Time Stability Research Articles

Energy Saving Research on Temperature Control in Data Center Server Rooms

Abstract To tackle the challenge of inefficient traditional control methods and energy wastage caused by temperature disparities within the data center’s server room cooling system, this research initiative initially installed temperature and humidity sensors in each cabinet to gather comprehensive data. Subsequently, a detailed mathematical model of the room’s temperature system was formulated to assess the influence of air supply airflow distribution on the temperature distribution. Following this, through the integration of fuzzy theory with the PID control strategy, a sophisticated fuzzy PID controller was developed. Utilizing Simulink, an in-depth simulation analysis of both PID and fuzzy PID temperature control strategies was executed. The outcomes of the simulations underscored that fuzzy PID control effectively addresses the time delay and stability concerns present in conventional PID temperature control systems. Lastly, empirical validation confirmed that the fuzzy PID control algorithm can proficiently manage the server room’s temperature while concurrently decreasing the intake of cold air, thus promoting energy conservation. This control approach showcases commendable adaptability and robust performance characteristics.

Next-gen resource optimization in NB-IoT networks: Harnessing soft actor–critic reinforcement learning

Resource allocation in Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) networks is a complex challenge due to dynamic user demands, variable channel conditions, and distance considerations. Traditional approaches often struggle to adapt to the dynamic nature of these environments. In this study, we leverage reinforcement learning (RL) to address the intricate nature of NB-IoT resource allocation. Specifically, we employ the Soft Actor–Critic (SAC) algorithm, comparing its performance against conventional RL algorithms such as Deep Q-Network (DQN) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). The Soft Actor–Critic (SAC) algorithm is employed to train an agent for adaptive resource allocation, considering energy efficiency, throughput, latency, fairness, and interference constraints. The agent adeptly balances these objectives through an intricate reward structure and penalty mechanisms. Through comprehensive analysis, we present performance metrics, including total reward, energy efficiency, throughput, fairness, and latency, showcasing the efficacy of SAC when compared to DQN and PPO. Our findings underscore the efficiency of SAC in optimizing resource allocation in NB-IoT networks, offering a promising solution to the complexities inherent in such dynamic environments. Resource allocation in Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) networks presents a complex challenge due to dynamic user demands, variable channel conditions, and distance considerations. Traditional approaches often struggle to adapt to these dynamic environments. This study leverages reinforcement learning (RL), specifically the Soft Actor–Critic (SAC) algorithm, to address the intricacies of NB-IoT resource allocation. We compare SAC’s performance against conventional RL algorithms, including Deep Q-Network (DQN) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). The SAC algorithm is utilized to train an agent for adaptive resource allocation, focusing on energy efficiency, throughput, latency, fairness, interference constraints, recovery time, and long-term performance stability. To demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of SAC, we conducted experiments on NB-IoT networks with varying deployment types and configurations, including standard urban and suburban, high-density urban, industrial IoT, rural and low-density, and IoT service providers. To assess generalization capability, we tested SAC across applications like smart metering, smart cities, smart agriculture, and asset tracking & management. Our comprehensive analysis demonstrates that SAC significantly outperforms DQN and PPO across multiple performance metrics. Specifically, SAC improves energy efficiency by 5.60% over PPO and 10.25% over DQN. In terms of latency, SAC achieves a marginal reduction of approximately 0.0124% compared to PPO and 0.0126% compared to DQN. SAC enhances throughput by 214.98% over PPO and 15.72% over DQN. Additionally, SAC shows a substantial increase in fairness (Jain’s index), improving by 358.31% over PPO and 614.46% over DQN. SAC also demonstrates superior recovery time, improving by 18.99% over PPO and 25.07% over DQN. In both deployment scenarios and diverse IoT applications, SAC consistently achieves high total rewards, minimal fluctuations, and stable performance. Energy efficiency remains constant at 7.2 bits per Joule, and latency is approximately 0.080 s. Throughput is robust across different deployments, while fairness remains high, ensuring equitable resource allocation. Recovery times are stable, enhancing operational reliability. These results underscore SAC’s efficiency and robustness in optimizing resource allocation in NB-IoT networks, presenting a promising solution to the complexities of dynamic environments.

Prehospital Care Times and Interventions for Victims of Major Trauma in the Central Region of Portugal: A Retrospective Study

The quality and promptness of prehospital care for major trauma patients are vital in order to lower their high mortality rate. However, the effectiveness of this response in Portugal is unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze response times and interventions for major trauma patients in the central region of Portugal. This was a retrospective, descriptive study, using the 2022 clinical records of the National Institute of Medical Emergency's differentiated resources. Cases of death prior to arrival at the hospital and other non-transport situations were excluded. Five-time intervals were determined, among which are the response time (T1, between activation and arrival at the scene), on-scene time (T2), and transportation time (T5; between the decision to transport and arrival at the emergency service). For each ambulance type, averages and dispersion times were calculated, as well as the proportion of cases in which the nationally and internationally recommended times were met. The frequency of recording six key interventions was also assessed. Of the 3366 records, 602 were eliminated (384 due to death), resulting in 2764 cases: nurse-technician ambulance (SIV) = 36.0%, physician- nurse ambulance (VMER) = 62.2% and physician-nurse helicopter = 1.8%. In a very large number of records, it was not possible to determine prehospital care times: for example, transport time (T5) could be determined in only 29%, 13% and 8% of cases, respectively for SIV, VMER and helicopter. The recommended time for stabilization (T2 ≤ 20 min) was met in 19.8% (SIV), 36.5% (VMER) and 18.2% (helicopter). Time to hospital (T5 ≤ 45 min) was achieved in 80.0% (SIV), 93.1% (VMER) and 75.0% (helicopter) of the records. The administration of analgesia (42% in SIV) and measures to prevent hypothermia (23.5% in SIV) were the most recorded interventions. There was substantial missing data on statuses and a lack of information in the records, especially in the VMER and helicopter. According to the records, the time taken to stabilize the victim on-scene often exceeded the recommendations, while the time taken to transport them to the hospital tended to be within the recommendations.

Template-Assisted in situ synthesis of superaerophobic bimetallic MOF composites with tunable morphology for boosted oxygen evolution reaction

CoFe bimetallic organic frameworks (CoFe-MOFs) with tunable morphology and electronic structure are synthesized in situ utilizing cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) as a semi-sacrificial template and different anionic iron salts as modifying factors in a non-calcined synthesis method. This work defines the impact of three different anionic metallic iron salts (FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3, and Fe2(SO4)3) on the morphology of MOF materials and their resulting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity. Employing ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the metallic iron source, heterostructured electrocatalysts (BN-CoFe-MOF) with nanoparticles decorated nanoneedle tips are obtained, exhibiting a low overpotential (230 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and a Tafel slope of 105.6 mV dec−1 in 1.0 M KOH. It also demonstrates long time stability for at least 50 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The investigation uncovers that the splendid OER activity and stability of the BN-CoFe-MOF heterojunction can be attributed to its large specific surface area, desirable mesoporous structure, superaerophobic characteristic, and high exposure of active centers. This work not only provides an efficient and cost-effective MOF based OER electrocatalyst but also serves as a valuable reference for future research on morphology control and strategies to enhance the OER activity of MOF catalysts.

Opportunity of the Effect of Injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin (I-PRF) Mixed with Bone Graft on the Correlation Between Dental Implant Stability and Alveolar Ridge Width. A Clinical Comparative Study

The potential impact of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF) combined with bone graft as a guided bone regeneration on the relationship between dental implant stability, alveolar ridge width, and dental implant dimension. Materials and methods: The present prospective comparative study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID number: NCT05427643). A total of 13 patients aged 18-65 years (11 females and 2 males) presented with missing teeth in either the maxilla or the mandible or both and met the eligibility criteria and enrolled in this study treated with 40 dental implants. These cases were allocated into two groups, control group in which the implants were placed without I-PRF and a study group (advanced cases with narrow alveolar ridge) in which implants were installed with I-PRF mixed with synthetic bone graft at the dehiscence sites around the implants. 22 (55%) dental implants were inserted in patients with alveolar bone width of ˂ 3.5 mm and 18 (45%) dental implants were inserted in ridge with ≥ 3.5 mm. The primary stability was measured at the time of surgery and Secondary stability was measured 24 weeks after dental implant installation with Anycheck device in implant stability test (IST) values. Results: Twenty dental implants were installed in each study group. According to the results obtained in this study, there was significant difference between primary stability (69.96±8.5 vs 74.50±4.3) of both groups and secondary stability (69.96±8.5 vs 76.32±6.5) values of group A with bone width of ≥ 3.5 mm and dental implant dimension 4.1 mm. Conclusion: The addition of I-PRF with bone graft for augmentation of dehiscence and fenestration peri-implant defects with simultaneous implant placement results in 100% survival rate with statistical differences in implant secondary stability between study groups. However, the results were clinically irrelevant.

Developing and developed Mediterranean stock exchanges: Interdependence in periods of crisis and stability

"This research aims to explore how the stock exchange indexes of developed and developing Mediterranean countries are interrelated, both during times of crisis and stability. Specifically, it examines the association between Macedonia's MBI10 index and the stock exchange indexes of Serbia (BELEX15), Italy (FTSE MIB), and Spain (IBEX35) from 2005 to 2022 using monthly data. To understand how crises impact the relationships between these markets, the study breaks down the timeframe into four distinct periods: before the Great Financial Crisis (pre-GFC), during the GFC, after the GFC (post-GFC), and during the Covid-19 pandemic and energy crisis. Through Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses, the findings show that the MBI10's correlation with the BELEX15, FTSE MIB, and IBEX35 indexes was strongest during the GFC. However, this correlation dropped significantly during the Covid-19 pandemic and energy crisis. Keywords: Mediterranean, stock exchange, Great Financial Crisis, interdependence, Covid-19, energy crisis JEL Classification: F02, F21, G15"

Highly efficient acetylene semi-hydrogenation over Cun cluster stabilized Pd1 single-atom catalysts

The single-atom catalysts (SACs) with the maximum metal utilization efficiency exhibits the advantage of high ethylene selectivity compared with the cluster catalyst in the acetylene semi-hydrogenation reaction, however, the SACs also possess the disadvantages of poor activity and high-temperature stability. Thus, maintaining high reactivity and stability while achieving high ethylene selectivity faces a challenge. The coordination environment of the first metal atom is reasonably adjusted by coordinating with the second adjacent metal atom, which provides the possibility of stimulating the intrinsic reactivity of SACs and maintaining the atomic properties unchanged during the reaction. Here, we prepared Pd1-Cun/Al2O3 catalysts with palladium single-atom species (Pd1) and copper cluster species (Cun) loaded on Al2O3 support by combining “anchoring” and “site isolation”, which effectively prevented the Pd1 transition to Pd cluster species (Pdn) during the reaction process while improving the activity of Pd1. The reaction evaluation results revealed that the activity of the Pd1-Cun/Al2O3 catalyst increased by 60 % compared with the Pd1/Al2O3 catalyst, and the stabilization time of ethylene selectivity (83 %) of Pd1-Cun/Al2O3 catalyst increased by > 100 h when the same conversion for both catalysts. The aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopic (AC-HAADF-STEM), Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of CO adsorption (CO-DRIFTS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the “synergistic effect” of Cun and Pd1 is the main reason for the increase of reactivity, and the “site isolation” effect of Cun is a key factor in preventing the transition of Pd1 to Pdn. This method provides new research ideas for improving the activity of SACS and inhibiting the agglomeration of active centers.

A Digital Twin Infrastructure for NGC of ROV during Inspection

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) provide practical solutions for a wide range of activities in a particularly challenging domain, despite their dependence on support ships and operators. Recent advancements in AI, machine learning, predictive analytics, control theories, and sensor technologies offer opportunities to make ROVs (semi) autonomous in their operations and to remotely test and monitor their dynamics. This study moves towards that goal by formulating a complete navigation, guidance, and control (NGC) system for a six DoF BlueROV2, offering a solution to the current challenges in the field of marine robotics, particularly in the areas of power supply, communication, stability, operational autonomy, localization, and trajectory planning. The vehicle can operate (semi) autonomously, relying on a sensor acoustic USBL localization system, tethered communication with the surface vessel for power, and a line of sight (LOS) guidance system. This strategy transforms the path control problem into a heading control problem, aligning the vehicle’s movement with a dynamically calculated reference point along the desired path. The control system uses PID controllers implemented in the navigator flight controller board. Additionally, an infrastructure has been developed that synchronizes and communicates between the real ROV and its digital twin within the Unity environment. The digital twin acts as a visual representation of the ROV’s movements and considers hydrodynamic behaviors. This approach combines the physical properties of the ROV with the advanced simulation and analysis capabilities of its digital counterpart. All findings were validated at the Point Rouge port located in Marseille and at the port of Ancona. The NGC implemented has proven positive vehicle stability and trajectory tracking in time despite external interferences. Additionally, the digital part has proven to be a reliable infrastructure for a future bidirectional communication system.

Ag–thiolate interactions to enable an ultrasensitive and stretchable MXene strain sensor with high temporospatial resolution

High-sensitivity strain sensing elements with a wide strain range, fast response, high stability, and small sensing areas are desirable for constructing strain sensor arrays with high temporospatial resolution. However, current strain sensors rely on crack-based conductive materials having an inherent tradeoff between their sensing area and performance. Here, we present a molecular-level crack modulation strategy in which we use layer-by-layer assembly to introduce strong, dynamic, and reversible coordination bonds in an MXene and silver nanowire-matrixed conductive film. We use this approach to fabricate a crack-based stretchable strain sensor with a very small sensing area (0.25 mm2). It also exhibits an ultrawide working strain range (0.001–37%), high sensitivity (gauge factor ~500 at 0.001% and >150,000 at 35%), fast response time, low hysteresis, and excellent long-term stability. Based on this high-performance sensing element and facile assembly process, a stretchable strain sensor array with a device density of 100 sensors per cm2 is realized. We demonstrate the practical use of the high-density strain sensor array as a multichannel pulse sensing system for monitoring pulses in terms of their spatiotemporal resolution.

Unification of Ewald and shifted force methods to calculate Coulomb interactions in molecular simulations.

Three new Ewald series are derived using a new strategy that does not start with a proposed charge spreading function. Of these, the Ewald series produced using shifted potential interactions for the Ewald real space series converges relatively slowly, while the corresponding expression using a shifted force (SF) interaction does not converge. A comparison is made between several approximations of the Ewald method and the SF route to include Coulomb interactions in molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. MD simulations of a model bulk molten salt and water were carried out. The recently derived α' variant of Ewald, by K. D. Hammonds and D. M. Heyes [J. Chem. Phys. 157, 074108 (2022)], has been developed analytically and found to be more accurate and computationally efficient than SF in part due to the smaller real space truncation distance that can be used. In addition, with α', the number of reciprocal lattice vectors required is reduced considerably compared with the standard Ewald implementations to give the same accuracy. The invention of the α' method shifts the computational balance back toward using an Ewald construction. The SF method shows greater errors in the Coulomb pressure and time dependent fluctuation properties compared to α'. It does not conserve the shadow Hamiltonian in a microcanonical MD simulation, whereas the α' method does, which facilitates long time stability and insignificant drift of properties over time. The speed of the Ewald computer code is improved by using a new lookup table method.

Exploring driving anger-caused impairment of takeover performance among professional taxi drivers during partially automated driving

Partially automated systems are expected to reduce road crashes related to human error, even amongst professional drivers. Consequently, the applications of these systems into the taxi industry would potentially improve transportation safety. However, taxi drivers are prone to experiencing driving anger, which may subsequently affect their takeover performance. In this research, we explored how driving anger emotion affects taxi drivers’ driving performance in various takeover scenarios, namely Mandatory Automation-Initiated transition (MAIT), Mandatory Driver-Initiated transition (MDIT), and Optional Driver-Initiated transition (ODIT). Forty-seven taxi drivers participated in this 2·3 mixed design simulator experiment (between-subjects: anger vs. calmness; within-subjects: MAIT vs. MDIT vs. ODIT). Compared to calmness, driving anger emotion led to a narrower field of attention (e.g., smaller standard deviations of horizontal fixation points position) and worse hazard perception (e.g., longer saccade latency, smaller amplitude of skin conductance responses), which resulted in longer takeover time and inferior vehicle control stability (e.g., higher standard deviations of lateral position) in MAIT and MDIT scenarios. Angry taxi drivers were more likely to deactivate vehicle automation and take over the vehicle in a more aggressive manner (e.g., higher maximal resulting acceleration, refusing to yield to other road users) in ODIT scenarios. The findings will contribute to addressing the safety concerns related to driving anger among professional taxi drivers and promote the widespread acceptance and integration of partially automated systems within the taxi industry.

Distributed model predictive control of fan coil system

To address the issues of large overshoot, long system stabilization time, and slow response associated with traditional PID-based and centralized model predictive control (MPC) of fan coil systems, this study proposes a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) method suitable for multi-zone building temperature regulation. Specifically, based on the thermal dynamic model of different zones, and aiming to constrain indoor temperature within set limits and minimize water system pressure drop and fan coil speed, a distributed MPC architecture for fan coil systems is developed. To solve the distributed optimization problem, the Nash equilibrium is introduced to find the global balance point within the distributed structure, and the Beetle Antennae Search-Particle Swarm Optimization (BAS-PSO) hybrid algorithm is used for online optimization of local MPCs. Experimental results show that compared to traditional PID control, the distributed MPC achieves coordinated multi-zone indoor temperature regulation with better dynamic performance, with the average absolute temperature error in each zone below 5 % and an energy savings rate of 16.23 %. Through semi-physical simulation, it is demonstrated that the proposed distributed MPC method has better applicability when the number of fan coils exceeds 10, compared to centralized MPC.

Synthesis and Characterization of Triticale Starch-Based Hydrogel for pH Responsive Controlled Diffusion.

Considering the FAO perspectives for agriculture toward 2030, many natural sources will be no longer profitable for the synthesis of many biomaterials. Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal crop synthesized to withstand those marginal conditions; however, it is primarily used as fodder worldwide. We reported for the first time the synthesis of a natural anionic hydrogel with gastrointestinal pH stimulus-response as a new alternative of smart material, based on Eronga triticale starch as sustainable biomass, using citrate (pK a ∼3.1, 4.7, and 6.4) as cross-linking agent. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction exhibited A and B-type starch granules, and semicrystallinity A-type. The presence of the anionic sensing group (COOH) was verified by infrared spectroscopy, the interactions by hydrogen bonds between starch and glycerol and esterification between starch and citric acid were identified by 1H NMR spectra, and through thermal analysis hydrogels exhibited four endothermic curves (179-319 °C, ∼0.711-39 kJ/mol E a). The results showed that the slight addition of glycerol increases the thermal stability, but a higher amount of glycerol decreases the intermolecular forces affecting the thermal stability contrary, the mechanical properties could be benefited. The rheological analyses showed viscoelastic tendency (G' > G″) with high stability (Tanδ < 1) in frequency, time, and strain sweeps. Gastrointestinal pH sensitivity (∼2-7.8) was verified (α ≤ 0.01) following Fick's diffusive parameters, which resulted in a tendency to gradually release BSA with increasing pH ∼3-7 by anomalous and case-II diffusion, showing greater release at pH ∼7.8/3.5 h (80-96%). We aim to expand the biomaterials area focusing on triticale starch due to its limited reported investigations, low-cost, green modification, and its rheological performance as plastic.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ТЕПЛООБМЕНА АГРЕГАТОВ ТРАНСМИССИИ И ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ГРУЗОВОГО АВТОМОБИЛЯ

A significant share of goods in agriculture are transported by road at low ambient temperatures. Changing the properties of oils in these conditions significantly reduces the efficiency of the machines and requires additional measures for the thermal preparation of the units. (Research purpose) The research purpose is identifying heat flows between the engine and the transmission units of a truck and their effect on the thermal mode of the middle and rear axles. (Materials and methods) We performed experimental studies on a KamAZ 65115 car. Convective heat flows and heat transfer through thermal conductivity in the "engine-transmission units" system, as well as their effect on the thermal mode of transmission gearboxes, were studied. (Results and discussion) The effect of the engine on the thermal mode of the gearbox was established: the oil temperature rise was five degrees; the oil temperature stabilization time was 70-74 minutes. The effect of the engine on the thermal mode of the middle and rear axles was not revealed. It was shown that the main heat flows causing the gearbox to heat up are the air flows washing the block and crankcase of the engine. An increase in the air flow velocity to 25 meters per second leads to a decrease in temperature near the engine block by 2.5 percent to 278 kelvin, and near the crankcase by 3 percent to 253 kelvin. (Conclusions) Engine temperature has a significant effect only on the temperature of the gearbox. At air speeds above 10 meters per second, stabilization of transmission temperature is observed. Heat flows that cause additional heating of the gearbox are formed on the side surfaces of the cylinder block and the engine oil sump.

Conservation Measures for Media Art According to Technological Changes: Color Reproducibility Comparison for Conservation of Artwork Using Video Display

Artworks using display devices require conservation treatment due to aging or discontinuation of media. However, irreversible conservation treatment methods such as modification and change of existing media may be included, which may infringe on the right to secure the originality and maintain the identity of the work. Accordingly, a comparative study on the theoretical background and color reproduction elements was conducted to provide basic data for mid to long-term conservation to confirm the possibility of replacing works using discontinued CRT with LCD. Video art is a modern art form that uses video technology as an artistic expression medium and has technology dependence. Therefore, as the conversion of the used medium is appropriate, the materials added in the conservation process are seen as part of securing the originality in terms of ‘material conservation’. An experiment was conducted to compare the color characteristics of CRT and LCD. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the luminance and chromaticity stability of LCD was relatively excellent through the measurement results of spectral distribution, chromatic change difference, background dependence, and time stability, confirming the possibility of alternative application.

Determination of the time of refractive stability after uneventful phacoemulsification in Indian eyes.

Knowledge about refractive stabilization and the accuracy of postoperative refractive error measurements are crucial for improved patient outcomes after phacoemulsification. Existing guidelines typically recommend waiting 4-6 wk before prescribing corrective lenses. Our research focused on identifying factors that influence refractive errors in the early stages of post-cataract surgery, thus contributing to the existing literature on this topic. To investigate the time required for refraction stability after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery. We compared the variation and statistical significance of the difference in spherical, cylindrical components, and the spherical equivalent between the 1- and 6-wk follow-up period in a group of 257 eyes that underwent uneventful phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation, all performed by a single experienced surgeon. The Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test was utilized to assess the magnitude of the change and determine its statistical significance. The refractive stability was defined as the point at which the change in spherical equivalent was within ± 0.5 dioptres for two consecutive visits. The average age of the patients was 64.9 ± 8.9 yr. The differences observed in both the visits in spherical power (0.1 ± 0.2), cylinder power (0.3 ± 0.4), and spherical equivalent (0.2 ± 0.2) were minimal and not statistically significant. The majority of eyes (93.4%) achieved refractive stability within 6 wk after the surgery. The cylindrical power differed between age groups at the 6th wk post-operative and the difference was statistically significant (P value 0.013). There were no significant differences in refractive stability when considering sex and axial length. Phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation results in no significant changes in refraction for the majority of cases during the 6-wk follow-up period. Therefore, a spectacle prescription can be given at the completion of 1 wk.

Finite time stability of ρ$$ \rho $$‐Caputo neural network systems

Finite time stability of ρ$$ \rho $$‐Caputo neural network systems

A novel adaptive PID controller with new seesaw algorithms using alternative derivatives

ABSTRACT The PID controller is present in at least 90% of industrial applications due to its simplicity and robustness to control linear and non-linear systems. Its main drawbacks include difficulty in achieving proper gains tuning for complex systems and lack of adaptability attributed to its fixed gains when system dynamics change. Despite the emergence of promising controllers like Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, Sliding Modes, or Genetic Algorithms, diverse research efforts focus on using these to improve the PID rather than replacing it, aiming for either ideal fixed gains or adaptive gains. Nevertheless, while some require system models, training data, rules establishment, extensive iterations, and demanding computational resources, the PID and the novel APID controller do not. The new seesaw algorithms propose alternative behaviours based on the current error and its derivative, which are dynamic parameters that change over time. These behaviours can be inserted into the PID to imbue it with adaptive characteristics, achieving adaptive PID ( SeesawAPID ) controllers with faster signal rise and stabilization times, reduction of the maximum peak, and less error accumulation compared to conventional PID .

Detection of emerald ash borer damage using an improved change detection method: Integrating host phenology and pest life history

Invasive Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) damage pose significant challenges for sustainable forest management, necessitating accurate mapping of damaged ash trees. Traditional change detection methods, using time-series imagery, are essential for monitoring forest disturbances but complicated by abnormal fluctuations in original time-series features. Tree phenology also complicates this process by masking the reflectance characteristics indicative of EAB infestation. To address these challenges, we propose an improved change detection method integrating patterns from host tree phenology and EAB life history. This improved method includes: (1) select the indices with time stability to enhance detection reliability by partial least squares method (PLS); (2) correction on negative change values before and positive change values after the phenological peak based on known patterns of tree phenology and EAB life history. Result confirms that this method effectively reflects the seasonal growth and decline dynamics of ash trees, revealing the impacts of phenology and EAB infestation. EAB-damaged trees exhibited slower growth in May and premature decline in July compared with healthy tree, with the damage severity influencing the rate of leaf decline. This proposed method achieved an overall accuracy of 53.4%-76.7% across different months for ash trees with health, light and severe damage. This study highlights the capabilities of integrating pest life history and phenology in change detection method and provide a new method to monitor individual tree health across large areas by high-resolution satellite imagery.

Temperature field analysis and prediction of winter construction warm shed method based on hot air heating

The warm shed method is commonly employed in concrete construction during winter as an effective technique. This study aims to investigate the impact of different sizes and heating methods on the temperature inside the shed and the concrete through scale model testing. The hot air heating method is simulated using finite element software, and a prediction model is developed. The findings reveal an inverse relationship between the size of the warm shed and its heat preservation effect. When utilizing hot air, both the maximum temperature inside the warm shed and at the center of the concrete increase by 15.5 °C and 25.2 °C respectively compared to when employing a point heat source, resulting in earlier stabilization times of 390 min and 1000 min respectively, as well as a more uniform temperature distribution across all parts. Based on finite element simulation results, an optimal wind speed μ is proposed along with a corresponding prediction model.