Time Pressure Research Articles

Facilitators and barriers for working beyond statutory pension age: A prospective cohort study across 26 European countries.

The aging population of European countries highlights the need for extended working lives. This study aims to investigate facilitators and barriers for working beyond the statutory pension age (SPA). Using data from waves 1, 2, 4-9 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) (2004-2022), we followed 9131 workers with a mean age of 56.9 [standard deviation (SD) 3.5] years from 26 European countries until they surpassed the SPA for their respective country, sex and year of participation. Using robust Poisson regression, we modelled the prospective association of work factors, lifestyle, health, and demographics at baseline with working at least one year beyond the SPA. Participants were followed for 9.5 (SD 3.9) years. After surpassing the SPA by at least one year, 18% were still working. Among the work factors, opportunities for skill development [risk ratio (RR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.34] and recognition at work (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.26) facilitated working beyond SPA, while time pressure (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.97) and poor prospects for job advancement (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70-0.83) were barriers. For the other factors, smoking was negatively associated with working beyond the SPA, while living in the northern part of Europe, higher level of education, and being divorced or separated were positively associated with working beyond the SPA. This prospective cohort study across 26 European countries identified four modifiable work factors that influenced working beyond the SPA. Addressing modifiable barriers and facilitators at the workplace and through public health initiatives could help extend working lives in Europe.

Understanding Poverty Alleviation in Rural China: The Role of Policy Brokers

ABSTRACTChina eradicated rural extreme poverty in 2020 after an 8‐year campaign that combined endogenous economic development involving local people with social assistance. Ethnographic research in a village in southwest China reports township officials, under‐resourced and pressed by higher tiers of government to meet the poverty‐eradication target, commissioning an entrepreneur as a policy‐broker. The latter established enterprises nominally to provide local employment, while seeking profitability from their investment. Prioritising poverty eradication over sustainability, government subsidies were employed to engineer income transfers lifting villagers out of poverty by the target date. Thereafter, transfers of income from the enterprises to impoverished people were at best irregular. The experience highlights the distorting effect of policy targets and the limits to endogenous development undertaken under time–pressure with villagers neither consulted nor benefiting from new employment.

Exploring Nurses' Behavioural Intention to Adopt AI Technology: The Perspectives of Social Influence, Perceived Job Stress and Human-Machine Trust.

This study examines how social influence, human-machine trust and perceived job stress affect nurses' behavioural intentions towards AI-assisted care technology adoption from a new perspective and framework. It also explores the interrelationships between different types of social influence and job stress dimensions to fill gaps in academic literature. A quantitative cross-sectional study. Five hospitals in Taiwan that had implemented AI solutions were selected using purposive sampling. The scales, adapted from relevant literature, were translated into Chinese and modified for context. Questionnaires were distributed to nurses via snowball sampling from May 15 to June 10, 2023. A total of 283 valid questionnaires were analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling method. Conformity, obedience and human-machine trust were positively correlated with behavioural intention, while compliance was negatively correlated. Perceived job stress did not significantly affect behavioural intention. Compliance was positively associated with all three job stress dimensions: job uncertainty, technophobia and time pressure, while obedience was correlated with job uncertainty. Social influence and human-machine trust are critical factors in nurses' intentions to adopt AI technology. The lack of significant effects from perceived stress suggests that nurses' personal resources mitigate potential stress associated with AI implementation. The study reveals the complex dynamics regarding different types of social influence, human-machine trust and job stress in the context of AI adoption in healthcare. This research extends beyond conventional technology acceptance models by incorporating perspectives on organisational internal stressors and AI-related job stress. It offers insights into the coping mechanisms during the pre-adaption AI process in nursing, highlighting the need for nuanced management approaches. The findings emphasise the importance of considering technological and psychosocial factors in successful AI implementation in healthcare settings. No Patient or Public Contribution.

A custom tailored, evidence-based, theory-informed intervention for healthcare professionals to prevent burnout (LAGOM): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

BackgroundHealthcare professionals in hospitals are exposed to a high level of professional stress, time pressure, workload, and often times poor organizational support. This makes them especially susceptible to burnout. In this pragmatic randomized controlled trial, we test the hypothesis that participation in a 9-week program (LAGOM) that was designed in close collaboration with healthcare professionals, incorporating both individual and organizational aspects reduces emotional exhaustion in healthcare professionals (primary outcome).MethodsEighty four nurses and physicians working at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Immanuel Hospital Berlin are automatically randomized to the LAGOM program (n = 42) or to usual care (n = 42) in a one-to-one allocation rate. The primary outcome emotional exhaustion is measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory—Human Services Survey at baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up via an online survey. Secondary outcomes include depersonalization, personal accomplishment, subjective stress, mental well-being, self-care, self-efficacy, working conditions, mindfulness, and adverse events. Electrophysiological measures for heart rate variation analysis are captured. The PRECIS-2 tool is used to characterize the degree of pragmatism in our trial. Data analysis and primary intention-to-treat analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance are performed blind to intervention allocation. Per-protocol, subgroup, and secondary outcome analyses are conducted exploratively. An advisory board consisting of various stakeholders accompanies the study process.DiscussionIf LAGOM proves to be effective in reducing symptoms of burnout, the program could make an important contribution to tackling the problem of the very high burnout rates among healthcare professionals and become an integral part of preventive services offered by hospitals.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00034060. Registered 31 May 2024.

Study on Plasma Surface Modification of Hydrophobic Materials

The hydrophobic materials were treated by plasma continual treater to achieve its surface modification and improve its wettability. The influences of treating time, discharge power, working gases and gas pressure on the surface modification of the materials have been investigated. The chemical states and species on the surface of materials have been investigated by some technologies such as contact angles. After plasma surface treatment, the contact angles of PTFE sharply decrease, and the alkali liquid absorption of PE increased to three times of its weight. The contact angles of silicon rubber and polyester decreased remarkably after surface modification. PTFE films were grafted with crylic acid to evaluate the ageing. The effect of vacuum ultraviolet radiation to surface modification was initially described. The results of experiment demonstrate that the better wettability of hydrophobic material can be achieved. The technique and the equipment have the promotional value for industrial application.

Interval pairwise comparisons in the presence of infeasibilities: Numerical experiments

Pairwise comparisons constitute a fundamental part of many multiple-criteria decision-making methods designed to solve complex real-world problems. One of the pervasive features associated with the complexity of any problem is uncertainty. Experts are rarely able to consistently and accurately evaluate a set of alternatives under consideration due to time pressure, cognitive bias, the intricacy or intangible essence of the problem, a lack of requisite knowledge or experience, or other reasons. Interval pairwise comparisons (IPCs) allow for this uncertainty in a natural way; however, the problem of inconsistency (or infeasibility) may arise. That is, a set of interval comparisons may not allow experts to find a solution in the form of a priority vector. The aim of this paper is to provide a comparison of existing priority deriving methods for inconsistent (infeasible) IPCs via numerical examples and simulations. Our results indicate that the Interval Stretching Method is the best with respect to preserving original preferences. In addition, the question of the uniqueness of the solution is investigated for selected methods, with the Fuzzy Preference Programming method being the best in providing a unique solution. Since the majority of examined methods provide mostly non-unique solutions, modifying these methods in order to provide unique solutions might be a research direction worth considering in the future.

Validation of the Virtual Reality Stroop Room: Effects of inhibiting interfering information under time-pressure and task-switching demands

The physiological stress response affects executive functions, such as inhibition, as assessed by the Stroop Color and Word Test. In this study, we investigated the effects of the Virtual Reality Stroop Room (VRSR), a research paradigm assessing these cognitive top-down processes while inducing mild acute stress, on self-reported stress states, heart rate, salivary alpha-amylase, and cortisol. Our sample consisted of 89 participants (52 women; Age: 23.60 ± 3.88 years) and was evenly allocated to the three conditions of the VRSR (regular, time pressure, and rotation). The Stroop Effect, reflected in prolonged processing times and increased errors in the incongruent phase, was observed. Participants reported heightened Distress and Engagement post-experiment, alongside lower Worry, assessed via the Short Stress State Questionnaire. Scores from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule indicated elevated positive affect and decreased negative affect post-study. With regard to biosignals we found that heart rate was higher in the incongruent phase, compared to the congruent phase and a significant time × condition interaction was observed. Salivary alpha-amylase exhibited a significant time effect. Results for cortisol do not support a uniform response of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In conclusion, the VRSR appears to be a valid measure for executive functions while activating the sympathetic nervous system, but not the HPA axis. Its current implementation induces mild physiological and psychological stress responses, with fewer adverse reactions compared to the Trier Social Stress Test. Future studies should leverage the adaptability of virtual reality applications to refine this research paradigm.

Experimental study on influencing factors of CO2 huff and puff effect in the tight water-bearing reservoir

The presence of a water phase in tight oil reservoirs is inevitable. To investigate the effect and influencing factors of the CO2 huff and puff technique on enhancing oil recovery in water-bearing tight oil reservoirs, CO2–water–crude oil phase experiments were conducted. The results reveal that the solubility of CO2 and the expansion coefficient of crude oil decrease with increasing water content in the system. Furthermore, CO2 huff and puff experiments were performed to analyze the effects of the number of huff and puff cycles, soaking time, soaking pressure, water saturation, and permeability on the performance of CO2 huff and puff under saturated/unsaturated water conditions. The experimental findings indicate that the oil recovery increases logarithmically with the number of huff and puff cycles. Increasing soaking time and soaking pressure gradually enhances recovery until reaching optimal soaking time and pressure. However, further increasing soaking time and pressure beyond the optimal values has minimal effect on recovery. Compared to the cases under unsaturated water conditions, the optimal number of huff and puff cycles, soaking time, and pressure are higher under saturated water conditions. Additionally, the CO2 huff and puff effect deteriorates with increasing water saturation in low permeability reservoirs.

In-depth Analysis of Students' Mathematical Problem-Solving Skills: Influence Factors Motivation and Effective Teaching Strategies

Problem-solving (PS) skills are efforts to find solutions when faced with challenges. This study aims to examine students' mathematical PS skills by focusing on the influence of learning motivation and identifying factors that were previously overlooked. A qualitative approach with a case study design was used, where the researcher acted as the primary instrument. The research also utilized PISA-type test instruments, observation sheets, and interviews. PISA-type questions were designed around content, context, and process components, adhering to the PISA framework. The study was conducted in a school in Surakarta, chosen for its alignment with the minimum competency assessment system similar to PISA. Using snowball sampling, nine students were selected for response analysis. These students were categorized based on their motivation levels: high, moderate, and low. The results show that students with high motivation are proactive in problem-solving, directly addressing the problem, reviewing each step as they proceed, and ensuring accuracy. Moderately motivated students take more time, often using scratch paper, and review their work only at the end. Low-motivation students face greater difficulties, frequently making mistakes, relying heavily on scratch paper, and often skipping the review process due to time pressure. To improve PS skills, future research could explore the integration of interactive digital tools with instant feedback, adaptive learning platforms tailored to student motivation, and collaborative learning exercises. Additionally, incorporating real-world scenarios into problem-based learning could enhance engagement and develop deeper problem-solving abilities across different motivation levels.

How context influences the processing of relevant information and judgment accuracy-the role of information restriction in judgment processes in diagnosing misconceptions.

To adapt teaching to the prerequisites of students, teachers have various options at their disposal to gather and process information as the basis to form a judgment, such as carrying out tests, talking to and observing the behavior of students, or administering tasks. The complexity of such a judgment arises from the multitude of observations and their different possible explanations. This complexity might be reduced when teachers focus on one hypothesis instead of considering multiple hypotheses, interpret information in a confirmatory way, and not collect diagnostically relevant information. However, in this way, they run the risk of undesirable biased judgments. It therefore seems important to improve diagnostic judgments by selecting and processing information in a more reflective way. Research indicates that if information on a student is not easily available but restricted (e.g., by time pressure, difficult access to the student or high effort), a teacher who wants to make a careful decision is forced to rely on more reflective processes in the selection of tasks and in the interpretation of solutions. The present experimental study therefore investigates how the restricted availability of information in a specific diagnostic situation-when diagnostically inexperienced prospective mathematics teachers determine misconceptions in decimal fractions-influences the underlying cognitive processes. We assume that restricting the availability of information on student behavior augments the attentional focus and therefore reduces cognitive biases. Such more reflective processing can be observed by an increased time spent per piece of information, which should lead to the processing of relevant information and further increase judgment accuracy. To investigate these hypotheses, prospective teachers without prior knowledge in diagnosing misconceptions (N = 81) were asked to diagnose misconceptions on decimal fractions of virtual students by collecting information on students' solutions. Data concerning the effects of restricting the availability of information on teachers' cognitive processes were analyzed. The results show that with restricted information, participants indeed select a greater proportion of diagnostically relevant tasks, which positively influences judgment accuracy. These results are discussed with respect to their significance for framing teacher training and for further research.

Exploring research participation in Scottish care homes since the COVID-19 pandemic.

Knowledge about research participation in care homes is sparse. To explore research participation in Scottish care homes, including the potential barriers and facilitators, a short survey was distributed to all care homes in Scotland in 2014. The survey was repeated in 2022 as care homes emerged from the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This article provides a comparison of the results of the 2022 survey (45 responses) with those of the 2014 survey (130 responses); the surveys were completed by care home staff. The results indicate that there has been a slight increase in the proportion of care homes involved in research in the intervening period but overall, research participation has remained low in this sector. In the 2022 survey, the main factors identified as influencing a resident's decision to participate in research were 'to help others', 'to benefit the resident' and the 'resident's desire to participate'. The main obstacles to research participation by staff and/or residents were workload pressure and lack of time, which had increased significantly since the 2014 survey. The results reinforce the importance of ensuring care home staff feel equipped to participate in research.

Injection Techniques to Reduce Adverse Effects of Subcutaneous Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Among Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases: A Scoping Review.

To systematically review the existing literature and address the following research question: What are the most effective techniques used to minimise adverse effects resulting from subcutaneous injections of low-molecular-weight heparin among patients with cardiovascular diseases? A scoping review. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, from 1 February 2014 to 31 January 2024. Participants were aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with venous thromboembolism or arterial thromboembolism and had prescribed subcutaneous injections of low-molecular-weight heparin. The collected data were analysed following the Joanna Briggs Institute approach, and it was organised and categorised based on the main objectives of the review. Twenty studies were eligible, including 1 best practice project, 7 randomised controlled trials and 9 quasi-experimental studies. The techniques under investigation encompassed various aspects, including the injection site, injection duration (e.g., 30 s vs. 10 s), injection method (e.g., needle insertion angle), duration of needle withdrawal after injection, pressure application time and cold pressure. Preliminary evidence suggests that techniques such as using the abdominal site and slower injection rates may help reduce adverse effects. However, the optimal parameters for injection duration, waiting time, pressure and cold application, including the duration of these applications, remain uncertain due to limitations in sample size and heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures across the studies. Ensuring the accurate administration of low-molecular-weight heparin is of utmost importance as it plays a critical role in decreasing mortality rates and minimising substantial healthcare costs linked to complications arising from incorrect administration. The findings from the current review have significantly contributed to strengthening the evidence base in this field, providing more robust and reliable information. This review emphasises the significance of implementing standardised subcutaneous injection techniques for low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with cardiovascular disease in order to reduce complications and enhance patient outcomes. This study followed the applicable guidelines established by the PRISMA 2020 statement. The PRISMA checklist for systematic reviews was utilised for reporting purposes. There is no patient or public contribution to declare. OSF registries: osf.io/phk72.

The role of facial cues in signalling cooperativeness is limited and nuanced

Humans display a remarkable tendency to cooperate with strangers; however, identifying prospective cooperation partners accurately before entering any new relationship is essential to mitigate the risk of being exploited. Visual appearance, as inferrable, for example, from facial images on job portals and dating sites, may serve as a potential signal of cooperativeness. This experimental study examines whether static images enable the correct detection of an individual’s propensity to cooperate. Participants first played the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) game, a standard cooperation task. Subsequently, they were asked to predict the cooperativeness of participants from a prior PD study relying solely on their static facial photographs. While our main results indicate only marginal accuracy improvements over random guessing, a more detailed analysis reveals that participants were more successful at identifying cooperative tendencies similar to their own. Despite no detectable main effect in our primary treatment variations (time pressure versus time delay), participants exhibited increased accuracy in identifying male cooperators under time pressure. These findings point towards a limited yet nuanced role of static facial images in predicting cooperativeness, advancing our understanding of non-behavioral cues in cooperative interactions.

Ultrasound-guided preoperative skin-marking for deep inferior epigastric perforator flap surgery.

Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps remain the gold standard of autologous breast reconstruction. However, the surgical technique entails a steeper learning curve and typically requires a higher mean surgical time, in part due to the time and effort involved in physical localization of appropriate perforators at the time of surgery. This is typically performed using Doppler ultrasound, and is a potentially challenging and time-consuming task in the hands of an untrained operator. In order to mitigate these challenges, ease time pressures, promote efficient utilization of our operating theatres and improve surgical outcomes, our institution routinely performs skin-marking in advance at the Breast Radiology department. In this article, we describe our technique and experience with the procedure.

I am just a sister: a field study on sister as mother role from Guangdong, China.

This study aimed to explore sister-as-mother (jieximuzhi) roles in families after the implementation of China's universal two-child (quanmianerhai) and three-child policies (saihaizhengce). By conducting in-depth interviews with 10 sisters from Guangdong Province who fit the sister-motherhood profile, this study investigated their motivations for taking on maternal duties, the characteristics of sister-motherhood roles, and the impact of these roles on the sisters. The results revealed that in families with two or more children, sisters passively assume mother-like responsibilities primarily due to biological age differences and parental neglect, as well as their personal initiative to a certain extent. Additionally, the impact of sister-motherhood roles on sisters includes aspects such as time pressure, financial strain, and increased family intimacy. This study elucidated the phenomenon of sister-motherhood roles that emerge with changes in family structure in China while recognizing the diversity of women's roles within the family, appreciating the challenges faced by sisters in sister-motherhood roles, and providing insights into family labor division and education models.

Top management team gender diversity and power dynamics in times of change

Abstract Extant research examining the effects of top management team (TMT) gender diversity on firm performance report equivocal findings. We seek to enhance understanding of this critical relationship in the context of an acquisition, which necessitates changes in one or both firms during a process characterized by non-routine decisions, time pressures, high uncertainty, and frequent debates among strategic leaders. Specifically, we examine the effects of gender diversity of top management and female executives’ formal and informal power on post-deal performance. Our results indicate gender diversity has negative effects on post-deal performance. Further, in a subsample of acquirers with gender diverse teams, our results reveal that female executives’ structural power and ownership power have negative performance effects, while power conferred through an elite education has positive performance effects. Our findings highlight the need to expand gender diversity research to consider the strategic context facing diverse TMTs and power dynamics among them.

The Effect of Time Display Format on Cognitive Performance of Integrated Meteorological Radar Information.

A proper time display format is essential for pilots to understand integrated meteorological radar information, thereby making informed flying decisions and steering clear of hazardous weather. Previous studies on time display format supported the advantages of digital format, while some studies found that analog clock format is superior to digital format. This study explored the effect of time display format on the cognitive performance of integrated meteorological radar information through two experiments. Experiment 1 first examined the effects of digital and analog clock displays on the timing of individual processing advance or delay changes in a general scenario. Then, Experiment 2 was conducted in a simulated flight scenario to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of digital and analog clock display in delay time processing with and without time pressure. The results showed the following: (1) Analog clock has more advantages than digital display format in processing the varying time difference. (2) Whether with or without time pressure, analog clock is more conducive to individual cognition of integrated meteorological radar information than digital time display. (3) The length of delay time is an important factor affecting individual time cognition, and it can also affect the cognition of radar information. The longer the delay time, the more difficult it is to identify the time and understand the information. These findings provide a certain reference for the design of the integrated meteorological radar information display interface.

Delivering smoking cessation interventions in NHS primary dental care - lessons from the ENHANCE-D trial

AbstractIntroduction Smoking is a major contributor to health inequalities in the UK. The ENHANCE-D trial is evaluating three smoking cessation interventions (nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], electronic cigarettes [ECs] or ‘very brief advice') delivered in NHS primary dental care. This qualitative study aimed to provide insight into the factors that could influence the adoption of the interventions in these settings.Methods Interviews were conducted at two timepoints. Purposive maximum variation sampling was used to recruit and interview a total of 24 dental patients, 12 dental professionals and three NHS dental commissioners. Thematic analysis was carried out using normalisation process theory as an analytical framework.Results Dental settings were perceived as an appropriate location to deliver smoking cessation interventions. Patients had several motivating and demotivating factors regarding use of NRTs or ECs; they often had negative preconceptions. Financial considerations were major influencers for both patients and dental teams. The time pressures for dental practices were identified as a major barrier. Some practical issues, such as procurement and stock supply, would need to be considered if the ENHANCE-D interventions were to be implemented in routine practice.Conclusion Primary dental care teams are well-placed to deliver smoking cessation interventions. However, a number of facilitators and deterrents have been identified and strategic changes are needed for successful implementation.

Reliability, Objectivity, Validity, and Reference Levels of the Austrian Pole Climbing Test (APCT)-A Novel Monitoring Tool for Assessing General Fitness in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.

Climbing is an activity involving many major muscle groups and, therefore, it is suitable for assessing general physical fitness. The Austrian pole climbing test (APCT) was developed as a reliable and valid test for the assessment of general fitness levels in children, adolescents, and young adults. In this cross-sectional pilot study, 677 participants (aged 6 to 19 years) were assessed via the APCT. Subsequently, test quality criteria (reliability and objectivity) were assessed, and the test's validity was evaluated through comparisons with other established fitness tests (hand grip strength, standing long jump, and pull- and push-ups). Additionally, age- and gender-specific reference values were generated. The reliability (ICC2.1 = 0.97, 95%CI 0.95 to 0.98) and objectivity (ICC2.1 = 0.99, 95%CI 0.99 to 0.99) of the APCT were found to be excellent. The APCT results correlated strongly with the hand strength per kilogram of body weight (right: r = 0.58; left: r = 0.53), number of pull-ups (with upper grip: r = 0.74; with lower grip: r = 0.69) and standing long jump (r = 0.61); a moderate correlation with the push-up test was observed (r = 0.44). The APCT is reliable, objective, and suitable for children, adolescents, and young adults with an affinity for sports. It offers a novel opportunity to assess fitness without time pressure, considering the anthropometric requirements.

The Influence of The Big 5 Personality, Financial Perceptions, and External Factors on Impulsive Buying Tendencies in Live Streaming

The digital era has significantly transformed the behavior of Indonesian consumers, particularly with the emergence of shopping trends through live streaming on e-commerce platforms. This study investigates the influence of the Big Five personality traits, financial perception, and external factors on the tendency for impulsive buying during live streaming. By integrating theories from consumer behavior and psychology, this research explores how self-control, money availability, economic well-being, time pressure, and sales promotions affect the tendency for impulsive buying. Using an online survey distributed among Indonesian consumers, this study provides insights into how these factors interact in the context of digital shopping during live streaming purchases. The findings aim to help e-commerce businesses optimize their sales strategies and offer recommendations to enhance consumer satisfaction. The results show a negative influence between self-control and the tendency for impulsive buying, with conscientiousness and extraversion personality traits showing significant effects on impulsive buying. The perception of money availability has a positive influence on the tendency for impulsive buying. From an external factors perspective, sales promotions positively influence purchase intentions, while time pressure negatively affects buying intentions or the tendency for impulsive buying. These insights aim to assist digital marketers and e-commerce businesses in optimizing their sales strategies and improving consumer satisfaction.