Timeline Of Events Research Articles

BEAN and HABAS: Polyphyletic insertions in the DNA-directed RNA polymerase.

The β and β' subunits of the RNA polymerase (RNAP) are large proteins with complex multi-domain architectures that include several insertional domains. Here, we analyze the domain organizations of RNAP-β and RNAP-β' using sequence, experimentally determined structures and AlphaFold structure predictions. We observe that lineage-specific insertional domains in bacterial RNAP-β belong to a group that we call BEAN (broadly embedded annex). We observe that lineage-specific insertional domains in bacterial RNAP-β' belong to a group that we call HABAS (hammerhead/barrel-sandwich hybrid). The BEAN domain has a characteristic three-dimensional structure composed of two square bracket-like elements that are antiparallel relative to each other. The HABAS domain contains a four-stranded open β-sheet with a GD-box-like motif in one of the β-strands and the adjoining loop. The BEAN domain is inserted not only in the bacterial RNAP-β', but also in the archaeal version of universal ribosomal protein L10. The HABAS domain is inserted in several metabolic proteins. The phylogenetic distributions of bacterial lineage-specific insertional domains of β and β' subunits of RNAP follow the Tree of Life. The presence of insertional domains can help establish a relative timeline of events in the evolution of a protein because insertion is inferred to post-date the base domain. We discuss mechanisms that might account for the discovery of homologous insertional domains in non-equivalent locations in bacteria and archaea.

What if You Could Treat the Same Patient Again, Would You do the Exact Same Spine Surgery? A Multi-Surgeon Survey of Their Own Revisions.

Case-based survey. This study aims to investigate what a group of surgeons learned from their own revisions, and what they would do differently today. A multi-center database of ASD surgical patients was queried to identify those with at least 2 surgical procedures performed by the same surgeon between 2009 and 2019. A clinical vignette was created for each case including demographics, a timeline of events, radiographs/measurements, patient-reported outcomes, complications, and surgical strategies used for the index and revision surgeries. The operative surgeon was then asked to fill out a five-question survey aimed at determining factors that contribute to operative decision-making and planning. 86 patients were operated on by 6 participating surgeons for both index and revision ASD surgery. The revised patients had similar follow-up compared to the non-revised group (P = 0.73), with the most common complications indicating a need for revision surgery being proximal junctional failure (42%) and pseudoarthrosis (28%). Surgeons reported that they would not change their surgical strategy in 52.3% of the cases. The leading cause for revision was hardware/instrumentation issues (24.4%). Learning points included rod-related choice (23.3%), level selection (19.8), PJF prophylactic strategy (15.1%), and sagittal alignment objective (11.6%). Surgeons saw opportunity in nearly half of the cases to improve outcomes by changing something in the original surgery. While 40% of the failures remained unexplained from the surgeons' perspective, this study highlights the capacity for adopting changes in adult spinal deformity surgery and illuminates the reasoning behind certain surgical decisions.

Bringing the operating room to the field: lessons learned from on-scene field amputations.

Complicated field extrication may require the assistance of a surgical team to perform an on-scene limb amputation. Although a rare event, when needed, an organized and efficient response is critical to successful outcomes. The Los Angeles County Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) program and the organization of the team is described, and a multidisciplinary quality improvement process reviewed and analyzed two cases and identified areas for performance improvement. Experience shapes policy and procedures within the HERT program. The timeliness of HERT activation has a major influence on the success of extrication, and regular drills of the multidisciplinary team consisting of trauma surgeons, emergency physicians, nurses, paramedics, and fire department allow for rapid, effective activation. Post-event quality improvement process reviews the timeline of events, provider activation, communication across field and hospital providers, in-hospital events, and medical decision making throughout. Critical analysis of every step helps prepare for any subsequent encounter. A well-organized and rehearsed protocol to streamline activation and transportation of a well-trained, designated team, in addition to pre-packaged surgical supplies and an effective communication tree are essential elements of a HERT program.

Proteomic Characterization of Changes in Mouse Brain Cortex Protein Expression at Different Post-Mortem Intervals: A Preliminary Study for Forensic Biomarker Identification.

Accuracy in the evaluation of death-induced tissue degradation for thanato-chronological purposes is strictly dependent on the condition of the biological source as well as on the precision of post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation. Thus, the optimization of tissue handling and identification of sensitive post-mortem biomarkers could help establish a timeline for post-mortem events. To this aim, we investigated the proteome changes in cortex samples of 6-week-old female SAMR1 mice over a post-mortem time course. After death, brain tissue was removed immediately (T0), and after 4, 8, 12, 24, and 32 h, four mice were used for each time period, and animals were maintained at 4 °C until brain removal. Dissected tissues were frozen at -80 °C until processed. Proteomic analysis, performed on samples related to early and late PMIs (<24 h and >24 h post-mortem, respectively) showed protein level changes as compared to T0 samples, with a remarkable increase in Calpain11 in the early PMI, as well as in Caspases 7 and 8 together with Gasdermin 3 in late PMI. These findings were confirmed by LIFT mass spectrometry technology and western blot analysis and, although requiring further investigation in other biological samples, suggest that these proteins could be considered as putative biomarkers of different PMIs.

Pericyte response to ischemic stroke precedes endothelial cell death and blood-brain barrier breakdown.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability, yet the cellular response to the ischemic insult is poorly understood limiting therapeutic options. Brain pericytes are crucial for maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and are known to be one of the first responders to ischemic stroke. The exact timeline of cellular events after stroke, however, remains elusive. Using the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model, we established a detailed timeline of microvascular events after experimental stroke. Our results show that pericytes respond already within 1 hour after the ischemic insult. We find that approximately 30% of the pericyte population dies as early as 1 hour after stroke, while ca 50% express markers that indicate activation. A decrease of endothelial tight junctions, signs of endothelial cell death and reduction in blood vessel length are only detected at time points after the initial pericyte response. Consistently, markers of BBB leakage are observed several hours after pericyte cell death and/or vascular detachment. Our results suggest that the pericyte response to stroke occurs early and precedes both the endothelial response and the BBB breakdown. This highlights pericytes as an important target cell type to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

A billion-year shift in the formation of Earth’s largest ore deposits

Banded iron formations (BIFs) archive the relationship between Earth's lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere through time. However, constraints on the origin of Earth's largest ore deposits, hosted by BIFs, are limited by the absence of direct geochronology. Without this temporal context, genetic models cannot be correlated with tectono-thermal and atmospheric drivers responsible for BIF upgrading through time. Utilizing in situ iron oxide U-Pb geochronology, we provide a direct timeline of events tracing development of all the giant BIF-hosted hematite deposits of the Hamersley Province (Pilbara Craton, Western Australia). Direct dating demonstrates that the major iron ore deposits in the region formed during 1.4 to 1.1 Ga. This is one billion to hundreds of millions of years later than previous age constraints based upon 1) the presence of hematite ore clasts in conglomerate beds deposited before ~1.84 Ga, and 2) phosphate mineral dating, which placed the onset of iron mineralization in the Province at ~2.2 to 2.0 Ga during the great oxidation event. Dating of the hematite clasts verified the occurrence of a ~2.2 to 2.0 Ga event, reflecting widespread, but now largely eroded iron mineralization occurring when the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons were proximal. No existing phosphate mineral dates overlap with obtained hematite dates and therefore cannot be related to hematite crystallization and ore formation. New geochronology conclusively links all major preserved hematite deposits to a far younger (1.4 to 1.1 Ga) formation period, correlated with the amalgamation of Australia following breakup of the Columbia supercontinent.

O-240 Embryo assessment: the Istanbul consensus revised

Abstract Study question What are the current recommended criteria for morphological assessment of oocytes, zygotes and embryos? Summary answer The present ESHRE/Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine consensus document provides several novel recommendations to assess oocyte and embryo morphology and rank embryos for transfer. What is known already A previous Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine / ESHRE consensus on oocyte and embryo morphological assessment was published in 2011. After more than a decade, a thorough review and update was needed. Study design, size, duration A working group consisting of Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine executive board members and ESHRE Special interest group of Embryology members formulated recommendations on oocyte and embryo morphological assessment. Participants/materials, setting, methods The working group included 17 internationally recognized experts with extensive experience in clinical embryology. Seven members represented Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine and 8 members represented ESHRE, in addition to two methodological experts from the ESHRE central office. Based on a systematic literature search and discussion of existing evidence, the recommendations of the Istanbul Consensus (2011) were reassessed and, where appropriate, updated based on consensus within the working group. After stakeholder review, the final version will be approved by the working group, the Alpha executive board and the ESHRE Executive Committee. Main results and the role of chance This updated consensus paper provides 20 recommendations focused on the timeline of preimplantation developmental events and morphological criteria for oocyte, zygote, and embryo assessment. Based on duration of embryo culture, recommendations are given on the frequency and timing of assessments to ensure safety and effectiveness. Limitations, reasons for caution Several criteria relevant to oocyte and embryo morphology have not been well studied, leading to either a recommendation against their use for grading or for use in ranking rather than grading. Future updates may require further revision of these recommendations. Wider implications of the findings This document provides embryologists with clear advice on best practices when assessing oocyte and embryo quality based on the most recent evidence.

Was the clock correct? Exploring timestamp interpretation through time anchors for digital forensic event reconstruction

Timestamps and their correct interpretation play a crucial role in digital forensic investigations, particularly when the objective is to establish a timeline of events a.k.a. event reconstruction. However, the way these timestamps are generated heavily depends on an internal clock, or ‘system time’, from which many are derived. Consequently, when this system time is skewed due to tampering, natural clock drift, or system malfunctions, recorded timestamps will not reflect the actual times the (real-world) events occurred. This raises the question of how to validate the correctness of the system clock when recording timestamps and, if found incorrect, how to determine system clock skew. To address this problem, this paper defines several important concepts such as time anchors, anchoring events, non-anchoring events and time anomalies which can be used to determine if the system time was correct. Using two examples - a Google search and a file creation - and comparing correct and skewed versions of the same set of performed actions, we illustrate the use and potential benefits of time anchors to demonstrate the correctness of the system clock for event reconstruction.

General content and main objectives of the research of professional-public interaction in the post-war reconstruction of Beirut

The readers are offered the third in a series of publications dedicated to the interaction between the cultural community, urban planning specialists, city and state authorities during the reconstruction of the Lebanese capital Beirut after the civil war of 1975-1990. The example of Beirut is the most important historical precedent, on which, in particular, the development of a general strategy for promoting the revival of the destroyed cities of the Arab world can be oriented. Beirut has a number of features common to almost every major Arab city, including ethnic fragmentation and economic diversity, political divisions that are sharp to the point of antagonism, and multi-denominationalism. For the first time in modern history, the reconstruction of Beirut was carried out under the strong influence of civil society and its organizations, and not only political parties, but also non-governmental organizations (so-called third sector organizations), as well as new target groups, movements and currents. The story of Beirut's post-war reconstruction and civil influence on it can be seen as a unique example of a long-lasting and quite fruitful participation program. Studying the genesis of such large-scale, multi-professional and multi-purpose public participation could be the key to developing organic and effective approaches to large cities in various regions affected by the consequences of wars, civil conflicts or natural disasters. The methodology of such research should be based on the reconstruction of the chronological sequence (timeline) of key events during the post-war reconstruction of the Lebanese capital. On this schedule, it is necessary to pay special attention to situations of intervention of public organizations and/or the third sector in the processes of implementation of design and construction, distinguishing at the same time the modes (stages) of preparation and implementation of influence. The general goal of this research is to reveal the content, mechanisms of implementation and stages of deployment multifaceted processes of discovering and preserving the rich historical heritage of Beirut, which took place in a constant dialogue between specialists of various professions, scientists and public activists. The purpose of this publication is to build a work plan of the research, define its specific components and characterize the expected scientific and practical results.

Raman spectroscopic stress mapping of single high modulus carbon fibre composite fragmentation in compression

Fragmentation of high modulus carbon fibres is relevant to the failure mechanisms of advanced polymer matrix composites in compression. In situ spatially-resolved Raman spectroscopy during the fragmentation of model single fibre composites is used to map local stress distributions during failure events. The characteristic graphitic band (the G band) located around 1580 cm−1 is associated with the in-plane carbon-carbon bonds; this band shifts its position, and can be calibrated, with the local axial stress in the fibre. The analysis maps the evolution of local stresses with increasing overall composite compression strain, identifying a series of critical events, including fibre fracture, interfacial debonding, and the formation of inter-fragment ‘wedges’. Fitting shear lag models provides interfacial shear strength values. Multiple failure maps of two examples of high modulus PAN carbon fibres (M46J and M55J) demonstrate the possibility of local fragment bending due to fragment end contact. A timeline of potential fragmentation events is proposed for carbon fibres undergoing compression.

Genomic incongruence accompanies the evolution of flower symmetry in Eudicots: a case study in the poppy family (Papaveraceae, Ranunculales).

Reconstructing evolutionary trajectories and transitions that have shaped floral diversity relies heavily on the phylogenetic framework on which traits are modelled. In this study, we focus on the angiosperm order Ranunculales, sister to all other eudicots, to unravel higher-level relationships, especially those tied to evolutionary transitions in flower symmetry within the family Papaveraceae. This family presents an astonishing array of floral diversity, with actinomorphic, disymmetric (two perpendicular symmetry axes), and zygomorphic flowers. We generated nuclear and plastid datasets using the Angiosperms353 universal probe set for target capture sequencing (of 353 single-copy nuclear ortholog genes), together with publicly available transcriptome and plastome data mined from open-access online repositories. We relied on the fossil record of the order Ranunculales to date our phylogenies and to establish a timeline of events. Our phylogenomic workflow shows that nuclear-plastid incongruence accompanies topological uncertainties in Ranunculales. A cocktail of incomplete lineage sorting, post-hybridization introgression, and extinction following rapid speciation most likely explain the observed knots in the topology. These knots coincide with major floral symmetry transitions and thus obscure the order of evolutionary events.

Policies, adaptations, and ongoing challenges to naloxone, buprenorphine and nonprescription syringe access across four-states: Findings from an environmental scan and key informant interviews

BackgroundAs the US opioid-involved morbidity and mortality increase, uptake and implementation of evidence-based interventions remain key policy responses. Respond to Prevent was a multi-component, randomized trial implemented in four states and two large pharmacy chains with the aim of improving the pharmacy’s capacity to provide naloxone, dispense buprenorphine, and sell nonprescription syringes (NPS). We sought to provide context and assess how policies and organizational practices affect communities and pharmacies across the study states. MethodsUsing a multi-method approach we: 1) conducted an environmental scan of published literature and online materials spanning January 2015 to June 2021, 2) created timelines of key events pertaining to those policies and practices and 3) conducted semi-structured interviews with stakeholders (key informants) at the state and local levels (N=36) to provide further context for the policies and practices we discovered. ResultsKey informants discussed state policies, pharmacy policies and local practices that facilitated access to naloxone, buprenorphine and NPSs. Interviewees from all states spoke about the impact of naloxone standing orders, active partnerships with community-based harm reduction organizations, and some federal and state policies like Medicaid coverage for naloxone and buprenorphine, and buprenorphine telehealth permissions as key facilitators. They also discussed patient stigma, access in rural settings, and high cost of medications as barriers. ConclusionFindings underscore the important role harm reduction-related policies play in boosting and institutionalizing interventions in communities and pharmacies while also identifying structural barriers where more focused state and local attention is needed.

Long term care facilities in England during the COVID-19 pandemic—a scoping review of guidelines, policy and recommendations

BackgroundThe disproportionate effect of COVID-19 on long term care facility (LTCF) residents has highlighted the need for clear, consistent guidance on the management of pandemics in such settings. As research exploring the experiences of LTCFs during the pandemic and the implications of mass hospital discharge, restricting staff movement, and limiting visitation from relatives are emerging, an in-depth review of policies, guidance and recommendations issued during this time could facilitate wider understanding in this area.AimsTo identify policies, guidance, and recommendations related to LTCF staff and residents, in England issued by the government during the COVID-19 pandemic, developing a timeline of key events and synthesizing the policy aims, recommendations, implementation and intended outcomes.MethodA scoping review of publicly available policy documents, guidance, and recommendations related to COVID-19 in LTCFs in England, identified using systematic searches of UK government websites. The main aims, recommendations, implementation and intended outcomes reported in included documents were extracted. Data was analysed using thematic synthesis following a three-stage approach: coding the text, grouping codes into descriptive themes, and development of analytical themes.ResultsThirty-three key policy documents were included in the review. Six areas of recommendations were identified: infection prevention and control, hospital discharge, testing and vaccination, staffing, visitation and continuing routine care. Seven areas of implementation were identified: funding, collaborative working, monitoring and data collection, reducing workload, decision making and leadership, training and technology, and communication.DiscussionLTCFs remain complex settings, and it is imperative that lessons are learned from the experiences during COVID-19 to ensure that future pandemics are managed appropriately. This review has synthesized the policies issued during this time, however, the extent to which such guidance was communicated to LTCFs, and subsequently implemented, in addition to being effective, requires further research. In particular, understanding the secondary effects of such policies and how they can be introduced within the existing challenges inherent to adult social care, need addressing.

Crop residue burning increased during the COVID-19 lockdown: A case study of rural India

The customary practice of crop residue burning (CRB) is a major policy concern across several developing economies because of the associated increase in air pollution and reduction in soil quality. CRB poses a hazard to public health and sustainable farmland management. We collected original survey data from a panel of 400 wheat farmers on CRB choices during April–May of 2019 and 2020 – with the latter coinciding with India's COVID-19 nationwide lockdown. This timeline of events facilitated a unique identification of changes in CRB that are attributable to the lockdown. Several studies find that lockdowns during 2020 had beneficial effects on the environment owing to reduced economic activity. However, our findings indicate that CRB may have unintentionally increased during the lockdown. A binary variable regression framework analyzes the determinants of CRB choices of farmers over two years. We control for farmers' opinions on various socioeconomic aspects of the pandemic lockdown to examine its effects on their CRB decisions. The lockdown significantly increased the likelihood of CRB by up to 12%. Furthermore, farmers who lost agricultural income and those compelled to sell assets during the lockdown were 22% and 19% more inclined, respectively, to choose CRB. Labor mobility ceased during the lockdown and increased the cost of environmentally friendly farmland management; this increased the likelihood of CRB by 6%. This study contributes to a growing literature on the unintentional consequences of pandemic lockdowns.

Understanding mother-to-child transmission of HIV among mothers engaged in HIV care in Kenya: a case report

BackgroundMother-to-child transmission of HIV, which may occur in utero, during birth, or through breastmilk, is now largely preventable with the advancement of HIV testing and treatment for women and their infants. Globally, great progress has been recorded over the years, with a 58% decline in new infections in children from 2010 to 2022. Currently, Kenya is among the countries with the highest rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV despite consistent efforts to promote prevention of mother to child transmission strategies.MethodsThis case report presents the experiences of a woman, engaged in HIV care in Kenya, whose baby contracted HIV. The data used to describe this case come from surveys, provider notes, health records, observational notes, notes from phone call consultations, and one in-depth interview. All data sources were carefully reviewed, compared and complied to describe the timeline of events and context of the participant’s experience.ResultsWe found multiple factors which may have contributed to this case of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Antenatal care was initiated late in pregnancy (during the third trimester), and as a result, HIV diagnosis and treatment also occurred late in pregnancy. In addition, a lack of coordination between the clinic providing antenatal care and HIV treatment, and the hospital providing labor and delivery services led to breastfeeding initiation prior to the administration of infant HIV prophylaxis medications. Finally, poor maternal adherence to HIV medications went undetected and unaddressed until it was revealed by routine viral load monitoring three months after initiating HIV treatment (more than two months postpartum).ConclusionsOur case report shows the continued need for more intensive and integrated care for mothers living with HIV and their infants including support for pregnant women newly diagnosed with HIV, coordination of perinatal and HIV care, provisions for routine monitoring of HIV medication adherence, intensive follow-up care including point of care testing for HIV exposed infants and in person breastfeeding support. Our case report contributes an important perspective especially in light of the current UNAIDS Global AIDS Strategy which recently inspired the Global Alliance to end AIDS in Children.

Life Story Research with People Aging with Intellectual Disabilities: An Adaptation of the Lifeline Interview Method

A key feature of inclusive research is the accessibility of research procedures to meaningfully engage people with intellectual disabilities in research processes. Creating accessible research procedures requires innovations in methods traditionally used in research. This paper describes how the Lifeline Interview Method by Assink and Schroots was adapted and implemented in a study using life story research to better understand the experiences of older adults with intellectual disabilities. Twelve adults with intellectual disabilities over the age of 50 participated between two and seven times in interviews about their life histories. The interviewer assisted in the construction of timelines of key events in the participants’ individual life stories, and the participants decorated their lifelines throughout the course of the interviews. The lifeline process was an effective tool to engage the participants in the research process, support participation, and provide access for people with intellectual disabilities to retrieve their life experiences. Challenges in the lifeline process included barriers to gathering sufficient information to construct timelines and gatekeepers withholding access to information.

Supporting Dietitians in Practice: Professional Development Activities of Dietitians of Canada in the Past 30 Years

Dietitians of Canada (DC) was established in 1997 from the Canadian Dietetic Association and the provincial associations. This project is part of a larger program of work to document the recent history of Canadian dietetic practice, including the professional development (PD) initiatives DC has provided since its inception. The aims of the present study are to synthesize a timeline of PD events since 1993, understand the context that led to their development, and understand their impact on the profession. 13 key informants were recruited by email, of which 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted, and 8 participants provided written contributions. Interview transcripts and written contributions were analyzed thematically, and a final timeline of events was developed. Six themes were found: 1) the use of technology in PD tools, e.g. online courses, Learning on Demand; 2) conferences and workshops , e.g. national conference, Coast-to-Coast workshops; 3) initiatives that placed DC as a leader in health and nutrition, e.g. Practice-based Evidence in Nutrition (PEN); 4) informal discussion about emerging issues in dietetics, e.g. PEN Current Issues, Practice Blog; 5) DC actively sought member input to inform PD strategy, e.g. members issues forums; and, 6) DC PD events demonstrated their support for research and dietetic education, e.g. relationship with CFDR, public health online course. Key concerns for the future included: declining DC membership and funding, and dietetics not keeping pace with other professions on PD. The successes and failures of initiatives in this time period can inform the development of DC’s PD strategy for the coming decades.

Exploring the Impact of Hand-Foot Syndrome on Fingerprint Persistence: A Comprehensive Review

The hand-foot syndrome, also known as Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia (PPE), is a dermatological condition associated with certain chemotherapeutic agents. From a forensic perspective, understanding the manifestations of PPE becomes crucial in cases involving drug-related exposures or poisoning. This abstract explores the dermatological aspects of handfoot syndrome, its potential forensic implications, and the importance of recognizing and documenting such findings in medico legal investigations. Additionally, the abstract discusses the relevance of PPE in establishing a link between a specific chemotherapeutic drug and its adverse effects, aiding forensic experts in determining the cause of morbidity or mortality in relevant cases. Hand-Foot Syndrome (HFS), a dermatological condition commonly associated with chemotherapy, presents a unique avenue for forensic investigation. This study endeavors to unravel the forensic implications of HFS, shedding light on its potential significance in post-mortem examinations. Characterized by erythematous and desquamative changes on the palms and soles, HFS has distinct clinical manifestations that may serve as valuable markers in forensic pathology. Our research employs a comprehensive approach, integrating dermatological analysis with forensic perspectives. Through an extensive review of case studies and medical records, we aim to establish a nuanced understanding of HFS patterns and their correlation with diverse forensic scenarios. By identifying and documenting these distinctive dermatological features, forensic professionals can potentially utilize HFS as an additional tool in their investigative arsenal. Furthermore, this study explores the temporal aspects of HFS progression, seeking to determine the reliability of its manifestation timeline in forensic reconstructions. By elucidating the chronological patterns of HFS development, forensic experts may enhance their ability to establish a timeline of events in cases involving suspicious or unexplained deaths. In conclusion, this research contributes to bridging the gap between dermatology and forensic science, offering insights into the forensic relevance of Hand-Foot Syndrome. The findings presented here aim to empower forensic practitioners with an additional layer of diagnostic precision, ultimately aiding in the pursuit of justice and accurate cause-of-death determinations.

Isotopic Geochronological Constraints on the Formation and Evolution of the Moon

One major task of studying the formation and evolution of the Moon is to construct a timeline of the important events with precise isotopic ages. Here, we review recent major isotopic geochronological progress in the past decade and the unsolved problems in isotopic geochronology. The Moon probably formed between 4.52 and 4.42 Ga. Recent high-precision whole-rock and mineral Sm-Nd isotopic dating results suggested that ferroan anorthosite and highlands magnesian suite rocks formed contemporarily around 4.37 to 4.33 Ga. Although the major mare basaltic volcanism took place from 3.85 to 2.93 Ga, new geochronological data from lunar meteorites and Chang’e-5 basalts suggested that lunar basaltic volcanism took place as old as up to 4.37 Ga and at least as young as 2.0 Ga, respectively. Impact events older than 3.9 Ga have also been revealed based on U-bearing minerals Pb/Pb ages and Ar-Ar ages and can provide important clues to understand the late heavy bombardment hypothesis. However, the reliable isotopic ages for the important events on the Moon are still far from conclusive, due to lack of pristine samples that directly crystallized from Lunar Magma Ocean and samples from impact melt sheets in large impact basins (e.g., the South Pole-Aitken basin). In the future, collection and return of pristine samples of ferroan anorthosite and highlands magnesian suite rocks from the farside, cryptomare basalts and late-stage basalts, quartz monzogabbros, granites/felsites, and rocks from impact melt sheets in large impact basins are required for better understanding the formation and evolution of the Moon.

Exploring the Impact of Hand- Foot Syndrome on Fingerprint Persistence: A Comprehensive Review

The hand-foot syndrome, also known as Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia (PPE), is a dermatological condition associated with certain chemotherapeutic agents. From a forensic perspective, understanding the manifestations of PPE becomes crucial in cases involving drug-related exposures or poisoning. This abstract explores the dermatological aspects of handfoot syndrome, its potential forensic implications, and the importance of recognizing and documenting such findings in medicolegal investigations. Additionally, the abstract discusses the relevance of PPE in establishing a link between a specific chemotherapeutic drug and its adverse effects, aiding forensic experts in determining the cause of morbidity or mortality in relevant cases. Hand-Foot Syndrome (HFS), a dermatological condition commonly associated with chemotherapy, presents a unique avenue for forensic investigation. This study endeavors to unravel the forensic implications of HFS, shedding light on its potential significance in post-mortem examinations. Characterized by erythematous and desquamative changes on the palms and soles, HFS has distinct clinical manifestations that may serve as valuable markers in forensic pathology. Our research employs a comprehensive approach, integrating dermatological analysis with forensic perspectives. Through an extensive review of case studies and medical records, we aim to establish a nuanced understanding of HFS patterns and their correlation with diverse forensic scenarios. By identifying and documenting these distinctive dermatological features, forensic professionals can potentially utilize HFS as an additional tool in their investigative arsenal. Furthermore, this study explores the temporal aspects of HFS progression, seeking to determine the reliability of its manifestation timeline in forensic reconstructions. By elucidating the chronological patterns of HFS development, forensic experts may enhance their ability to establish a timeline of events in cases involving suspicious or unexplained deaths. In conclusion, this research contributes to bridging the gap between dermatology and forensic science, offering insights into the forensic relevance of Hand-Foot Syndrome. The findings presented here aim to empower forensic practitioners with an additional layer of diagnostic precision, ultimately aiding in the pursuit of justice and accurate cause-of-death determinations