Time Pause Research Articles

Global- and local-temporal effects of a stuttering event in the context of a clausal utterance

The two main purposes of the study were (a) to relate the course of the global variables, Total Articulation Time (TAT) and Total Pause Time (TPT), with the frequency of stuttering events during adaptation; and (b) to examine the duration of words in various locations in the vicinity of stuttering events in the context of clausal utterances. Four stutterers provided two corpora of utterances comprising of (1) 40 utterances (8 clauses x 5 readings), with only the first reading of each clause containing a stuttering event, and (2) 40 fluent utterances (2 clauses x 5 readings x 4 stutterers). Utterances of identical clauses were obtained from matched control speakers to form two additional corpora. The main findings based on spectrographic durational measurements were that (a) the reduction of TAT and TPT through the readings paralleled the reduction of stuttering events, (b) the TAT and TPT functions were similar in stutterer's corpora, and (c) stutterers reduced TAT and TPT through the readings more than the control speakers. The analysis of the duration of words in the vicinity of stuttering events revealed that (a) there are anticipatory and carryover effects in the immediate vicinity of stuttering events in a clausal utterance; (b) the anticipatory effects were more pronounced than the carryover effects; and (c) a significant durational difference between stutterers and fluent speakers, in the duration of the last word of a clausal utterance preceding a clausal utterance containing a stuttering event, was noted. The results have been discussed in the context of literature on planning and production of speech.

Sequential oscillations in the Belousov–Zhabotinski system with ascorbic acid–acetone/cyclohexanone as the mixed organic substrate

Temporal oscillations in BrO–3–H2SO4–Ce4+–ascorbic acid–acetone/cyclohexanone have been studied in detail. It is observed that two types of oscillatory regimes separated by a time pause occur. Synchronous oscillations in colour and redox potentials are also observed, as are oscillations in [Br–] of very low amplitude (ca. 15 mV). The lower and upper limits of reactant concentrations and the temperature between which oscillations occur have been determined. Addition of a sufficient amount of Ag+, Hg2+, liquid Br2 and CCl4 stops the oscillations which can be revived by the addition of potassium bromate solution in all cases except CCl4. Oscillations in a CSTR (continuously stirred tank reactor) have also been observed. It is suggested that sequential oscillations occur on account of decomposition of ascorbic acid into oxalic acid. The first type of oscillation occurs on account of ascorbic acid–acetone acting as a mixed substrate while type II oscillations occur after a pause due to decomposition of ascorbic acid into oxalic acid so that oxalic acid with acetone or cyclohexanone acts as the second mixed substrate.

Erasing characteristics of a thin-film electroluminescent ZnS:Mn faceplate

Experimental results show that it is not possible to erase completely electroluminescent ZnS:Mn memory device biased near the threshold voltage, for erase time pause of the order of tens of milliseconds, by either the erase or the electron beam erase method. The selective erase requires a time delay before reimposition of the normal sustain voltage to allow a significant decay of persistent beam-induced conductivity. The process of bulk erasure can be explained satisfactorily by a theoretical model which treats the macroscopic electroluminescent region as an ensemble of bistable microscopic filaments, with each filament having a field-dependent coefficient for the recombination of the deep hole traps with the electron flux. The simple assumption of a Gaussian distribution of extinction voltages for the ensemble of microscopic filaments is sufficient to explain the experimental results, except near the threshold voltage where the measured curves show oscillatory features which remain unexplained.

Satiation and the functional response: a test of a new model

Abstract. 1. A model of the functional response to prey density is derived to include the reduction in time available for search, Ts, resulting from predator satiation.2. For larger prey items predator satiation occurs at each prey capture and Ts is reduced by the attack time and digestive pause of a series of attack cycles. For small prey items predator foraging is continuous at low densities with Ts reduced solely by attack time. At higher densities predator satiation occurs after the capture of several small prey items and Ts is reduced by the attack time and digestive pause of a series of foraging cycles.3. A comparison of the predicted asymptotic level of prey capture using experimentally estimated parameter values, with the maximum consumption of aphids by larval and adult coccinellids provides a test of the satiation model.4. The limitation of prey capture by predator satiation is discussed with reference to handling time and the success of coccinellids in biological control.

Comparison of Auditory Perception between Normal Adults and Aphasic Patients

This investigation was undertaken to compare the auditory perception of aphasic individuals with that of normal adults by performing specific auditory discrimination tasks.Two groups of subjects were asked to listen to various interrupted pure tones and to judge whether they were continuous or interrupted tones. The test tones were consisted of three pure tones with duration time 100msec and pause time 10, 30, 50msec respectively.Most nonaphasics judged the pure tones with pause time 10msec as continuous tone and them with pause time 30 or 50msec as interrupted tone. However, aphasics performed three tasks less accurately than nonaphasics. It revealed that the more disturbed the auditory comprehension of aphasics, the poorer ability in discrimination.As for aging, the auditory discrimination decreased relatively and gradually until 70 years old, and there was a dramatic decrease in both normal adults and aphasics above 70 years of age. There were no differences in discrimination ability between males and females.

Some Relations between Perception of Short Silent Intervals and the Production of Speech

A group of “normal-hearing” adults listened to a series of 255 randomized samples of tones that were interrupted by silent intervals, which varied in duration from 5 to 80 msec. Three frequencies were employed: 150, 500, and 3000 Hz at 75 dB SL, using a normative reference intensity. The subjects responded by indicating whether or not the silent intervals were distinguishable. The duration of the shortest interval that could be distinguished was assumed to be a measure of auditory integration time. Two temporal measures were also derived from samples of the subjects' speech; these were average phonation time and average pause time. Correlational analyses of these data showed significant relationships between (1) average pause time and the shortest silent interval perceptible in the 500-Hz tone, and (2) average phonation time and the shortest silent interval perceptible in the 3000-Hz tone. These data, in view of previous data, suggest a relevance to the cybernetic control of speech production.

On the Mechanism of Exploding Wires

Experimental measurements are given for the energy input and shock wave arrival times for 10-cm No. 40 Cu wires exploded in air at an initial voltage of 9.25 kv. Two shocks in air are observed, one for each pulse before and after the dark pause. Pause duration measurements are also reported for wire explosions in gaseous He, N2, O2, Ar and CClF3 at l atm. Semiquantitative theoretical explanations are proposed for the increase in wire resistance which terminates the first current surge, and for the elapsed time (pause duration) before the vapor density of the expanding wire material declines sufficiently for reignition of the discharge.

山羊の第一胃第二胃の運動機構について

In this paper the movements of the rumen and the reticulum in ruminants were investigated, the tracing curves of abdominal pressure and stomach inside pressure in six adult goats being the basis of the remarks.The abdominal pressure curves (Figs. 1-4) were recorded on the smoked paper of a kymographion by a tambour which was connected to a gum-sack fixed to the left flank of unoperated normal goats. Figs. 1 and 2 show the curves recorded from the anaesthetized one. Figs. 3 and 4 show the curves recorded from untreated does during their ruminant time. Figs. 5-7 show the inside pressure curves of rumen which were recorded with a gumballoon inserted into the mediar region of rumen through the fistula of the operated bucks. Figs. 8-12 show the inside pressure curves of both thesuperior and the inferior region of rumen recorded at the same time with two gum-balloons inserted into each region. The upper curve of each figure shows pressure. change in the superior-region and the lower in the inferior. A yearling buck was operated to enclose two gum-balloons into its reticulum and rumen superior region, then Figs. 13-16 were recorded between the next day and the fourth day after the operation. Figs. 13 and 14 show the simultaneously recorded curves of reticulum (the upper curves) and rumen inside pressure(the lower curves). Figs. 15 and 16 show the curves of reticulum inside pressure (the upper) and abdominal pressure (the lower).From these figures, the following observations are induced.(1) The contraction of reticulum is a double movement which is finished in a short time and is followed by the alternative contractions of superior and inferior pouches of the rumen.(2) There are two modes of contraction process in the rumen movemnt; one is the always occurring immediately after the reticulum contraction (A type movement), the other is the twice continuously alternative contractions of both rumen pouches (A B type movement) of which the first half is the same as the A type movement but the second half is of different mode.(3) It is impossible to point out the regular relation of the order between A B type and A type movements, but in many cases the repitition of the movements of the followring order is observed:Contraction and relaxation of reticulum-A B type movement of rumen-short time pause-contraction and relaxation of reticulum-A type movement of rumen-long time pause. If the above order is regarded as a normal cycle, the cyclic period is 40-50 seconds, that is, the frequency of rumen movement is 12-15 times per ten minutes.(4) It is clear that the rejection of food at the time of the second mastication is caused by the reticulum contraction, and the rumen contraction does not participate in it.