Time-resolved Magneto-optical Kerr Effect Measurements Research Articles

Spin–wave dynamics in perpendicularly magnetized antidot multilayers

Using all-optical time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements we demonstrate an efficient modulation of the spin–wave (SW) dynamics via the bias magnetic field orientation around nanoscale diamond shaped antidots that are arranged on a square lattice within a [Co(0.75 nm)/Pd(0.9 nm)]8 multilayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). Micromagnetic modeling of the experimental results reveals that the SW modes in the lower frequency regime are related to narrow shell regions around the antidots, where in-plane (IP) domain structures are formed due to the reduced PMA, caused by Ga+ ion irradiation during the focused ion beam milling process of antidot fabrication. The IP direction of the shell magnetization undergoes a striking change with magnetic field orientation, leading to the sharp variation of the edge localized (shell) SW modes. Nevertheless, the coupling between such edge localized and bulk SWs for different orientations of bias field in PMA systems gives rise to interesting Physics and attests to new prospects for developing energy efficient and hybrid-system-based next-generation nanoscale magnonic devices.

Ultrafast laser-induced precession dynamics in perpendicular artificial ferrimagnetic [D022-Mn3Ga/Co2MnSi]5 superlattices

Artificial ferrimagnetic [D022-Mn3Ga/Co2MnSi]N superlattices ([Mn3Ga/CMS]N SLs) combining perpendicular magnetic anisotropy as well as exceptional thermal and magnetic stability hold promises in functional spintronic devices. However, the relevant precession dynamics are still lacking. Here, we report on the magnetic dynamic properties in [Mn3Ga/CMS]5 SLs investigated by the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TRMOKE) measurements. The magnetization precession process and magnetic damping constant (α0) of [Mn3Ga/CMS]5 SLs rely heavily on the thickness of Mn3Ga layer (tMn3Ga). In addition, α0 is found to be higher with increasing tMn3Ga, but is not simply scaled by the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (Ku), which can be ascribed to the contribution of spin–orbit interaction combined with the additional contributions, like spin-pumping. Furthermore, a large Ku value of 1.33 Merg/cm3 and a low α0 of 0.022 have been simultaneously obtained in [Mn3Ga/CMS]5 SL with tMn3Ga = 1.5 nm. This study contributes to the design of high-performance spintronic devices based on [Mn3Ga/CMS]N SLs.

Spin dynamics in the axion insulator candidate EuIn2As2

We report the investigation of spin dynamics in the antiferromagnetic metal ${\mathrm{EuIn}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ with the Zintl phase by using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) and transient reflectivity spectroscopy. In TR-MOKE measurement, we observe a spin precession mode with a frequency of about 18 GHz below 1.4 T and a new emerging coherent acoustic phonon mode near 35 GHz at a higher field where the latter shows a field-independent behavior. With temperature increasing, the spin precession disappears above N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$, whereas the acoustic phonon persists up to 25 K due to existence of magnetic-field-induced polarized paramagnetism. In contrast, the quasiparticle dynamics of ${\mathrm{EuIn}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ does not show dramatic change in the vicinity of ${T}_{N}$. By comparing the spin and quasiparticle dynamics, we attribute the appearance of an acoustic phonon in TR-MOKE to photoinduced transient perturbation of magneto-optical coefficient. Our paper provides an in-depth investigation on the dynamical magnetic properties and broadens the understanding of the ${\mathrm{EuIn}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ system.

Ultrafast demagnetization dynamics in the epitaxial FeGe(111) film chiral magnet

The exploring of ultrafast demagnetization is a significant subject for understanding the versatility of spin dynamics. However, the laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization process in chiral magnet FeGe has remained elusive. Here, we report the ultrafast demagnetization processes of FeGe film with various magnetic structures using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TRMOKE) measurements. Our work reveals a transition from one-step ultrafast demagnetization (type I) to two-step demagnetization (type II) process by changing ambient temperature, laser fluence, and magnetic field. We confirm that the transition from one-step to two-step ultrafast demagnetization mainly results from the weak electron-phonon (e-p) coupling. In the skyrmion phase region, TRMOKE curves demonstrate a two-step ultrafast demagnetization process. The two-step ultrafast demagnetization will further enhance the magnetization loss, and consequently facilitate the magnetization switching and pave a pathway to engineer chiral magnetic devices on picosecond timescales.

Significant and Nonmonotonic Dynamic Magnetic Damping in Asymmetric Co - Fe/Ru/Co - Fe Trilayers

Static and dynamic magnetic properties of $\mathrm{Co}$-$\mathrm{Fe}$(10 nm)/$\mathrm{Ru}$$({t}_{\mathrm{Ru}}=0\ensuremath{-}3\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$/$\mathrm{Co}$-$\mathrm{Fe}$(5 nm) asymmetric trilayers are systematically investigated. The interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) strengths of bilinear $({J}_{1})$, biquadratic $({J}_{2})$, and their equivalent $({J}_{\mathrm{eff}})$ terms are determined; they show a weak nonmonotonic behavior with ${t}_{\mathrm{Ru}}$. Interestingly, the magnetic remanence ratio \ensuremath{\eta} of hard axis to easy axis has two distinct peaks; this can reasonably be interpreted by taking the strong ${J}_{2}$ term into account. Various pump-laser fluences are utilized to modulate the static IEC during the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements, by which individual magnetization precessions of the two $\mathrm{Co}$-$\mathrm{Fe}$ layers are achieved and the effects of dynamic IEC through mutual spin currents are highlighted. With the increase in ${t}_{\mathrm{Ru}}$, the magnetic damping factors of both layers display the same nonmonotonic behavior, which has been mainly ascribed to the spin pumping damping ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{SP}}$ associated with the dynamic IEC. Moreover, it is found that the variation trend of damping difference $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{SP}}$ between the two $\mathrm{Co}$-$\mathrm{Fe}$ layers is similar to that of ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, revealing that the dynamic IEC effect is actually dominated by the static IEC and thereupon a theoretical formula is proposed to describe the correlation between $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{SP}}$ and ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. These results suggest the feasibility of efficient control of spin pumping damping through controlled IEC, which has great significance for microwave spintronic devices based on asymmetric trilayer structures.

Role of spin-lattice coupling in ultrafast demagnetization and all optical helicity-independent single-shot switching in Gd1−x−yTbyCox alloys

All optical switching (AOS) of magnetization exhibits a high potential for ultrafast and energy-efficient memory applications. Many works have been carried out in the area of AOS, including its observation in a wide variety of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials, and the exploration of the parameters for the achievements of AOS such as the laser fluence and helicity, and duration of laser pulses. A large majority of all optical helicity-independent single-shot switching (AO-HIS) has been observed in Gd-based rare-earth transition-metal ferrimagnets. It is then necessary to explore the unique role of Gd in AO-HIS mechanism, compared with other rare-earth elements. Here, we engineered ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Tb}}_{y}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}$ alloys and investigated the influence of the Tb concentration on the magnetization dynamics via static Kerr microscope and time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) measurements. The ultrafast demagnetization time at low fluence is found to be independent of Tb concentration, while both the range of laser fluence and pulse duration allowing for AO-HIS becomes narrower with increasing the Tb concentration. The TR-MOKE signal $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{K}/{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{K_\mathrm{sat}}\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$ after the laser pulse excitation decreases with increasing either the Tb concentration or the pulse duration. The fact that AO-HIS is prohibited by increasing the Tb content is explained by considering a larger damping for Tb than Gd in atomistic simulations. Our results are well explained by the fact that angular momentum can be transferred from Gd to Co resulting in the magnetization switching, whereas for Tb it is dissipated through the lattice due to the large spin-orbit coupling, instead of being transferred between Tb and Co.

Tuning interfacial spin pump in Ta/CoFeB/MgO films by ultrafast laser pulse

The operation speed and the energy-efficiency of magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is largely controlled by Gilbert damping of magnetic layers. The ultrafast laser pulse may offer an opportunity to tune the interfacial spin pumping, which can then control the Gilbert damping. Here, we have investigated the ultrafast laser induced magnetization precession, especially the magnetic damping, of a series of Ta/CoFeB/MgO thin films using the pump–probe time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) measurements. The pump fluence dependence of the magnetic damping has been found to vary with the thickness tCoFeB of the nanoscale CoFeB layer. Remarkably, the intrinsic damping constant α0 has been found to decrease with the increase in the pump fluence when the thickness of the CoFeB layer is less than 1.2 nm. This fluence-dependent behavior of α0 is attributed to the fluence-dependent contribution of the Ta/CoFeB interface induced spin pumping effect. The ultrafast laser pulses effectively enhance the interfacial spin pumping effect via tuning the spin diffusion length of the adjacent Ta layer, from 2.4 to 7.1 nm. Our findings provide insights into the ultrafast laser pulse driven magnetic dynamics and interfacial spin manipulation in Ta/CoFeB/MgO structures.

Coherent GHz lattice and magnetization excitations in thin epitaxial Ag/Fe/Cr/Fe films

We excited an epitaxial magnetic Ag/Fe/Cr/Fe multilayer nonthermally and nonoptically with very short (1 ps) electromagnetic pulses. We detected the synchronous phononic-magnetic response by time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. The Ag/Fe/Cr/Fe multilayer was patterned into a coplanar waveguide transmission line, and the electromagnetic pulses were generated by pulsed-laser illumination of an integrated GaAs photoconductive switch (PCS). The detected magnetic excitations comprise up to four narrow-band high-order modes with the highest frequency reaching 30 GHz. The mode frequencies are independent of both temperature in the range from 16 to 300 K and the applied external magnetic field up to 120 mT. Our analysis shows that the origin of the rigidity of these high-frequency modes is the strong coupling of the magnetic subsystem with the lattice of the Ag/Fe/Cr/Fe multilayer. The exciting electromagnetic pulse generated by the PCS induces, via magnetoelastic coupling, long-lived (ns) standing GHz acoustic waves normal to the Ag/Fe/Cr/Fe film plane. These lattice oscillations in turn couple back and drive the magnetization oscillations via the magnetoelastic coupling. The temperature and field dependence of the damping of the oscillations can be described by inelastic phonon-phonon and phonon-magnon scattering. Our study opens up a possibility of using coherent lattice and magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic films for spintronic devices at GHz clock rates.

Ultrafast measurements of the interfacial spin Seebeck effect in Au and rare-earth iron-garnet bilayers

We investigate picosecond spin-currents across Au/iron-garnet interfaces in response to ultrafast laser heating of the electrons in the Au film. In the picoseconds after optical heating, interfacial spin currents occur due to an interfacial temperature difference between electrons in the metal and magnons in the insulator. We report measurements of this interfacial longitudinal spin Seebeck effect between Au and rare-earth iron-garnet insulators, i.e. RE$_3$ Fe$_5$O$_{12}$, where RE is Y, Eu, Tb, Tm. We use time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) measurements to characterize the thermal response of the bilayer to ultrafast optical heating. We use time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) measurements of the Au layer to measure the time-evolution of spin accumulation in the Au film. We observe a spin Seebeck effect between Au/TmIG that is three times larger than for an Au/YIG bilayer. The interfacial thermal conductance between electrons in the Au and magnons in the TmIG layer is ~ 3 $\frac{MW}{m^2 K}$.

The measurement of anisotropic thermal transport using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect

Owing to the increasing demand for the improved management of thermal transport in devices, it is necessary to develop an optimal method for the measurement of anisotropic heat conduction. Although several techniques have been used to measure the heat transport in anisotropic materials, the accurate determination of anisotropic thermal conductivity remains a major challenge. In this study, we present time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurement using a pump–probe technique to investigate the thermal characterization of various materials. A substrate/ferromagnetic metal (FM) structure is prepared, where FM acts as a transducer to detect the thermal transport in substrates of silicon, sapphire, and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. By performing experiments under various modulation frequencies and laser spot sizes, we determine both in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivities. We also discuss the limitations of measurement and provide useful guidelines to determine the thermal properties of different materials with high accuracy.

Off-stoichiometry effect on magnetic damping in thin films of Heusler alloy Co2MnSi

We investigated the effect of off-stoichiometry on the Gilbert magnetic damping constant (\ensuremath{\alpha}) of Heusler alloy $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{MnSi}$ (CMS) thin films by employing time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) measurements along with first-principles calculations based on the linear-response theory for magnetic damping. Because of the contribution of extrinsic damping arising from two-magnon scattering, the effective \ensuremath{\alpha} (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$) extracted from the TR-MOKE responses showed dependences on the in-plane magnetic-field angle (${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{H}}$) and the field strength ($H$). Then, we obtained the smallest ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$) for each sample under the most reduced contribution from two-magnon scattering realized through varying ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{H}}$ and $H$ values, which is the closest value to \ensuremath{\alpha}. The thus obtained ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ values of epitaxially grown off-stoichiometric $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{i}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ ($\ensuremath{\gamma}=0.82$) films with various (Mn + Si) compositions, $(\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})$, decreased with increasing $(\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})$ from ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}=0.0057$ for (Mn + Si)-deficient $(\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})=1.44$ to ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}=0.0036$ for $(\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})=1.90$ being close to the stoichiometric one of $(\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})=2.0$ at 300 K. It was also demonstrated that a half-metallic (Mn+Si)-rich CMS film with $\ensuremath{\beta}=1.30$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}=0.90$ showed a low ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ of 0.0035. The dependence of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ on $(\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})$ in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{2}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{i}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ ($\ensuremath{\gamma}=0.82$) was well explained by the first-principles calculations. Through the systematic investigations of off-stoichiometric CMS with various values of $(\ensuremath{\beta}+\ensuremath{\gamma})$, it was clarified that the total density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level, $D({E}_{\mathrm{F}})$, plays the key role for determining the damping constant of CMS. Furthermore, it was revealed that the reduced minority-spin DOS at ${E}_{\mathrm{F}}$, caused by decreasing harmful $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}_{\mathrm{Mn}}$ antisites, is essential for reducing the damping constant of CMS. These findings demonstrate that appropriately controlling off-stoichiometry and film composition is thus promising for achieving half-metallicity and a low \ensuremath{\alpha} simultaneously for CMS thin films.

Ultrafast dynamics of exchange stiffness in Co/Pt multilayer

The exchange stiffness coefficient, Aex, represents the strength of direct exchange interactions among neighboring spins. Aex is linked to most of the magnetic properties such as skyrmion formation, magnetic vortex, magnetic domain wall width, and exchange length. Hence, the quantification of Aex is essential to understanding fundamental magnetic properties, but little is known for the dynamics of Aex on a sub-picosecond timescale. We report the ultrafast dynamcis of Aex in an ordered magnetic state in Co/Pt ferromagnetic multilayer. Time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect and reflectivity measurements were analyzed for various pump fluences. We reveal that the significant dynamical reduction of Aex is responsible for the dramatic increase of remagnetization time for high fluences. The analysis shows that Aex dynamically varies, strongly affecting overall ultrafast demagnetization/remagnetization process. The investigation demonstrates the possibility of Aex engineering in femtosecond timescale and thereby provides a way to design ultrafast spintronic devices.

Freestanding Positionable Microwave-Antenna Device for Magneto-Optical Spectroscopy Experiments

Modern spectroscopic techniques for the investigation of magnetization dynamics in micro- and nano- structures or thin films use typically microwave antennas which are directly fabricated on top of the sample by means of electron-beam-lithography (EBL). Following this approach, every magnetic structure on the sample needs its own antenna, resulting in additional EBL steps and layer deposition processes. We demonstrate a new approach for magnetization excitation that is suitable for optical and non-optical spectroscopy techniques. By patterning the antenna on a separated flexible glass cantilever and insulating it electrically, we solved the before mentioned issues. Since we use flexible transparent glass as a substrate, optical spectroscopy techniques like Brillouin-light-scattering microscopy ({\mu}BLS), time resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements (TRMOKE) or optical detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements can be carried out at visible laser wavelengths. As the antenna is detached from the sample it can be freely positioned in all three dimensions to adress only the desired magnetic sample structures and to achieve effective excitation. We demonstrate the functionality of these antennas using {\mu}BLS and compare coherently and thermally excited magnon spectra to show the enhancement of the signal by a factor of about 400 due to the excitation by the antenna. Moreover, we succeed to characterize yttrium iron garnet thin films with spatial resolution using optical ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) experiments. We analyse the spatial excitation profile of the antenna by measuring the magnetization dynamics in two dimensions. The technique is furthermore applied to investigate injection-locking of spin Hall nano-oscillators.

Ultrafast Magnetization Precession in Perpendicularly Magnetized L10-MnAl Thin Films with Co2MnSi Buffer Layers**Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFB0407601), the Key Research Project of Frontier Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. QYZDY-SSW-JSC015 and XDPB12), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11834013, 11874349, and 11774339).

Perpendicularly magnetized L10-MnAl thin films with Co2MnSi buffer layers were prepared on GaAs (001) substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). The samples with high crystalline quality show a maximum uniaxial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constant of 1.4 × 107 erg/cm3. Ultrafast spin dynamics with a magnetization precession frequency up to 200 GHz was investigated by using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TRMOKE) measurements, from which the Gilbert damping constant α of epitaxial L10-MnAl thin films is evaluated to be less than 0.0175. This work provides an important reference for analyzing the current-induced magnetization switching process in MnAl-based spintronic devices.

All-optical investigation of anisotropic spin pumping in W/CoFeB/W heterostructure

Pure spin current generation and transport in magnetic heterostructures comprising of normal metal (NM)/ferromagnet (FM) interfaces are imperative for future energy efficient spintronic devices. The above properties are considered to be equivalent in terms of spin-mixing conductance and spin pumping efficiency. Correspondingly, the enhancement in Gilbert damping should be equal for every interface with same NM and FM layers. However, this equivalency may break down under certain circumstances, giving rise to anisotropy. Here, we have shown by time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements that for W/CoFeB interface, the enhancement in Gilbert damping is dissimilar when the position of W and CoFeB are interchanged. The damping coefficient (α) is 0.010 for CoFeB/W, whereas it is 0.0135 for W/CoFeB. Our in-depth investigation reveals that the precessional trajectory for W/CoFeB system is strongly affected by the induced magnetic anisotropy which is not present in CoFeB/W, leading towards the observed directional spin pumping. This is clearly demonstrated in W/CoFeB/W trilayer where the spin current generated by spin pumping diffuses more towards W underlayer in comparison to W overlayer. Our findings add new insights in the role of ferromagnet/nonmagnet interfaces for controlled generation and utilization of pure spin current for application in advanced spintronic devices.

High sensitivity pump-probe measurements of magnetic, thermal, and acoustic phenomena with a spectrally tunable oscillator.

We describe an optical pump/probe system for sensitive measurements of time-resolved optical measurements of material dynamics. The instrument design is optimized for time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) measurements of dynamics in magnetic materials. The system also allows for time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) measurements of thermal transport properties and picosecond acoustic measurements of film thickness and/or elastic constants. The system has several advantages over the conventional designs for TR-MOKE and/or TDTR systems. Measurements of pump-induced changes to the probe beam intensity are shot-noise limited. The system's design allows for MOKE and/or thermoreflectance measurements of both sides of a sample. Pumping and probing the sample on opposite sides allows nanoscale flash diffusivity measurements of transport properties. The wavelengths of the pump and probe beams are straightforward to tune between 350-525 nm and 690-1050 nm. A tunable wavelength allows for optical resonances in a wide array of materials to be excited and/or probed. Finally, the setup is calibrated to allow for the real and imaginary components of Kerr signals to be separately quantified.

Edge localization of spin waves in antidot multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We study the spin-wave dynamics in nanoscale antidot lattices based on Co/Pd multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Using time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements we demonstrate that the variation of the antidot shape introduces significant change in the spin-wave spectra, especially in the lower frequency range. By employing micromagnetic simulations we show that additional peaks observed in the measured spectra are related to narrow shell regions around the antidots, where the magnetic anisotropy is reduced due to the Ga+ ion irradiation during the focused ion beam milling process of the antidot fabrication. The results point at new possibilities for exploitation of localized spin waves in out-of-plane magnetized thin films, which are easily tunable and suitable for magnonics applications.

Direct observation of terahertz emission from ultrafast spin dynamics in thick ferromagnetic films

We have experimentally investigated the field- and fluence-dependent terahertz (THz) emission behaviors by a femtosecond optical pump in Co ferromagnetic films, together with the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurement. The thickness of Co and Ta capping layers has been systematically varied. For thick films, THz emission behavior is found to be directly matched with the photoinduced ultrafast demagnetization and remagnetization dynamics. The angle-dependent THz emission measurement also confirms a direct relation between the THz emission and the photoinduced demagnetization/remagnetization dynamics in the case of thick films, while THz emission from the inverse spin Hall effect also plays a role in the case of thin Co films.

Ultrafast magnetization switching in nanoscale magnetic dots

Ultrafast magnetization switching at picosecond and sub-picosecond time scales has tremendous technological potential but still poses numerous questions regarding the underlying quantum mechanical phenomena, including the roles of and interactions between the electrons, spins, and phonons (lattice). At the nanometer-scale dimensions relevant for modern applications, these phenomena become increasingly more pronounced. Until now, helicity-independent all-optical switching (HI-AOS) has been largely limited to amorphous Gd-Fe-Co alloys, for which scaling was challenging due to their relatively low anisotropies. In this work, we demonstrate HI-AOS in amorphous GdCo and scale it to nanometer dimensions while still maintaining uniform out-of-plane magnetization. Single shot HI-AOS is demonstrated in these patterned samples down to a minimum optically detectable magnetic dot size of 200 nm. The ultrafast switching behavior was also confirmed using time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements and found to settle to its opposite magnetization state at faster rates for smaller dot diameters, passing a threshold of 75% magnetization reversal within approximately 2 ps for a 200 nm dot compared to approximately 40 ps for a 15 μm pattern. The size dependence of the ultrafast switching is explained in terms of the electron-phonon and spin-lattice interactions.

Combined frequency and time domain measurements on injection-locked, constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators

We demonstrate a combined frequency and time domain investigation of injection-locked, constriction-based spin Hall nano-oscillators by Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (TR-MOKE). This was achieved by applying an ac current in the GHz regime in addition to the dc current which drives auto-oscillations in the constriction. In the frequency domain, we analyze the width of the locking range, the increase in intensity, and the reduction in the linewidth as a function of the applied direct current. Then, we show that the injection locking of the auto-oscillation allows for its investigation by TR-MOKE measurements, a stroboscopic technique that relies on a phase stable excitation, in this case given by the synchronisation to the microwave current. Field sweeps at different dc currents clearly demonstrate the impact of the spin current on the Kerr amplitude. Two-dimensional TR-MOKE and BLS maps show a strong localization of the auto-oscillation within the constriction, independent of the external locking.