Time Of Attack Research Articles

An empirical study of reflection attacks using NetFlow data

Reflection attacks are one of the most intimidating threats organizations face. A reflection attack is a special type of distributed denial-of-service attack that amplifies the amount of malicious traffic by using reflectors and hides the identity of the attacker. Reflection attacks are known to be one of the most common causes of service disruption in large networks. Large networks perform extensive logging of NetFlow data, and parsing this data is an advocated basis for identifying network attacks. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of NetFlow data containing 1.7 billion NetFlow records and identified reflection attacks on the network time protocol (NTP) and NetBIOS servers. We set up three regression models including the Ridge, Elastic Net and LASSO. To the best of our knowledge, there is no work that studied different regression models to understand patterns of reflection attacks in a large network. In this paper, we (a) propose an approach for identifying correlations of reflection attacks, and (b) evaluate the three regression models on real NetFlow data. Our results show that (a) reflection attacks on the NTP servers are not correlated, (b) reflection attacks on the NetBIOS servers are not correlated, (c) the traffic generated by those reflection attacks did not overwhelm the NTP and NetBIOS servers, and (d) the dwell times of reflection attacks on the NTP and NetBIOS servers are too small for predicting reflection attacks on these servers. Our work on reflection attacks identification highlights recommendations that could facilitate better handling of reflection attacks in large networks.

Politeness in Language and Speech Events in War Situations: Analysis of Abu Ubaidah's Speech

Through an analytical study of Abu Ubaidah's speech in a war situation between Hamas-Israel, this qualitative descriptive research explores the elements of Geoffrey Leech's politeness maxims and Dell Hymes' speech events in a war situation. Speech analysis consists of looking for aspects of politeness in the form of maxims of wisdom, maxims of generosity, maxims of praise, maxims of humility, maxims of agreement, and maxims of sympathy. This research found three maxims used in Abu Ubaidah's speech, namely the maxims of praise, humility, and sympathy. This can be seen from Abu Ubaidah's speech by showing the application of these three maxims, such as showing respect, recognition, and sympathy for Allah, the fighters, and the Palestinian people. Analysis was also carried out to look for speech events in settings and scenes, participants, and ends in Abu Ubaidah's speech. The theory of Abu Ubaidah's speech events in the Hamas-Israel conflict includes three main factors: setting and scene involve the location and time of the speech amid intensive attacks in Gaza. Participants include Abu Ubaidah, the al-Qassam Brigades, the Palestinian community, the enemy, and the international community. And ends, which include several main objectives depending on the context of the intended speech partner.

Detection using Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and SMS Gateway Controller

Intrusion Detection System and SMS controller with Snort using SMS Gateway on public networks. The need for an attack detection system that can assist administrators in monitoring the network, so that administrators can cope with threats quickly and the network can operate optimally again, the purpose of this study is to facilitate network administrators in preventing and detecting attacks. this has been tested against ping of death attacks, sql injection, sysflooding attacks and port scanning. From the results of testing the system that has been tested, the system has been able to detect and prevent it quickly via SMS controller integrated with gammu as an sms gateway, as for information sent to the network administrator in the form of attack alerts in real time via SMS, the result of attack detection in the form of 4 (four) types of information, namely attack time, attack type, destination IP, and source IP. Blocking attacks is done by sending blocking commands via an sms controller that is integrated with php scripts, bash scripting and iptables, blocking attacks successfully executed after the gammu server receives an SMS reply from the network administrator in an average period of 40 seconds.

Exploring potential neuroimaging biomarkers for the response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in episodic migraine

BackgroundNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered first-line medications for acute migraine attacks. However, the response exhibits considerable variability among individuals. Thus, this study aimed to explore a machine learning model based on the percentage of amplitude oscillations (PerAF) and gray matter volume (GMV) to predict the response to NSAIDs in migraine treatment.MethodsPropensity score matching was adopted to match patients having migraine with response and nonresponse to NSAIDs, ensuring consistency in clinical characteristics and migraine-related features. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging was employed to extract PerAF and GMV, followed by feature selection using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and recursive feature elimination algorithms. Multiple predictive models were constructed and the final model with the smallest predictive residuals was chosen. The model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROCAUC) curve, area under the precision-recall curve (PRAUC), balance accuracy (BACC), sensitivity, F1 score, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). External validation was performed using a public database. Then, correlation analysis was performed between the neuroimaging predictors and clinical features in migraine.ResultsOne hundred eighteen patients with migraine (59 responders and 59 non-responders) were enrolled. Six features (PerAF of left insula and left transverse temporal gyrus; and GMV of right superior frontal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and left precuneus) were observed. The random forest model with the lowest predictive residuals was selected and model metrics (ROCAUC, PRAUC, BACC, sensitivity, F1 score, PPV, and NPV) in the training and testing groups were 0.982, 0.983, 0.927, 0.976, 0.930, 0.889, and 0.973; and 0.711, 0.648, 0.639, 0.667,0.649, 0.632, and 0.647, respectively. The model metrics of external validation were 0.631, 0.651, 0.611, 0.808, 0.656, 0.553, and 0.706. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between the GMV of the left precuneus and attack time in non-responders.ConclusionsOur findings suggest the potential of multimodal neuroimaging features in predicting the efficacy of NSAIDs in migraine treatment and provide novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying migraine and its optimized treatment strategy.

Warm-up music and low-dose caffeine enhance the activity profile and psychophysiological responses during simulated combat in female taekwondo athletes

To assess the effects of warm-up music and low dose (3 mg·kg−1) of caffeine (CAF) on female taekwondo athlete’s activity profile and psychophysiological responses during simulated combat. In a double-blinded, randomized, crossover study, 16 female athletes participated in simulated combats under one control and 5 experimental conditions [i.e., CAF alone (CAF), placebo alone (PL), CAF with music (CAF + M), PL with music (PL + M), and no supplement with music (M)]. After warming-up, athletes rated their felt arousal (FAS). Mean (HRmean) and peak (HRpeak) heart rate values were determined for each combat. After fighting, athletes rated their perceived exertion (RPE), feeling scale (FS), FAS, and physical enjoyment (PACES). Time-motion and technical-tactical variables were analyzed. CAF + M induced shorter skip and pause time, while attack time increased compared to other conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, CAF + M increased single attacks, combined attacks, counter-attacks (p < 0.001), and defensive actions (p < 0.05) than other conditions. HRmean and HRpeak were lower under CAF + M than other conditions (p < 0.05). Additionally, higher FAS post-combat, FS, and PACES were observed under CAF + M, while RPE was lower (except CAF condition) compared to the other conditions (p < 0.05.Using CAF with warm-up music may increase combat cadence and improve the psychological state in female athletes more effectively than either strategy alone.

Mechanical and microstructural properties of one-part geopolymer-solidified soil attacked by Na2SO4

In the construction of traffic engineering, a large amount of waste soils was generated. These soils have poor engineering properties, cannot be used as subgrade fill, so they were solidified treatment, commonly used cement curing agent have adverse effects on the environment. One-part geopolymer (OPG), as a green and new type of soil stabilizer, not only provides a new idea for the solidification of engineering waste, but also offers an effective way for the disposal of industrial solid waste, and reduces the consumption of cement. In order to evaluate the durability of geopolymer solidified soil, in this paper, with fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as raw materials, solid NaOH and Na2SiO3 as solid alkali-activator to prepare OPG, which was used as a solidifier to solidify the waste dredged silt to produce one-part geopolymer-solidified soil (OPGSS). The variation patterns of mass, unconfined compression strength (UCS) and elasticity modulus of OPGSS with attack time under 0%, 5% and 10% Na2SO4 solutions were investigated. The changes in the phase composition, micro-morphology and pore size distribution of OPGSS were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that: Under both 5% and 10% Na2SO4 solutions, the UCS of OPGSS decreased in two stages with attack time, and the number of large pores and total pores of OPGSS increased in two stages. The inflection points appeared on day 8 under 5% Na2SO4 solution; the inflection points appeared on day 5 under 10% Na2SO4 solution. This was mainly due to the expansion of corrosion products formed by OPGSS under Na2SO4 attack, which destroyed the microstructure of OPGSS and led to a reduction in the UCS of the OPGSS.

Clinical and laboratory spectrum of hereditary angioedema in a group of Egyptian children: a cross sectional study

BackgroundHereditary angioedema (HAE) is a hereditary illness represented by repeated bouts of submucosal or subcutaneous edema. Types of HAE includes; HAE with deficient C1-inhibitor (type 1), HAE with dysfunctional C1-inhibitor (type 2), and HAE with normal C1-inhibitor. Data on the epidemiology of HAE in Egypt are limited. Therefore, we aimed to characterize HAE in Egyptian children, identify the morbidity, and clarify HAE's different clinical and laboratory presentations.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we enrolled pediatric patients diagnosed with HAE according to the international hereditary angioedema WAO/EAACI guidelines. We gathered laboratory data on patients' mean serum C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) level and activity, C4, and IgE levels.ResultsWe included 18 HAE patients (14 females and 4 males). They were between the ages of 6 and 18 years. The mean age upon confirmation of diagnosis was 8.4 ± 2.4 years. The mean time required to correctly diagnose HAE was 3.2 ± 1.8 years. We detected type I in 15 cases and type II in three cases. Eleven patients had a family member with HAE. In terms of previous misdiagnoses, 50% of patients were diagnosed with allergic angioedema. The median annual frequency of episodes was 17. The mean HAE attack time was 2.9 ± 1.5 days. Edema was most typically found in the face and abdomen. Trauma was the main triggering factor. We detected a significant direct relationship between severity of attack and C1-INH activity level.ConclusionsThis research adds a considerable clinical information about children with HAE. According to current results, there is a considerable underdiagnosis of HAE in Egypt. The detection and management of HAE can be improved by screening the relatives of HAE patients.

Cooperative Guidance for Maneuvering Penetration with Attack Time Consensus and Bounded Input

Cooperative Guidance for Maneuvering Penetration with Attack Time Consensus and Bounded Input

Serum EZH2 protein levels are decreased in people with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study

BackgroundIn the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), genetic factors are thought to trigger autoimmunity by acting through T and B lymphocytes and microglia. The EZH2 gene is known to play a role in the development and differentiation of these cells. The aim of this study was to compare the protein levels of EZH2 in the blood samples of people with MS (PwMS) with the clinical characteristics of the patients and the control group. MethodsSociodemographic and clinical data and venous blood samples were obtained from PwMS and an age- and gender-matched control group. Samples were stored under appropriate conditions, and protein levels of EZH2 was measured by ELISA. ResultsThe study included 22 PwMS aged 20–54 years and 21 controls aged 21–51 years. EZH2 protein levels were lower in patients than in controls(p < 0.001). There was no difference between relapsing-remitting and progressive MS(p = 0.747). There was no difference between patients with a history of relapses in the past 2 years and those without relapses(p = 0.794). There was no difference between the patients with a normal neurological examination and those without (p = 0.478). There was no correlation between EZH2 protein levels and disease duration, time of first attack, age at diagnosis, treatment duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale. ConclusionIn our study, we found that EZH2 protein levels were lower in PwMS compared to the control group which suggests that decrease in EZH2 protein expression may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of MS. This study may provide preliminary information for future research.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody titers by fixed cell-based assay: positive predictive value and impact of sample collection timing.

In January 2023, our laboratory began performing serum myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (anti-MOG) titers by fixed cell-based assay (CBA). As a quality assurance (QA) assessment, we evaluated titer positive predictive value (PPV) as well as impact of sample collection timing on titers. Among patients who underwent antibody titers to distinguish between low-positive (<1:100) and clear-positive (≥1:100) anti-MOG, records were reviewed to classify results as true-positive (TP) or false-positive (FP) and facilitate PPV calculation. Timing of sample collection relative to administration of immunotherapy and symptom onset was determined for TP results. Overall PPV of anti-MOG was 70/85 (82%). The PPV of low-positive anti-MOG was significantly lower than clear-positive anti-MOG (72% vs. 95%, p = 0.009). The difference in PPV between low-positive and clear-positive anti-MOG was significant among adults tested, but not children. Among patients with TP anti-MOG, the proportion who received immunotherapy prior to sample collection was significantly higher and median time from symptom onset to sample collection was significantly longer for low-positive compared to clear-positive results. Overall PPV of anti-MOG testing by fixed CBA was reasonably high. The PPV of low-positive anti-MOG was significantly lower than clear-positive anti-MOG. This was driven by the significantly lower PPV of low-positive anti-MOG in adults, possibly reflecting the lower prevalence of MOG antibody-associated disease among adults tested. Timing of sample collection relative to administration of immunotherapy and symptom onset may substantially impact titers, indicating that testing should ideally be performed prior to immunotherapy and close to time of attack.

Design and implementation of domestic dual-SIM telesecurity alarm system using voice code recognition

Violent crime cases which include, robbery, rape, and homicide are terribly on the rise, and the role of security in combating this menace cannot be overemphasized. This research presents a security device that aims at fighting violent crimes using voice recognition technology. The work also tends to solve the issue of network downtime when the user is out of reach for help in time of attack. In this work, a voice processing unit which comprises the condenser microphone, an amplifier, a shift register, and a timer was designed. The processing unit circuit was incorporated into microcontrollers which create Human-Device interaction and the GSM communication unit which is made up of two GSM modules. The two microcontrollers used in the design are PIC18F4520 and PIC16F873A. The microcontrollers were programmed with C++ using the MPLAB IDE software and the circuit simulation was done using Proteus Design Suite version 8. The result shows that the appropriate authority receives SMS whenever the pre-recorded code is mentioned. The result also shows that during network downtime, the second GSM module sends an SMS to the appropriate authority. Evaluating the performance of this work, it was observed that the device works best in a calm area compared to a noisy area. This work is designed to work in domestic areas like homes, offices, malls, and mainly areas free from so much noise. Therefore, this work has successfully reduced the crime rate in emergencies.

The impact of the video-based situational test on the fourth attack after receive performance of table tennis players

&lt;p&gt;目的：本研究透過桌球影片情境測驗，使桌球運動員觀察並記憶職業球員的比賽過程，探討其是否能提升桌球運動員在接發球後第四板起板技術的表現。方法：本研究招募 26 位桌球運動員，先進行桌球接發球後第四板起板技術前測，並根據前測表現，分為實驗組與控制組。實驗組進行為期 6 週，每週 3 次的影片測驗；控制組則不做任何介入。實驗過程中兩組皆會維持日常正規訓練。6 週之後，再進行桌球接發球後第四板起板技術後測，並比較兩組在前後測表現的差異。本研究採用二因子混合設計變異數分析進行資料處理，顯著水準設定為&amp;alpha; = .05，若達顯著水準，則以 Bonferroni 法進行事後比較。結果：研究發現，擊球表現得分部分，不同組別與前後測的交互作用達顯著 (p &lt; .01)，經單純主要效果分析發現實驗組在後測表現顯著高於前測 (p &lt; .01)，並優於控制組 (p = .016)。擊球時機部分，不同組別與前後測的交互作用未達顯著 (p &gt; .05)，組間與前、後測皆未達顯著差異 (p &gt; .05)。結論：本研究所自訂之桌球影片情境測驗，雖對於擊球時機未有顯著改變，但對於擊球表現得分有顯著的提升。透過影片情境測驗，觀察並記憶職業選手比賽的動作以及追蹤擊球軌跡，可輔佐日常隊伍訓練，提升桌球運動員接發球後第四板起板技術的理解，使技術實力得到改善。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: This study used the video-based situational test to enable table tennis players to observe and remember the game process of professional players, and to explore whether it can improve the fourth attack after receive performance of table tennis players. Methods: In this study, twenty-six table tennis players were recruited, and they first performed the pre-test of the fourth attack after receiving. According to the performance of the pre-test, they were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group took the individually developed video-based situational test three times a week for 6 weeks; the control group did not do any intervention. During the experiment, both groups maintained daily formal training. After 6 weeks, a post-test of the fourth attack after receiving were conducted, and were compared with pre-test for the two groups. Two-way mixed design ANOVA was used for data analysis, and the significance level was set at &amp;alpha; = .05. Results: The study found that the performance score had a significant interaction between group and test factors (p &lt; .01). The simple main effect analysis showed that the experimental group’s performance score in the post-test was significantly higher than that in the pre-test (p &lt; .01), and better than the control group (p = .016). For the timing of shots, the interaction between group and test factors was not significant (p &gt; .05), and there was no significant difference between two groups and pre- and posttest (p &gt; .05). Conclusion: Although there was no significant change in the timing of the fourth attack after the six weeks of video-based situational test, it has indeed a significant improvement in the performance score for the table tennis players. Observing and memorizing the professional player’s movements and tracking the trajectory of the ball through the video-based situational test can assist daily team training, improve the understanding of table tennis players’ technique of fourth attack after receiving.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Improved Meet-in-the-Middle Nostradamus Attacks on AES-like Hashing

The Nostradamus attack was originally proposed as a security vulnerability for a hash function by Kelsey and Kohno at EUROCRYPT 2006. It requires the attacker to commit to a hash value y of an iterated hash function H. Subsequently, upon being provided with a message prefix P, the adversary’s task is to identify a suffix S such that H(P∥S) equals y. Kelsey and Kohno demonstrated a herding attack requiring O(√n · 22n/3) evaluations of the compression function of H, where n represents the output and state size of the hash, placing this attack between preimage attacks and collision searches in terms of complexity. At ASIACRYPT 2022, Benedikt et al. transform Kelsey and Kohno’s attack into a quantum variant, decreasing the time complexity from O(√n · 22n/3) to O( 3√n · 23n/7). At ToSC 2023, Zhang et al. proposed the first dedicated Nostradamus attack on AES-like hashing in both classical and quantum settings. In this paper, we have made revisions to the multi-target technique incorporated into the meet-in-the-middle automatic search framework. This modification leads to a decrease in time complexity during the online linking phase, effectively reducing the overall attack time complexity in both classical and quantum scenarios. Specifically, we can achieve more rounds in the classical setting and reduce the time complexity for the same round in the quantum setting.

Shoe choice may affect fencing lunge attack performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in attack time and lower limb biomechanics when performing fencing lunge with fencing shoes (FS) and commonly used court shoes (CS). Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate whether fencing shoes with a heel cup (FSH) could reduce lower limb impact. Thirteen female collegiate fencers who had participated in national-level competitions were recruited for this study. Participants performed the lunge on a human-shaped target while wearing FS, FSH, or CS in a randomized order. Biomechanical data were collected using a 3D motion analysis system synchronized with a force plate. A signal light, and an accelerometer were attached to the target's head to initiate lunge movement and detect hit moment for calculating attack time. Attack time was significantly shorter when wearing FS (0.92 ± 0.05s) and FSH (0.93 ± 0.07s) compared to CS (0.96 ± 0.06s). The maximum angular velocity of ankle plantarflexion in rear foot push-off phase was significantly slower when wearing FS and FSH than when wearing CS. The maximum knee posterior shear force, maximum knee flexion moment, and maximum ankle medial shear force during the front foot step phase were significantly greater when wearing FS than when wearing CS. These forces were significantly reduced or nearly significantly reduced when wearing FSH, and there were no significant differences compared to wearing CS. The maximum ankle medial shear force during the push-off phase in rear foot was the greatest when wearing FS but decreased significantly when using FSH. However, this force was still greater than when wearing CS. Wearing FS resulted in a higher loading rate (LR) on the front foot. This LR was reduced when a heel cup was used but still remained higher than when wearing CS. There were no significant differences in the forward extension of body, maximum ground reaction force, or center of pressure displacement during front foot step and rear foot push-off phases among the three shoe conditions. Wearing FS can enhance lunge performance, and the use of a heel cup can effectively reduce lower limb impact.

A tri-level Typhoon-DAD robust optimization framework to enhance distribution network resilience

Extreme natural disasters such as typhoon often cause failures in distribution networks within a short time, and even lead to large area blackouts. We propose a tri-level robust optimization framework that combines pre-disaster, in-disaster and post-disaster strategy comprehensively to enhance distribution network resilience. The typhoons are regarded as attackers, and a tri-level Defender-Attacker-Defender model for typhoon disaster is used to integrate multiple resilience resources. In the first level, line hardening and distributed generation unit commitment are used to improve resilience in pre-disaster. The second level contains attack budget, attack time, hardening budget, repair time and load loss. It couples with the third level iteratively to generate the worst failure scenario under typhoon. In the third level, the Nested Column-and-Constraint Generation algorithm is used to solve distribution network reconfiguration and intentional islanding. Simulation time is spanned to the entire 24-hour disaster day. In the end, the proposed framework is tested through a case study using real data from super typhoon “Mangkhut” (2018) in Yangjiang, China. The result shows that it can effectively reduce load loss under the worst typhoon scenario and enhance distribution network resilience with limited resources.

The Interaction Between the Publishing Strategy of Dabiq Magazine and the Terrorist Actions of ISIS in the Western World

In recent years, the terrorist organization ISIS has come to the fore with its international terrorist attacks. However, the fact that the ISIS terrorist organization remains on the agenda as much as it is on the agenda, and that it gains new sympathizers and even new terrorist fighters is also related to its propaganda power. Because of it the organization focused on propaganda activities in the visual-written media and tried to use this area professionally. One of the means used for the transmission of propaganda activities in the media is the magazines they publish in different languages. Addressing both a regional and a global audience with magazines published in Turkish, Arabic, Persian and English is also an indication of the ISIS terrorist organization's strategy to be effective in many parts of the world.&#x0D; In this study, the words that are frequently repeated in Dabiq Magazine, which is published in English by the terrorist organization ISIS for the purpose of propaganda against the Western world, are examined. Among these words, "violent-aggressive-negative" words and "motivational-positive" words were identified for their followers, and an attempt was made to analyze ISIS' action and propaganda strategy based on these words. In addition, the study examined the timing of terrorist attacks perpetrated by ISIS in the West and the periods when the violence-glorifying words used in Dabiq magazine increased, and determined whether there was a correlation between them.

Generation of Architectural and Other Safety Measures Against Crises and Killings at Residential Environments in Plateau State of Nigeria

Over the years there have been series of crisis in Plateau State of Nigeria and they have led to massive killings and destruction of valuable properties; this is a very serious problem. Hence, it became necessary to conduct a research work with the aim of overviewing the cases of crises and killings at residential environments in Plateau State, in order to generate architectural and other safety measures to reduce their future occurrences in Nigeria. The research focused on desktop study as the instrument for data collection; reviewed different newspapers in Nigeria with available crisis and killing cases in Plateau State, in order to get relevant information to the research. Thus, table was used for the presentation and analysis of the research data, so as to generate results and the results were checked by using contents analysis technique, in order to validate them. Among the architectural research findings is: 1,290 houses were burnt during December, 2023 crisis in Bokkos Local Government Area of Plateau State and some other research findings are: the security agencies knew that an attack was coming before the 2023 Christmas eve massacre; the security forces know the attackers, and they even know their hideouts for two decades. Among the recommended architectural safety measures to reduce future crises and killings is: the design of the members of roof, door, window, ceiling and any other part of building that can easily burn with the use of wood should be fire retardant type, in order to reduce death, massive destruction of houses and valuable properties in times of fire attack from the terrorists. Some other recommended safety measures are: there should be advanced training of security agencies on immediate defensive responses against the terrorists been rumored of their coming to the state; urgent investigations must be made on the security forces that knew the attackers and their hideouts for two decades without revealing the information, so that the defaulted members of those security forces can receive a very severe/appropriate punishment, in order to stop this kind of bad service in Nigeria.

Resource discoveries and the political survival of dictators

We study the effect of resource discoveries on dictator failure. We extend existing conflict literature by developing a dynamic stochastic model where timing of attack and probability of success are endogenous. Incumbent and opposition invest in military arsenals which determine success probability, while opposition also chooses when to stage a coup. A resource discovery delays the attack and reduces the probability of overthrow. We test these hypotheses using duration models and timing of giant oil and gas discoveries, finding that large discoveries more than double remaining time until failure and reduce hazard faced by an autocrat by 30%–50%.

Kinematic Differences in the Roundhouse Kick among University Taekwondo Players: Brief Report

This study aimed to investigate the bilateral kinematic differences in temporal variables between the Dominant and Non-dominant legs in the roundhouse kick of college-level women practicing Taekwondo. Four male athletes with black belts volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were instructed to perform five kicks with each leg after visual stimuli at maximal velocity allowing 30-s passive recovery time between each kick. Reaction time, movement time, and attack time in the roundhouse kick were assessed using video cameras and force platforms for both the dominant and non-dominant legs. The analysis revealed no significant differences in reaction times (0.15 ±0.03 and 0.15 ±0.04 s, n=20), movement times (0.62 ±0.06 and 0.64 ±0.04 s, n=20), or attack times (0.77 ±0.09 and 0.79 ±0.06 s, n=20) for the dominant and non-dominant legs (p&gt;0.05). However, a bilateral dominance was observed, consistent with the sporting level of the participants. These results support the training regimen both-guards oriented equally to improve overall performance in Taekwondo.

The influence of bird pest attack on rice damage and production in Kuantan Singingi

Birds pest in rice field activities are one of the important pest that attack. It has even caused 161,4 ha of crop loss and 124.05 ha of heavy damage in Riau. This neet to be handled and managed properly. This study was initiated by identifying the types and effects of bird pest attacks on the damage and productionof rice crops in Kuantan Singingi. This study was used a survey method by making plots (10x10 m), bird pests species and populations by using a point transect. Observations were carried out in the morning, afternoon and evening. Bird species identification refers to the MacKinnon Bird Guide in Sumatera, Jawa, and Bali. Diversity of birds pest was calculated by the Shannon-Wienner index, species richness by margaleft index, and species dominance by the Simpson index. This study were observed 1.045 birds attack of paddy field. Koto Kari site was observed 479 individual, 332 individu in Kampung Baru, and 214 in Sangau Lonchura striata was observed as many as 635 individuals. Species diversity index was 0.667, species richness index 0.288, density 0.616 and dominance value 0.527. the highest frequency of bird pest visit was in Koto Kari sithe which was 42 times while based on the species was Lonchura striata71 times with an attack time in the morning of 83 times. The highest damage to panicles by bird pest was caused by Lonchura maja at 46.09% but the highest loss of rice wight was caused by Lonchura striata.