Time Resolution Research Articles

Multilayered Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Technique in Optic Disc Pit Maculopathy.

To evaluate the anatomical and visual outcomes of the multilayered inverted internal limiting membrane (ML-ILM) flap technique in the treatment of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODPM). In this retrospective interventional case series, medical records and macular spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images of patients who underwent combined pars plana vitrectomy with ML-ILM flap surgery for ODPM were analyzed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) at postoperative 6 months were compared with baseline findings. Intraoperative and postoperative complications, fluid resolution time, and recurrence during follow-up were recorded. Five eyes of 5 patients with ODPM were included in the study. According to the preoperative macular fluid characteristics, 2 patients had only intraretinal fluid, while 3 patients had intraretinal and subretinal fluid. The preoperative median BCVA was 1.0 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (range, 1.0-1.3 logMAR), and the CMT was 560 μm (range, 452-667 μm). At the 6-month postoperative follow-up, the median BCVA was 0.40 logMAR (range, 0.1-0.7 logMAR), and CMT was 315 μm (range, 265-326 μm) (p=0.042 and p=0.043, respectively). During the 6-month follow-up period, no recurrence or full-thickness macular hole formation was observed. The ML-ILM flap technique is a preferable surgical option to achieve both high anatomical and functional success and flap stabilization.

Considerations on time resolution of neutron irradited single pixel 3D structures at fuences up to 1017 neq/cm2 using 120 GeV SPS pion beams

The proven radiation hardness of silicon 3D devices up to fluences of 1 × 1017 neq/cm2 makes them an excellent choice for next generation trackers, providing <10 μm position resolution at a high multiplicity environment. The anticipated pile-up increase at HL-LHC conditions and beyond, requires the addition of <50 ps per hit timing information to successfully resolve displaced and primary vertices. In this study, the timing performance, uniformity and efficiency of neutron and proton irradiated single pixel 3D devices is discussed. Fluences up to 1 × 1017 neq/cm2 in three different geometrical implementations are evaluated using 120 GeV SPS pion beams. A MIMOSA-26 type telescope is used to provide detailed tracking information with a ∼5 μm position resolution. Productions with single- and double-sided processes, yielding active thicknesses of 130 and 230 μm respectively, are examined with varied pixel sizes from 55 × 55 μm2 to 25 × 100 μm2 and a comparative study of field uniformity is presented with respect to electrode geometry. The question of electronics bandwidth is extensively addressed with respect to achievable time resolution, efficiency and collected charge, forming a 3D phase space to which an appropriate operating point can be selected depending on the application requirements.

The hydromechanical coupled numerical method in pseudo-3D axisymmetric domain with cracks extension and coalescence applies to the decompression failure problem

The stress-strain state of the saturated porous media determines the behavior of fracturing, which defines the efficiency of developing tight oil, shale, coalbed, and thermal energy fields. Therefore, reliable hydromechanical coupled simulations with destruction reconstruction are critical.The proposed innovative simulator has a strong interrelation between fluid flow and rock deformation of porous media and realizes a fully coupled pseudo-transient numerical method by high-performance computing (HPC) tools. To increase the detail of the results in the problem, a finite difference numerical algorithm was implemented in the axisymmetric cylindrical domain, which reduces from three to two dimensions without loss of precision. Highly efficient parallelization using CUDA on the GPU computes meshes of up to one billion cells, allowing the simulation of a total core sample to sub-micrometer resolution in an appropriate time. The algorithm has been validated to find the exact solution to the cylinder problem. The proposed model accounts for cracks propagation with their coalescence within a single computational static grid, which keeps timing close to the continuous model.This comprehensive implementation enables solving industrial problems, such as modeling core sample damage during rapid decompression. High-resolution simulations help reconstruct fracture propagation, analyze the initial stress state, and identify critical damage factors. The comparison with the exact solution to the cylinder problem confirmed the reliability of the algorithm. The calculation results show a strong dependence of decompression failure on the coalescence and elongation of cracks, influenced significantly by the rock's cohesion. Microcracks length and distribution play a decisive role in the decompressive destruction behavior of the rock sample. For the first time, the simulations demonstrated the decompressive destruction of a core sample during an uncontrolled, rapid core retrieval operation.

Determinants of symptom presentation and resolution following concussions in high school sports

ABSTRACT Sport-related concussions (SRCs) are prevalent in high school (HS) sports, though the determinants of, and relationships between concussion symptoms in this population remain relatively unknown. We analysed SRC data captured within the HS RIO injury surveillance system during 2014/15-2018/19. We used Generalized Estimating Equations to simultaneously assess covariate predictors of symptom presentations and identify pairwise symptom associations and employed multivariable ordinal logistic regressions to determine symptom resolution time (SRT) predictors. Among the 8,969 concussions assessed, headaches (94.3%) and dizziness (73.3%) were the most prevalently reported symptoms. In 5,953 boys’ concussion assessed, class year, event type and injury mechanism emerged as determinants of various concussion symptoms, while in 3,016 girls’ concussions assessed, class year, event type, injury mechanism, and sport type emerged as significant symptom determinants. In both groups, difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to noise, and disorientation were symptoms with the strongest associations with other symptoms. Odds of longer SRT were higher with greater endorsement (i.e. counts) of the subset of symptoms with strongest cross-domain associations (ORadj. = 1.35; 95% CI = [1.30, 1.40]). Our findings provide valuable information for informing sideline and follow-up clinical concussion assessment algorithms in high school athletes.

Estimating the design parameters of a space-based radio surveillance system

Currently, small spacecraft with both optoelectronic and radar imaging equipment are becoming increasingly common. The purpose of the work is to improve the efficiency of preliminary assessment of achievable characteristics of radio surveillance payloads at the initial stages of design of small spacecraft. The paper describes the advantages of using radar imaging equipment, as well as the main trends in its development. The main areas of application of spacecraft with radar of different frequency ranges are given; the advantages of each frequency range are described. The methodology of determining the parameters of the trajectory signal when the platform moves in a circular orbit, taking into account the assumptions associated with estimating the size of the irradiation zone in azimuth is considered. Based on the considered methodology, a program is developed in Python programming language that makes it possible to estimate the length of synthesized aperture, synthesis time and azimuthal resolution of the target equipment on the basis of mass and dimensional characteristics of the antenna and spacecraft orbit parameters. A graphical user interface has been developed for the program which allows the user to interactively vary the initial data for calculation and evaluate the graphical representation of the result. The developed software system can be used for calculation of the main design parameters of small spacecraft with radar imaging equipment at the preliminary design stage.

Ambiguity, randomization and the timing of resolution of uncertainty

Ambiguity, randomization and the timing of resolution of uncertainty

Measurement variability of blood-brain barrier permeability using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is used to quantify the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability-surface area product. Serial measurements can indicate changes in BBB health, of interest to the study of normal physiology, neurological disease, and the effect of therapeutics. We performed a scan-rescan study to inform both sample size calculation for future studies and an appropriate reference change value for patient care. The final dataset included 28 healthy individuals (mean age 53.0 years, 82% female) scanned twice with mean interval 9.9 weeks. DCE-MRI was performed at 3T using a 3D gradient echo sequence with whole brain coverage, T1 mapping using variable flip angles, and a 16-min dynamic sequence with a 3.2-s time resolution. Segmentation of white and grey matter (WM/GM) was performed using a 3D magnetization-prepared gradient echo image. The influx constant Ki was calculated using the Patlak method. The primary outcome was the within-subject coefficient of variation (CV) of Ki in both WM and GM. Ki values followed biological expectations in relation to known GM/WM differences in cerebral blood volume (CBV) and consequently vascular surface area. Subject-derived arterial input functions showed marked within-subject variability which were significantly reduced by using a venous input function (CV of area under the curve 46 vs. 12%, p < 0.001). Use of the venous input function significantly improved the CV of Ki in both WM (30 vs. 59%, p < 0.001) and GM (21 vs. 53%, p < 0.001). Further improvement was obtained using motion correction, scaling the venous input function by the artery, and using the median rather than the mean of individual voxel data. The final method gave CV of 27% and 17% in WM and GM, respectively. No further improvement was obtained by replacing the subject-derived input function by one standard population input function. CV of Ki was shown to be highly sensitive to dynamic sequence duration, with shorter measurement periods giving marked deterioration especially in WM. In conclusion, measurement variability of 3D brain DCE-MRI is sensitive to analysis method and a large precision improvement is obtained using a venous input function.

COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERISATION OF TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF GASEOUS AMMONIA AND NITROGEN OXIDES IN TYPICAL URBAN ATMOSPHERE

Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a well-known contributor to secondary particle formation and canlead to severe environmental degradation and human health outcomes. In the context of the verylimited knowledge about updated data on NH3 levels in urban areas, this paper presents the results ofa one-year (Apr 2023 – Mar 2024) measurement campaign of NH3 concentrations conducted at theurban background site in Zabrze, located in the central part of the Upper Silesian Industrial District(USID) (southern Poland), which could be considered one of the European hotspots. The research wasperformed using an automatic ammonia analyzer Model T201 by Teledyne API, which provides dataon the levels of NH3 and other gaseous nitrogen compounds (NO (nitrogen oxide), NO2 (nitrogendioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides) at hourly time resolution. Consequently, this enabled an analysisof specific temporal variations of NH3 concentrations, and therefore allowed the identification ofits possible emission sources and insight into processes involving ammonia. The results obtained inthis study revealed that ammonia stood out from nitrogen oxides and other atmospheric pollutants– with high NH3 concentrations recorded during spring and summer, which is related to the highintensity of gaseous NH3 formation under warm meteorological conditions. A different situationwas observed in the hourly NH3 concentration distribution scheme, which was manifested by muchless visible diurnal variations of NH3 levels, with no characteristic morning maximum, as well asthe occurrence of a broad afternoon maximum in the summer. In summary, anthropogenic sourceshad a significant impact on NH3 concentrations in the area under consideration, with a greater roleof traffic in the case of NOx, and a biomass and fossil fuel combustion and/or industrial sources –for NH3. Local meteorological conditions also had a notable influence on NH3 levels, of which airtemperature (positive correlation) and wind speed (negative correlation) were found to be the mostimportant. The ongoing research is planned to be continued, as it can provide valuable scientific datafor the development of air quality protection strategies and programmes in urban areas, especially inthe field of reducing emissions of gaseous precursors of particulate matter.

Mechanisms Underlying the Changes in Sporadic E Layers During Sudden Stratospheric Warming

During sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events, significant modifications occur, not only in the neutral atmosphere, but also in the ionosphere. Specifically, sporadic E layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere regions significantly disrupt satellite communication. Although research has frequently focused on ionospheric alterations during SSW events, detailed studies on sporadic E layers remain limited. Examining these variations during SSW events could enhance our understanding of the interaction mechanisms between the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere, and provide insights into the patterns of sporadic E layer alterations. This study analyzed the behavior of sporadic E layers during the 2008/2009 winter SSW period using data from three Japanese stations and satellite observations. The principal findings included the following: (1) The enhancement in the critical frequency of the sporadic E layers was most notable following the transition from easterly to westerly winds at 60° N at a 10 hPa altitude, accompanied by quasi 6-day and quasi 16-day oscillations in frequency. (2) The daily average zonal and meridional wind speeds in the MLT region also exhibited quasi 6-day and quasi 16-day oscillations, aligning with the observed periodicities in the critical frequency of the sporadic E layers. (3) Planetary waves were shown to modulate the amplitude of diurnal and semidiurnal tides, influencing the sporadic E layers. Furthermore, a wavelet analysis of foEs data with a time resolution of 0.25 h demonstrated that planetary waves also modulate the frequency of diurnal tides, thereby affecting the sporadic E layers. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the formation mechanisms and prediction of sporadic E layer behavior.

Performance evaluation of a small-animal PET scanner with 213 mm axis using NEMA NU 4-2008.

Long-axis positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as one of the recent research directions in PET due to its ability to significantly enhance sensitivity and counting performance for low-dose imaging, rapid imaging, and whole-body dynamicimaging. The PET system presented in this study is a long-axis animal PET based on lutetium-yttrium orthosilicate and silicon photomultiplier, designed for whole-body imaging in rats. It features a diameter of 143 mm and an axial length of 213.3 mm. This study evaluated the performance of this PET system in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 4-2008standards. The performance evaluation was conducted according to the NEMA NU 4-2008 standards in terms of spatial resolution, sensitivity, counting rate performance, scatter fraction (SF) and image quality. In addition, a rat imaging study was conducted to assess the imaging capability of this PETsystem. The average energy resolution of the PET system was 12.87%, the average coincidence timing resolution was 751 ps. The FWHM of spatial resolution reconstructed by filtered back projection and 3D-OSEM-PSF algorithm at 5 mm radial offset from the axial center were 1.65 and 0.88 mm. The peak absolute sensitivity measured by a point source at the center of the field of view was evaluated as 6.71% (361-661keV) and 10.31% (250-750 keV). For the mouse-like phantom, the SF was 11.0% and the peak noise equivalent counting rate (NECR) was 1193 kcps at 94.2 MBq (2.54 mCi). For the rat-like phantom, the SF was 26.8% and the NECR was 682.5 kcps at 78.6 MBq (2.12 mCi). The performance measurement results demonstrate that this PET system exhibits high sensitivity and count rate performance, making it potential for high-quality whole-body dynamic imaging ofrats.

Prediction on Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Fishing Ground in Waters Near the Marshall Islands Based on SMOTETomek‐RF

ABSTRACTThis study monitored 37 longliners fishing in waters near the Marshall Islands from 2020 to 2022 by Liancheng Overseas Fishery (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.'s operation management system. This study developed nine predictive models on the relationship between catch per unit effort (CPUE) data for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and the environmental data. The environmental data integrate 48 variables, including eddy kinetic energy, chlorophyll a concentration, sea surface height, and additional measures of vertical oceanic conditions, alongside spatiotemporal parameters (year, month, day, longitude, and latitude). This study employed four spatial resolutions (0.25° × 0.25°, 0.5° × 0.5°, 1° × 1°, and 2° × 2°) to develop nine predictive models: KNN, RF, GBDT, CART, LightGBM, XGBoost, CatBoost, AdaBoost, and Stacking (RF, KNN, GBDT, and LR). These models, with a daily time resolution, were trained using 75% of the data and tested with the remaining 25%. The optimal spatial resolution and model were determined through a comprehensive comparison of model evaluation metrics across these spatial resolutions. The SMOTETomek algorithm was then applied to resample 75% of the data at the optimal spatial resolution, forming a new training dataset. This dataset was used to refine the model, subsequently tested with the remaining 25% of the data. Results indicated that (1) the optimal spatial resolution is 0.25° × 0.25° and the optimal model is RF; (2) the SMOTETomek algorithm enhances the model's predictive performance; and (3) the developed SMK‐RF model, exhibiting Acc and AUC values of 76.73% and 82.47%, respectively, accurately predicts the central fishing grounds for yellowfin tuna, consisting closely with actual fishing activity.

Performance of 3D trench silicon pixel sensors irradiated up to [formula omitted]

Tracking particles at extreme fluences requires the accurate measurement of the charged particle timing at the pixel level in order to cope with the increased occupancy of HL-LHC experiments. Maintaining this precision throughout the operational life of the detector is crucial. This work demonstrates that the 55×55μm2 wide 150μm thick 3D trench-type pixels, developed by the TimeSPOT Collaboration, maintain the performance of non-irradiated sensors even after exposure to fluences as high as 1⋅10171MeVneqcm−2. The preliminary results of a beam test characterization using minimum ionizing particles at the SPS North area beam facility reveal that the charge collection and the time resolution of the irradiated sensors are comparable to those of non-irradiated ones, by increasing the operational bias voltage. A minor reduction in detection efficiency, approximately 4%, is observed post-irradiation. Currently, 3D trench-type pixels are among the fastest pixel detectors available for tracking charged particles and hold significant promise for future tracking system upgrades. This preliminary evaluation suggests their suitability for use in even harsher radiation environments than High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) such as future experiments at the Future Circular Hadron Collider (FCC-hh).

Factors affecting time to recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis in adult diabetic patients in Alexandria Main University Hospital

BackgroundDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening condition as a complication of diabetes and represents a significant healthcare global burden. The current study goal was to determine factors affecting time to recovery from DKA in Alexandria Main University Hospital.Patients and methodsOne hundred fifty patients who had been admitted with DKA were included in this study. All patients were managed with hospitalization for IV fluids, continuous intravenous insulin infusion, electrolyte correction, as well as detection and treatment of the predisposing factor until the full resolution of DKA.ResultsMales contributed to 58.7% of the total patients in this study with a mean age of 32.16 ± 15.06 years. DKA mean time of resolution was 18.76 ± 14.07 h. The majority of patients were with T1DM (86%), while T2DM were 14%. Missed insulin dose was the leading precipitating factor (60.7%) followed by infections (38.7%). There was a statistically significant relationship between DKA resolution time with age, time of presentation, type of diabetes, initial pH, initial serum K+ level, initial HCO3− level, initial anion gap, initial base excess, and initial RBS (p value < 0.001).ConclusionDelayed time of resolution from DKA was associated with initial lower pH, initial lower HCO3− level, initial lower base excess level, initial higher anion gap level, type 2 diabetes mellitus, patients on pre-mixed insulin regimen, old patients, delayed time for seeking medical care, and abnormal serum K+ level.

Rapid Whole-Plate Cell and Tissue Micropatterning Using a Budget 3D Resin Printer.

The ability to precisely pattern cells and proteins is crucial in various scientific disciplines, including cell biology, bioengineering, and materials chemistry. Current techniques, such as microcontact stamping, 3D bioprinting, and direct photopatterning, have limitations in terms of cost, versatility, and throughput. In this Article, we present an accessible approach that combines the throughput of photomask systems with the versatility of programmable light patterning using a low-cost consumer LCD resin printer. The method involves utilizing a bioinert hydrogel, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and a 405 nm sensitive photoinitiator (LAP) that are selectively cross-linked to form a hydrogel upon light exposure, creating specific regions that are protein and cell-repellent. Our result highlights that a low-cost LCD resin printer can project virtual photomasks onto the hydrogel, allowing for reasonable resolution and large-area printing at a fraction of the cost of traditional systems. The study demonstrates the calibration of exposure times for optimal resolution and accuracy and shape corrections to overcome the inherent challenges of wide-field resin printing. The potential of this approach is validated through widely studied 2D and 3D stem cell applications, showcasing its biocompatibility and ability to replicate complex tissue engineering patterns. We also validate the method with a cell-adhesive polymer (gelatin methacrylate; GelMA). The combination of low cost, high throughput, and accessibility makes this method broadly applicable across fields for enabling rapid and precise fabrication of cells and tissues in standard laboratory culture vessels.

Statistical seasonal prediction of Arctic sea ice concentration based on spatiotemporal anomaly persistent method

Abstract Accurate prediction of Arctic sea ice is crucial for high-latitude and even mid-latitude climate prediction. It significantly affects atmospheric circulation, the environment, ecology, and maritime transport. This study developed a statistical prediction model to predict monthly Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) for up to one year based on the season-reliant empirical orthogonal functions (SEOFs) technique. Its prediction skill was compared with that of a dynamical prediction model. The spatiotemporal pattern of sea ice anomalies, which exhibit strong seasonality and are maintained for a significant period above the seasonal time scale by atmosphere-ocean interactions, was extracted using SEOFs. A prediction model was constructed by extrapolating from the recent anomalous state of sea ice to predict the future. Experimental retrospective predictions with monthly time resolution for 1982–2021 were performed to validate the prediction skill of Arctic SIC and areal extent. Statistically significant prediction skills were achieved over several months, even up to six months, exceeding the skill of the dynamical model.

Study of modulation in complex refractive indices induced by ultrafast relativistic electrons using infrared and THz probe pulses.

Objective &#xD;Achieving ultra-precise temporal resolution in ionizing radiation detection is essential, particularly in positron emission tomography, where precise timing enhances signal-to-noise ratios and may enable reconstruction-less imaging. A promising approach involves utilizing ultrafast modulation of the complex refractive index, where sending probe pulses to the detection crystals will result in changes in picoseconds (ps), and thus a sub - 10 ps coincidence time resolution can be realized. Towards this goal, here, we aim to first measure the ps changes in probe pulses using an ionizing radiation source with high time resolution.&#xD;Approach &#xD;We used relativistic, ultrafast electrons to induce complex refractive index and use probe pulses in the near-infrared (800 nm) and terahertz (THz, 300 µm) regimes to test the hypothesized wavelength-squared increase in absorption coefficient in the Drude free-carrier absorption model. We measured BGO, ZnSe, BaF2, ZnS, PBG, and PWO with 1 mm thickness to control the deposited energy of the 3 MeV electrons, simulating ionization energy of the 511 keV photons. &#xD;Main results &#xD;Both with the 800 nm and THz probe pulses, transmission decreased across most samples, indicating the free carrier absorption, with an induced signal change of 11% in BaF2, but without the predicted Drude modulation increase. To understand this discrepancy, we simulated ionization tracks and examined the geometry of the free carrier distribution, attributing the mismatch in THz modulations to the sub-wavelength diameter of trajectories, despite the lengths reaching 500 µm to 1 mm. Additionally, thin samples truncated the final segments of the ionization tracks, and the measured initial segments have larger inter-inelastic collision distances due to lower stopping power (dE/dx) for high-energy electrons, exacerbating diffraction-limited resolution. &#xD;Significance&#xD;Our work offers insights into ultrafast radiation detection using complex refractive index modulation and highlights critical considerations in sample preparation, probe wavelength, and probe-charge carrier coupling scenarios.

Efficacy and safety of 10mg versus 30mg of oral prednisolone for acute CPP crystal arthritis: findings of a randomized controlled trial.

The optimal prednisolone dose for managing acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis remains unclear. We compared the efficacy and safety of 10- and 30-mg daily doses of prednisolone for acute CPP crystal arthritis. This randomized, controlled, open-label trial included patients with acute CPP crystal arthritis and symptoms that had begun less than 72h earlier. Patients without CPP crystals, those with septic arthritis, and those with uncontrolled infections were excluded. Participants received either 10 or 30mg of prednisolone daily for 7days. The primary outcome was time until complete resolution of symptoms; secondary outcomes included time until clinical resolution, recurrence rates, laboratory profiles, and adverse events, adjusted for confounders. Seventy-nine patients participated. Baseline characteristics were comparable, except that the 30-mg recipients had more initial inpatient visits (p = 0.03). The median time until complete resolution was 7days in both groups (p = 0.73). The 30-mg recipients exhibited faster clinical resolution (1 vs. 3days; p = 0.03), but adjusted analyses revealed no significant differences in time until complete resolution (6.2 vs. 6.5days; p = 0.68) or clinical resolution (2.4 vs. 2days; p = 0.27). The overall recurrence rate was 14.3%; the 30-mg recipients experienced slightly more recurrences (p = 0.08). The other secondary outcomes did not differ significantly. The 10- and 30-mg daily doses of prednisolone were equally effective in treating acute symptoms of CPP crystal arthritis, with no significant differences in resolution time, recurrence rates, or safety outcomes.

Research on power metering method for nonlinear loads in power system based on improved S-transform

Abstract Traditional power metering algorithms are no longer suitable for new power systems to address the issue of distorted voltage and current waveforms caused by a growing number of nonlinear loads in modern power systems. The paper proposes a power-metering algorithm based on an Improved Stockwell Transform (IST). Based on the Stockwell transform, several parameters that can control the Gaussian window are introduced to improve the flexibility of the Gaussian window. Additionally, the inequality constraint based on the energy concentration measure is used to optimally select the best window parameters, enhancing the time–frequency domain analysis capability of the IST. The study uses IST to decompose and reconstruct the voltage and current fundamental characteristic signals and distortion characteristic signals in the power system. This provides good time resolution at low frequencies and good frequency-domain resolution at high frequencies. Power metering based on unsteady voltage and current is achieved by calculating the resulting fundamental and harmonic powers, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate that the IST-based power metering method has a higher level of accuracy than the existing metering methods.

Atmospheric Precursors of Skillful SST Prediction in the Northeast Pacific

Abstract Forecasts of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) provide essential information to stakeholders of marine resources in coastal ecosystems, such as the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME), at management-relevant monthly-to-annual time scales. Diagnosing dynamical sources of predictability and the mechanisms differentiating skill among forecasts is required for verification and improvement in operational forecasting systems. Using retrospective forecasts (1982–2020) from a four-member subset of the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME), we evaluate the conditional skill of SSTA forecasts in the CCLME at monthly resolution for lead times up to 10.5 months. Forecasts from ensemble members with relatively small SSTA errors at shorter lead times retain higher skill at longer lead times, with the most substantial and long-lasting increases for forecasts initialized in the fall and early spring. The “best” low-error SSTA forecasts are characterized by increased skill in the prediction of North Pacific atmospheric circulation [sea level pressure (SLP) and 200-hPa geopotential height] the month prior to the evaluation of SSTA errors in the CCLME and exhibit more realistic progressions of anomalous SLP. The Pacific meridional mode (PMM) emerges as a diagnostic of skillful North Pacific atmosphere–ocean coupling, as forecasts that correctly simulate the PMM and its associated SLP variability increase the SSTA prediction skill in the CCLME in the fall through spring. Predictable coupled ocean–atmosphere modes provide a target for enhancing predictability with early detection of the onset of a deterministic progression emerging from stochastic atmospheric variability. Significance Statement Global forecast systems provide near-term climate predictions that inform the management of marine resources, such as those of the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. In this study, we probe the processes which lead forecasts to succeed or fail at predicting sea surface temperatures in the California Current at seasonal time scales among retrospective forecasts from the North American Multimodel Ensemble. We demonstrate that forecasts which best simulate sea surface temperatures at the earliest lead times sustain advantages in forecast skill and find that correctly simulating extratropical atmospheric circulation increases the predictive skill of sea surface temperatures in the northeast Pacific in the following lead times. Our results offer North Pacific atmospheric circulation as a target for forecast model improvement that would additionally enhance ocean forecasts.

In situ/operando method for energy stability measurement of synchrotron radiation.

A novel in situ/operando method is introduced to measure the photon beam stability of synchrotron radiation based on orthogonal diffraction imaging of a Laue crystal/analyzer, which can decouple the energy/wavelength and Bragg angle of the photon beam using the dispersion effect in the diffraction process. The method was used to measure the energy jitter and drift of the photon beam on BL09B and BL16U at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The experimental results show that this method can provide a fast way to measure the beam stability of different light sources including bending magnet and undulator with meV-level energy resolution and ms-level time response.