120 DAS while plant height and RGR showed to be non-significant at periodic intervals. In addition, the interaction effects were significant in some of observations.

WITHDRAWN: Standardizing agronomic practices for mechanical harvesting of the single-harvest garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) in India

The field investigations were conducted to study the effect of time of sowing, spacing and sowing method on yield and its attributing traits on single-harvest garden pea to standardize the agronomic practices for mechanized cultivation in India. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with 30 treatments comprising five dates of sowing in main plots and 2 different planting methods (flat and bed) sown at three different spacing in subplots and replicated three times. The bed size was standardized according to front-loading width of the pea combine. Significant interactions were observed between the date of sowing and spacing for a number of pods per plant, green seeds per pod, green pod yield per plant, green pod yield per plot; date of sowing and sowing method for pod length; spacing and sowing method for plant height. However, for all the traits, there was non-significant 3-way interaction. The late sown (20th December) crop resulted in the lowest number of pods per plant, green seeds per pod, green pod yield per plant and green pod yield per plot which was due to high temperature and low relative humidity at pod development and filling stage. It is concluded that the sowing of garden pea cultivar Punjab-89 on 5th November at an intermediate spacing of 20 × 7.5 cm using bed sowing method resulted in significantly highest green pod yield of 12.75 kg/9m2 in the single harvest.

COMPARATIVE RESPONSE OF TWO WHEAT VARIETIES TO BASAL AND SPLIT POTASSIUM NUTRITION UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Potassium (K) is an essential plant nutrient. Several research studies are available on the basal application of K concerned with yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Conversely, very limited studies are available on the split application of K. During 2018-2019, a field experiment was performed at the Southern Wheat Research Station, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam, Pakistan to determine the importance of the right time for K fertilization in wheat. The experiment included 18 plots, each having an area of 12m2 (4m × 3m) involving two cultivars of winter wheat, viz. Benazir and Sindhu, sown in two-factor Randomized Complete Block Design, arranged in a split pattern (main plots = varieties, sub plots = treatments). Three K fertilization levels were tested, i.e. T1 = No K fertilization, T2 = 50 kg K2O ha-1 applied at the time of sowing, T3 = two splits of K, i.e. 25 kg K2O ha-1 applied at sowing and 25 kg K2O ha-1 applied at grain filling stage (top dressing). According to results, the yield components showed a positive enhancement upon split application of K as compared to basal application in terms of significantly higher (p

Establishing wildflower meadows in anthropogenic landscapes

In anthropized sites, the establishment and management of sustainable and nature-based wildflower meadow solutions exclude fertilization, weeding, and watering, and reduce the frequency of mowing. Once such inputs have been reduced, the ecosystem services generated by the vegetation result in an increase in biodiversity in terms of plant and animal species, an improvement in soil quality and biota, the mitigation of air pollutants and carbon sequestration, as well as a reduction in soil temperature. Environmental education and citizen science are also some of the benefits of this type of vegetation, especially in urban areas. Herbaceous meadow-like communities, which are composed of forbs only or a combination of graminoid and forb species, are usually established by sowing. The seeds are available for purchase from specialized seed producers as single species or in a mix, some companies offer mixes composed of garden species with botanical species. Donor meadows are the sources of the genetic material and the template to reproduce the meadow herbaceous community at different sites through seed harvest, hay harvest, and the displacement of soil with its seed bank. Management techniques, such as soil preparation, determining the appropriate sowing and mowing time, can help in establishing and maintaining the most desirable species. The suspension of urban turf mowing allows the growth of the natural seed bank, which in unproductive soils facilitates the appearance of many pollinator-friendly herbaceous species. With the appropriate pedological conditions and management, the natural urban herbaceous vegetation thus provides beautiful and rich plant communities, which are also easy to maintain. This review identifies the best practices through a qualitative selection of case studies related to the various methods to establish wildflower meadows in the urban infrastructure and the main constraints such as the lack of a suitable seed market.

Screening suitable legumes for living mulches to support nitrogen dynamics and weed control in a durum wheat-forage sorghum crop sequence

Relay intercropping of service legumes (living mulch) is a valuable agroecological practice to support nutrient availability, yield and non-chemical weed control in a crops sequence, if suitable legumes are chosen. This study tested the suitability of eight legume living mulches for relay intercropping in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) evaluating their effects on the subsequent forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in a Mediterranean low-input cereal-based cropping system. Legumes include perennial (Medicago sativa, Medicago lupulina, Trifolium repens, Hedysarum coronarium), annual (Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium resupinatum) and annual self-seeding (Trifolium subterraneum, Medicago polymorpha) species. A plot experiment repeating two times a wheat-sorghum crop sequence, was carried out in Central Italy to assess the effects of relay intercropping of legumes on agronomical and economic performance of the associated wheat and subsequent sorghum. The legumes were undersown in the already developed durum wheat in late winter. They were maintained after wheat harvest and used as green manure by biomass chopping and plowing in the following spring at sorghum sowing time. None of the intercropped legumes affected N uptake or grain protein content of the companion wheat with respect to the control (wheat sole crop). In the spring before sorghum sowing, N input from legume biomass residues was assessed and it sensibly changed according to legume species, ranging from 1.2 (T. incarnatum) to 182 kg ha−1 (H. coronarium). The legume treatments significantly affected the N uptake in the subsequent sorghum and it ranged from 20.2 to 172.6 kg ha−1. Without the use of additional external nitrogen input, average sorghum dry biomass production preceded by H. coronarium (13.3 t ha−1), T. repens (11.8 t ha−1), T. subterraneum (11.0 t ha−1) and M. sativa (9.3 t ha−1) was in line with the productive level under conventional conditions. Biomass residues of M. sativa significantly reduced the total weed biomass in sorghum by 65% compared with the control. In sorghum, preceding legumes such as T. resupinatum and T. incarnatum promoted dicotyledonous weed growth. Hedysarum coronarium and T. repens were the best legumes for relay intercropping in the low-input wheat-sorghum crop sequence under Mediterranean conditions of this study according to agronomic and economic evaluation. These legumes were able to increase soil nitrogen content allowing to significantly reduce external nitrogen fertilization while optimizing sorghum production. When gross income is calculated at cropping system level, most legumes provide a positive economic balance.

Soybean yield dependence on the timing of sowing in the conditions of the foothill zone of the RNO-Alania

The article presents the results of research on the reaction of soybean plants depending on the timing of sowing in the foothill zone of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The need to improve the timing of sowing occurs with the introduction of new varieties of various ripeness in the main and intermediate crops. The purpose of the paper is to study the effect of sowing dates on the yield of soybean seeds in the conditions of the foothill zone of the RNO-Alania. The scientific novelty was to establish optimal sowing dates that would ensure optimal plant growth and development and high productivity. Our research was carried out in the experimental fields of the North Caucasian Research Institute of Mountain and Piedmont Agriculture of the VSC RAS in 2018-2021. The object of research was the varieties of breeding of the Federal scientific center "V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. Two main types of soils prevail in the foothill zone: chernozems of varying degrees of leaching, as well as meadow and meadow-boggy soils. The arable layer contains from 3 to 4.4% humus. Down the profile, the amount of humus decreases gradually. The reaction of the soil solution in the upper horizons is neutral, in horizons deeper than 80-90 cm – slightly alkaline. The predecessor of the experimental plots was corn for grain. It was found that at early sowing dates (April 20 - May 5) resulted in higher field germination (87-93%), plant foliage of 46.9 thousand m2/ha and their survival rate for harvesting 84-91%. More nodules formed on the roots of the plants. The maximum yield is 2.6 t/ha, obtained during sowing on April 30.

Farmers’ Perception Towards District AgroMet Unit (DAMU) Agro Advisory Services in Agriculture and Allied sectors in Tamil Nadu

A study was undertaken between 2022 and 2023 to assess farmers’ perceptions of District Agro Meteorological Unit (DAMU) Services in Cuddalore, Ramnad, and Aruppukottai districts of Tamil Nadu. DAMU offers specialized weather information to support local agricultural activities. Employing an ex post facto research design, a random sample of 180 registered farmers was selected. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Results revealed that Short-Range Forecasts (1-3 days) were most preferred (51.11%) followed by Medium-Range Forecast (4-7 days) with 31.11 per cent offering valuable insights to plan their activities for the upcoming week in making decisions related to crop protection, disease management and resource allocation of weather predictions. About three fourth (72.28 %) of farmers held a moderate perception of DAMU’s agromet services followed by high perception (15 per cent). The first ranked Perception Index (PI: 91.11) statement was that “weather-based advice assists in timing of sowing and transplanting” then “Information provided under DAMU is clearly understandable” (PI: 89.44); “advisory services in the form of video link are understandable, useful & effective” (PI: 86.11) and least agreement for judicious application of fertilizers (PI: 66.29) and temperature forecasts (PI: 64.62) aid in safeguarding crops from cold, frost, and heat damage.

Development of intelligent technology elements to establish optimal harvest dates for grain crops

The outstripping pace of agro-industrial complex development is largely determined by the level of agricultural production organization. The effectiveness of crop cultivation depends both on external factors: nature of soils, climatic conditions, etc., and on the skillful organization of agrotechnical measures, timely implementation of planned sowing cycles, cultivation and harvesting of crop production. The development of intelligent technologies can optimize the use of resources and management processes in the field of agriculture, as well as improve the quality of finished products. In particular, using the capabilities of artificial intelligence, it is possible to process large amounts of data on soil composition, fertility, humidity, and other soil parameters; predict weather and climate, forecast and plan sowings of certain crops. With the help of modern intelligent technologies, it is possible to monitor the condition of plants, identify diseases and pests, control growth and determine the best time for sowing, various types of plant treatment and time for harvesting. Definitely, these are just some areas where intelligent technologies in agriculture that can be used. With the development of technology and improved data availability, the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in all the areas mentioned will only grow.

ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ СОИ В РСО-АЛАНИЯ

The author presents the results of research on the study of sowing dates for soybean yields in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. With the introduction of new varieties of various ripeness in the main and intermediate crops, there is a need to improve the timing of sowing. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of sowing dates on the yield of soybean seeds in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty was to establish optimal sowing dates that would ensure optimal plant growth and development and high productivity. Our research was carried out in the experimental fields of the North Caucasus Scientific Research Institute of Mountain and Foothill Agriculture of the VNC RAS in 2018-2021. The object of research was the varieties of breeding of the Federal Scientific Center of the V.S. Pustovoit Research Institute of Oilseeds. Two main types of soils prevail in the foothill zone: chernozems of varying degrees of leaching, as well as meadow and meadow-marsh soils. The arable layer contains from 3 to 4.4% humus. Down the profile, the amount of humus decreases gradually. The reaction of the soil solution in the upper horizons is neutral, deeper than 80-90 cm – slightly alkaline. The predecessor of the experimental plots was corn for grain. It was found that at early sowing dates (April 20 – May 5), higher field germination (87-93%), plant foliage of 46.9 thousand m2/ha and their survival rate for harvesting 84-91% were noted. More nodules formed on the roots of the plants. The maximum yield is 2.6 t/ha, obtained during sowing on April 30. In the forest-steppe zone, the yield of medium-ripened varieties decreased from early to late sowing periods by 0.44 and 0.58 t/ha, while in early-ripening varieties it was less significant. Fertilizers (R90K30) increased the yield of seeds, depending on the timing of sowing, by 0.24-0.58 t/ha.

Analysis and Research on Production Effects of Full-Film Double Ridge-Furrow Mulching with Polyethylene Film and Biodegradable Film Based on AquaCrop

Water is an important factor limiting the development of arid rain-fed agriculture. Film mulching is an effective way to ensure yield in arid areas. However, whether biodegradable film can be used instead of polyethylene film for agricultural production in arid areas is a matter of contention. In this study, AquaCrop model simulation and field experiment were used to analyze the production effect of corn whole film double ridge furrow sowing technology covering polyethylene film (PM) and biodegradable film (BM) in Dingxi City from 2016 to 2020. The results showed that the AquaCrop simulation data have a high fitting with the field test data, and the model was suitable for simulating dry farming in Dingxi City. The best sowing time in Dingxi City is to select the average temperature to be stable at about 15 °C (around 15 April to 25 April each year), and the yield is the highest after sowing during this period. Although BM can achieve environmental protection and energy saving, it is weaker than PM in water storage and soil evaporation inhibition in arid areas. The average yield, aboveground biomass, water productivity, and harvest index of PM were 63.95%, 18.57%, 76.35%, and 38.22% higher than those of BM, respectively. In drought years, BM water stress on leaf expansion, induced stomatal closure, and premature senescence were 61%, 17%, and 9.5% higher than PM, respectively, and the stress time was 28.5 d, 5 d, and 26 d, respectively. The maximum canopy coverage and effective root zone water content were 24.5% and 30.49% lower, respectively. In the wet year, water stress under BM only had a certain effect on the leaf expansion of crops but had no effect on the induction of stomatal closure and premature senescence. The maximum canopy coverage and effective root zone water content were 13.56% and 31.35% lower, respectively. The above studies show that BM has a certain ability to store water and preserve moisture, but the parameters of PM are better than BM. Especially in dry years, the crop production efficiency of PM is more significant. It can be seen that in rain-fed agricultural areas with rainfall less than 500 mm, biodegradable film can not replace polyethylene film.

ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЕ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР В УСЛОВИЯХ ПОНИЖЕННЫХ ТЕМПЕРАТУР

Humanity at the present stage of development has already faced the consequences of its economic activities, which has caused global changes in the world around it. Climate change on our planet is observed in all regions. As is known, this period is geologically anthropogenic, which is characterized by alternating glaciations. The main development and implementation of the country's food security program is the creation of a sustainable food supply. And also, the growth of livestock production in line with population growth. Corn is widely distributed in the world due to its high productivity and nutritional value, as well as its ability to adapt to different climatic zones. Corn is a crop sensitive to cold, and it has a serious delay in growth and development when exposed to sudden cold spells in the early period of growth and development. For the successful promotion of this crop to more northern regions, it is necessary to include hybrids with low thermal requirements in agricultural production. It is also equally important to create favorable conditions for plants in new regions. The purpose of the research was to build a dynamic model of corn cultivation at low temperatures due to climate change at the global level. The main area of research was to identify the possibility of normal functioning of corn in conditions of low temperatures. The first experiment (2004-2007) was aimed at a comparative study of various subspecies and varieties of corn to identify morphobiological factors of adaptation process management. In the second experiment (2012-2013), the subject of the study was the effect of various drugs, including derivatives of indolylacetic acid, and the timing of crop sowing on its productivity. Thus, the morphobiological, agrotechnical and microbiological issues of increasing the cold resistance of corn as the main food and feed crop have been studied. The influence of the studied factors on the growth processes and yield of green mass has been determined.