Election Time Research Articles

Issue of ‘One Nation, One Election’ in Indian Perspective

This research examines the potential impacts—both positive and negative—of introducing simultaneous elections across India, known as "One Nation, One Election." This proposed change aims to synchronise national, state, and local election timings to reduce frequent election cycles. The analysis shows that synchronised elections could save significant costs for state and central governments by reducing expenses related to election administration, security, and disruptions in governance. Estimated annual savings could exceed ₹45 billion. The effect on state governments varies; while national issues might overshadow local concerns, state administrations could benefit from more governance-focused time rather than electioneering. This might decrease voter fatigue but could limit expressing dissatisfaction with state governments at different times. From an industry standpoint, synchronised elections offer more stable policies and less political uncertainty. Overall, simultaneous elections promote better governance focus and enhance political and economic stability. The paper provides a comprehensive evaluation based on evidence of the expected pros, cons, costs, and benefits.

Volunteer Bands and Local Identity in Caithness at the Time of the Second Reform Act

Caithness lay outside the national railway network in 1868, but as this article demonstrates, used the band music of its local volunteer military units, embedded within a wider contemporary British context of imperial music-making, as a means to express and shape local political identities. The second Reform Act of 1867, enacted in Scotland by the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868, prompted wider reimagining about what it meant to be a citizen of Scotland and Britain. Regular references to civic bands in contemporary newspapers and carefully posed photographs in local archives provide evidence for the popularity of Silver and Brass bands connected with the Caithness Volunteer movement. As they marched around towns, villages and countryside, especially around the time of the national elections and local by-elections of 1868-9, their music created powerfully affective soundscapes that connected traditional local identities with the modern British fiscal-military state, helping people to imagine their place as citizens in a period of widening political engagement. The county’s band music provides a microhistory that allows exploration of contrasts between rural and civic patterns of political behaviour in this period.

Avoiding an Election Time Crunch

Avoiding an Election Time Crunch

Assessing Educational and Attitudinal Outcomes of a Student Learner Experience Focused on Homelessness.

Patient navigation programs help guide vulnerable populations, such as those experiencing homelessness, through the health care system. Medical students developed the student-run Patient Navigator Program (PNP) to serve persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) in the Dallas area. The objective of this study was to build on previously published data to determine how medical student attitudes, knowledge, and confidence working with PEH changed during involvement in the PNP, particularly after participating as a patient navigator. Student fellows completed a survey prior to a training elective (time point 1), immediately after the training elective (time point 2), and after acting as a patient navigator (time point 3). The PNP survey, which intended to measure student attitudes and knowledge regarding PEH, included the Health Professionals' Attitudes Toward the Homeless Inventory (HPATHI) and the Student-Run Free Clinic Project (SRFCP) surveys. In our analysis, we compared responses among the different time points. Seventy-six of 88 students who completed the training elective chose to participate in the PNP fellowship. Skills, knowledge, and self-efficacy improved from time points 1 to 2, 1 to 3, and 2 to 3. Social advocacy also improved from time points 1 to 2 and 1 to 3. Improvements from time point 1 to 2 demonstrated the value of didactic learning, while further improvements from time point 2 to 3 demonstrated the added benefit of hands-on experiential learning. Our study illustrates the potential educational benefits that a PNP provides to medical students who may encounter or care for this population during their careers.

Structural Reforms and Elections: Evidence from a World-Wide New Dataset

Abstract We present two new databases we have constructed to explore the electoral consequences of structural economic policy reforms. One database measures reforms in domestic finance, external finance, trade, product, and labor markets covering 90 advanced and developing economies from 1973 to 2014. The other chronicles the timing and results of national elections. We find that liberalizing reforms are associated with economic benefits that accrue only gradually over time. Because of this delay, liberalizing reforms are costly to democratic incumbents when they are implemented close to elections. Electoral outcomes also depend on the state of the economy: Reforms are penalized during contractions but are often rewarded in expansions.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Academic Attributes of the Presidents of the North American Skull Base Society.

Objectives Our objective was to elucidate the demographic, academic, and career attributes of North American Skull Base Society (NASBS) presidents and determine how leadership of this society has changed over time. Design Thirty-one NASBS presidents have served between 1990 and 2021. Demographic and scholarly variables were recorded from publicly available sources. To determine how trends in NASBS presidents have changed over time, linear and logistic regressions were conducted on continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Setting Virtual setting was used for this study. Participants There were no active participants in the study. Main Outcome Measures Academic metrics of NASBS presidents were the main outcome measure. Results NASBS presidents had a mean age of 53.3 ± 6.1 years at election and were all male. The most common institution at which former presidents trained ( n = 4) and practiced ( n = 3) was the University of Pittsburgh. Otolaryngologists comprised 41.9% ( n = 13) of the cohort, neurosurgeons made up 38.8% ( n = 12), and the remaining 19.3% ( n = 6) were from other specialties. NASBS presidents from neurosurgery ( p = 0.033) and other specialties ( p = 0.014) were more likely to hold the rank of chair compared with those from otolaryngology. Over time, there has been a linear increase in years of research experience at the time of election ( p = 0.048). There remains a lack of diversity of gender and race. Conclusion NASBS presidents have demonstrated increased research activity over time, favoring long-term academic careers. Knowledge of these trends and attributes, which demonstrate an increase in skull base literature, growth of the NASBS, and a need for increased diversity in the field, is important for stewarding the future of the NASBS and promoting equity.

Youth Engagement in Democratic Process and Peace Building in Tanzania: A Study of the 2020 General Elections in Dodoma City

Various factors including the global community, regional bodies and national leaders have expressed their voices to demand engagement of all segments of the society, youth in particular in political processes, elections in particular which is substantial for democracy and Peace Building. Chapter 4, Article 4 of the African Union Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance of 2007 (AU, 2007) and Chapter 17, Article 11(1) of the African Youth Charter of 2006 both demands for state parties to ensure equal access for young men and young women to participate in decision – making through fulfilling civic duties of which election is core for peace building. This paper investigated the rationale as to why despite the call for youth to engage in political and democratic election to enhance Peace, still during elections particularly on voting in Tanzania, youth turnout is uncertain. This paper used both secondary and primary information. It has observed that, youth participate in election campaigns, but their motivation in voting for Peace Building is uncertain due to various reasons including lack of trust to body responsible for election management (NEC), lack of political awareness, disengagement of youth from politics of chaos and violence during election times. The article recommends reform to the National Election committee and thorough capacity building on youth to internalize and exercise their civic rights including voting for the health of Democracy, consequently peace Building.

The Electoral Dynamics of Capital Punishment Commutations

AbstractWe explore electoral explanations for U.S. governors’ willingness to commute death sentences in their state. Across descriptive tests and pre-registered regression specifications, we find little evidence that election timing or term limits affect either the probability of commuting death sentences or the proportion of such sentences governors might commute. However, we do find evidence that governors are more likely to commute sentences – and commute sentences for a higher proportion of defendants – during the “lame duck” period after their successor’s election but before their inauguration.

Electoral Violence and Supply Chain Disruptions in Kenya's Floriculture Industry

Abstract Violent conflicts, particularly at election times in Africa, are a common cause of instability and economic disruption. This paper studies how firms react to electoral violence using the case of Kenyan flower exporters during the 2008 postelection violence as an example. The violence induced a large negative supply shock that reduced exports primarily through workers' absence and had heterogeneous effects: larger firms and those with direct contractual relationships in export markets suffered smaller production and loss of workers. On the demand side, global buyers were not able to shift sourcing to Kenyan exporters located in areas not directly affected by the violence or to neighboring Ethiopian suppliers. Consistent with difficulties in ensuring against supply-chain risk disruptions caused by electoral violence, firms in direct contractual relationships ramp up shipments just before the subsequent 2013 presidential election to mitigate risk.

Lymphedema Surgical Education and Faculty Demographics in United States Plastic Surgery Residency Programs.

Recent advancements in supermicrosurgery and promising preliminary outcomes have led to a surge in physiologic lymphedema surgery. This study is the first to evaluate lymphedema surgical education among U.S. plastic surgery residency programs, along with the background and experience of plastic surgeons subspecializing in the field. Cross-sectional evaluation of 103 accredited U.S. plastic surgery residency programs was performed in January 2023. Web-based searches of program curricula, faculty profiles, and main institutional pages indicated whether a program provided nonclinical or clinical exposure to lymphedema surgery. Review of online faculty profiles, surname searches, Doximity, and Scopus determined the perceived demographics, academic productivity, and procedures performed by lymphedema surgeons. Compared with the 11 programs that incorporated lymphedema surgery into their online curriculum, 67 programs had a rotation site with a surgeon performing lymphedema procedures. Of the 33 programs without evidence of clinical exposure, 76% (n = 25) did not provide or specify providing elective time. Faculty perceived to be female or a race underrepresented in plastic surgery had significantly more assistant professor titles (p < 0.0214) and significantly fewer years of experience (p < 0.0293) than their counterparts. Great variation in lymphedema surgical education exists among U.S. plastic surgery residency programs. While few programs incorporate lymphedema surgery into their advertised curriculum, programs without clinical exposure frequently did not provide elective time to obtain it. Faculty that were female or a race underrepresented in plastic surgery were most often early in their career, suggesting lymphedema surgeons may grow increasingly diverse in years to come.

Elective Cesarean Section Induction Delivery Time and Development of Transient Tachypnea of The Newborn; A Prospective Clinical Study

Elective Cesarean Section Induction Delivery Time and Development of Transient Tachypnea of The Newborn; A Prospective Clinical Study

Sweet victory, bitter defeat: The amplifying effects of affective and perceived ideological polarization on the winner–loser gap in political support

AbstractAccepting defeat in the aftermath of elections is crucial for the stability of democracies. But in times of intense polarization, the voluntary consent of electoral losers seems less obvious. In this paper, I study whether affective and perceived ideological polarization amplify the winner–loser gap in political support. Using multilevel growth curve modelling on pre and post‐election panel data from the British Election Study Internet Panel collected during the 2015 and 2019 UK general elections, I show that the winner–loser gap is indeed more pronounced amongst voters with higher levels of affective and perceived ideological polarization. Moreover, the results illustrate that polarized voters experience a stark decrease in their support for the political system following their electoral loss. Given the high and, in some Western democracies, rising polarization levels, these findings have important implications for losers’ consent and the stability of democracies in election times.

The Evolving Role of Postgraduate Year 7 in Neurological Surgery Residency.

In 2013, all neurosurgery programs were mandated to adopt a 7-year structure. We sought to characterize how programs use the seventh year of training (postgraduate year 7 [PGY7]). We surveyed all accredited neurosurgery programs in the United States regarding the PGY7 residents' primary role and the availability of enfolded fellowships. We compiled responses from different individuals in each program: chair, program director, program coordinator, and current chiefs. Of 120 accredited neurological surgery residency programs within the United States, 91 (76%) submitted responses. At these programs, the primary roles of the PGY7 were chief of service (COS, 71%), enfolded fellowships (EFF, 18%), transition to practice (10%), and elective time (1%). Most residencies have been 7-year programs for >10 years (52, 57%). Sixty-seven programs stated that they offer some form of EFF (73.6%). The most common EFFs were endovascular (57, 62.6%), spine (49, 53.9%), critical care (41, 45.1%), and functional (37, 40.7%). These were also the most common specialties listed as Committee on Advanced Subspecialty Training accredited by survey respondents. Spine and endovascular EFFs were most likely to be restricted to PGY7 (24.2% and 23.1%, respectively), followed by neuro-oncology (12, 13.2%). The most common EFFs reported as Committee on Advanced Subspecialty Training accredited but not restricted to PGY7 were endovascular (24, 26.4%) and critical care (23, 25.3%). Most accredited neurological surgery training programs use the COS as the primary PGY7 role. Programs younger in their PGY7 structure seem to maintain the traditional COS role. Those more established seem to be experimenting with various roles the PGY7 year can fill, including enfolded fellowships and transition-to-practice years, predominantly. Most programs offer some form of enfolded fellowship. This serves as a basis for characterization of how neurological surgery training may develop in years to come.

How does it feel to talk about Russia? Emotions and themes in Russia-related social media posts in Lithuania

ABSTRACT This study analyses the complex emotions and level of user engagement associated with mentions of Russia by Lithuanian socio-political influencers on publicly available Facebook posts between 2015 and 2020. Using the CrowdTangle API and a mixed methods approach to data, we examined four potentially sensitive periods – around elections, a political corruption scandal, and during the first COVID-19-related national lockdowns, annotated for emotion and topic content and analyzed with quantitative modeling of emotion data coupled with qualitative analysis of posts in order to contextualize results. Curiously, we found no heightened negativity expressed toward Russia around election time. We identified, however, considerable anger and contempt beneath the overall veneer of happiness in our sampled posts, with posts mentioning Russia generally containing more negative emotions.

Dinamika Politik Lokal pada Pemilihan Kepala Desa di Desa Mekarjaya

This research is motivated by the existence of deviations that occur within the village administration. According to Sadu Wasistiono 1993 (In Neneng Yani 2016) village head elections cannot be avoided. This study aims to explain the political issues that existed at the time of village head elections in Mekarjaya village. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study are that the implementation of Pilkades is colored by various political issues. One of the issues in the Pilkades in this village is money politics. The phenomenon of the practice of money politics in Mekarjaya Village carried out by one of these candidates aims to influence people's choices. Even though the money politics that occurred in Mekarjaya Village did not cause conflict, indirectly the practice of money politics in village head elections could undermine the existing democratic system.

PERAN PEMUDA DALAM MENYUKSESKAN PEMILU DI DESA TERUSAN KECAMATAN BATURAJA TIMUR KABUPATEN OGAN KOMERING ULU

Youth participation during general elections in democratic countries still cannot be said to be high, this is influenced by the factor of many young people who miss at the time of general elections. One of the efforts to reduce it is by holding political education socialization and general elections to the public and youth in particular as prospective novice voters for the 2024 election, in order to reduce the number of abstentions and make youth smarter in elections and understand the role of youth in the success of the upcoming 2024 elections. The holding of political socialization so that youth not only become political objects but become political subjects. Therefore, the Government Science Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Baturaja University conducts service on political education and elections to welcome the 2024 election in Canal Village, East Baturaja District, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. The entire stage was carried out well as expected.

AI and core electoral processes: Mapping the horizons

AbstractIt is well documented that there has been significant enthusiasm across the globe in respect of using AI for all forms of social activity. However, the electoral process – the time, place, and manner of elections within democratic nations – is one of few sectors in which there has been limited penetration of AI. Electoral management bodies in many countries have recently started exploring and deliberating over the use of AI in the electoral process. In this paper, we consider five avenues within the core electoral process which have potential for AI usage, and map the challenges involved in using AI within them. These five avenues are: voter list maintenance, determining polling booth locations, polling booth protection processes, voter authentication, and video monitoring of elections. Within each avenue, we lay down the context, illustrate current or potential usage of AI, and discuss extant or potential ramifications of AI usage, as well as potential directions for mitigating risks when considering AI usage. We believe that the scant current usage of AI within electoral processes provides a very rare opportunity to deliberate on the risks and mitigation possibilities prior to actual and widespread AI deployment. This paper is an attempt to map the horizons of risks and opportunities in using AI within electoral processes and to help shape the debate around the topic.

The effect of political elections at home on the internationalization of state‐owned multinationals from emerging countries

AbstractResearch SummaryThe literature on the internationalization of state‐owned enterprises in emerging countries usually implicitly assumes continuity in the provision of key resources by home country governments. This assumption, however, does not necessarily hold in the presence of political elections in democratic emerging countries. Drawing from the resource dependence theory and the literatures on election‐induced uncertainty and investment irreversibility, we study how political elections in emerging countries affect the internationalization of multinationals with state indirect ownership. Using a sample of 89 Brazilian multinationals from 2000 to 2012, we find that these state‐owned multinationals are less likely to internationalize during elections than multinationals with fully private ownership. When they internationalize, they choose investments that provide them with more flexibility than those chosen by their private counterparts.Managerial SummaryPolitical elections in democratic emerging countries regularly create considerable policy uncertainty and opportunism in policymaking. This affects the provision of government resources that state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) depend on for their internationalization strategy. Our results show that Brazilian multinationals with state indirect ownership are less likely to internationalize in an election year, and when they do, they implement more flexible strategies than fully private multinationals. These findings suggest that SOEs need to include the timing of political elections in their long‐term international strategic planning. Our study also stresses the pros and cons of the SOE‐government relationship. Whereas the link to the state can offer SOEs a way to access valuable government resources, it may constrain their managerial autonomy in international strategy decisions during political elections.

Breast Imaging Fellowship Training in the United States: A National Survey of Fellowship Program Directors.

To provide an updated characterization of breast imaging fellowship programs in the United States to identify opportunities for improvement and standardization. An anonymous survey was e-mailed to program directors of breast imaging fellowship programs listed on the Society of Breast Imaging website. The survey was open from April 23, 2021, through May 27, 2021. The survey was deemed exempt by the IRB. Forty-seven of 80 (59%) program directors responded, of which 36/47 (77%) represented programs dedicated 100% to breast imaging, and 11/47 (23%) represented programs dedicated 50%-75% to breast imaging. Common elements to most programs include tumor boards (47/47, 100%), journal clubs (39/47, 83%), case-based teaching sessions (35/47, 74%), didactic lectures (40/47, 85%), and participation in radiology-pathology conferences (29/47, 62%). Mammography Quality and Standards Act audit training (22/47, 47%), mammography quality control training (22/47, 47%), and formal communication training (19/47, 40%) were less common. Most programs provide exposure to wire (42/47, 89%) and wire-free localization procedures (45/47, 96%), but exposure to contrast-enhanced mammography (13/47, 28%) and molecular breast imaging (4/47, 9%) was limited. A small majority of programs (25/47, 53%) do not require weekday call; however, more (31/47, 66%) have weekend call responsibilities. Many programs (29/47, 62%) offer at least 3 weeks of elective time, which may be clinical or nonclinical. Breast imaging fellowship programs vary in curricula, modality exposure, and academic policies. The results of this survey can help guide further efforts to standardize and optimize fellowship training.

Benchmarking Accomplishments of Presidents Elected to Hand Surgery Societies in the United States

ObjectiveQualifications needed to achieve national leadership positions in hand surgery are poorly defined. This study compares the academic accomplishments, demographics, and training backgrounds of presidents elected to serve the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) and the American Association for Hand Surgery (AAHS). MethodsThe ASSH and AAHS provided names of elected Presidents (1990–2022, n = 64). Curriculum vitae and academic web sites were used to collect demographic, training, bibliometric, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding data of presidents. ResultsPresidents were predominately male (95%), Caucasian (90%), and orthopaedic surgery residency-trained (66%). Only 9% were racial minorities (8% Asian, 2% Hispanic, and 0% African American). The average age at appointment was 59 ± 7 years old, which was an average of 23 years from completion of hand surgery fellowship. More presidents received plastic surgery residency training in AAHS than ASSH (50 vs. 19%). The most represented hand surgery fellowships were Mayo Clinic (14%), University of Louisville (11%), and Duke University (9%). Twenty-one presidents participated in a travel fellowship (33%). Thirty presidents served as Department Chair or Division Chief at time of election (47%). The average h-index was 34 ± 18 resulting from 164 ± 160 peer-reviewed manuscripts and was similar between the two organizations. Eleven presidents had NIH grant funding (18%) and there were no differences in procurement or funding totals between the two organizations. ConclusionPresidents of American hand surgery societies obtain high levels of scholarly activity regardless of training specialty. Women and racial minorities remain underrepresented at the highest levels of leadership.