Time Of Transition Research Articles

Thermo-elastohydrodynamic lubrication performance study of step seal under transient condition

Purpose This paper aims to study the impact of transient velocity changes on sealing performance during reciprocating sealing processes. Design/methodology/approach Establish a model of transient mixed lubrication, solve the transient Reynolds equation, consider the effect of temperature rise at the seal interfaces, and determine the behavior of the seal interfaces, such as film thickness and fluid pressure. Evaluation with friction and leakage rate, calculate the variation of sealing performance with reciprocating velocity under different working conditions, and verify it through bench experiments. Findings Within a reciprocating stroke, the frictional force decreases with increasing velocity, and the frictional force of the outstroke is greater than that of the instroke; at the time of the stroke transition, the fluid pressure is smallest and the rough peak contact pressure is greatest. At present, the dynamic pressure effect of fluids is the largest, and the friction force also increases, which increases the risk of material wear and failure. Friction and leakage increase with increasing pressure and root mean square roughness. As temperature increases, friction increases and leakage decreases. In studying the performance variations of seal components through a reciprocating sealing experiment, it was found that the friction force decreases with increasing velocity, which is consistent with the calculated results and more similar to the calculated results considering the temperature rise. Originality/value This study provides a reference for the study of transient sealing performance.

Assessment of the state of patients with spastic cerebral palsy at transition to adult medical institutions: a cross-sectional study

Introduction The purpose of this cross-sectional study was anamnestic evaluation of the treatment performed in patients with GMFCS levels I, II, III spastic cerebral palsy and to assess their motor status, quality of life and anatomical disorders in the lower extremities in the age range from 17 to18.5 years.Material and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with spastic types of cerebral palsy at the age of 17-18.5 years. The completeness and consistency of previous treatment (according to medical documentation), motor abilities, quality of life, radiographic anatomy of the lower extremities were studied.Results We selected 73 patients meeting the inclusion criteria out of 201 cases. Insufficient systematic implementation of complex therapeutic measures was revealed, which was reflected in a high rate of orthopedic interventions (93.1 %). Fibromyotomies, triceps lengthening surgeries performed at an early age (6-7 years) contribute to the development of an iatrogenic crouch gait pattern, a decrease in motor abilities and quality of life by the age of 17-18 years. The probability of maintaining a positive result and improving motor ability by the end of the childhood period is significantly higher in the subgroup of multilevel orthopedic interventions than in patients after fibromyotomies or who did not undergo orthopedic treatment; the differences are significant as the chi-square test for binary samples shows (p = 0.012).Conclusions The severity of impairment of motor abilities, quality of life, incidence of the crouch gait pattern in patients with spastic types of cerebral palsy are close between subgroups at the time of transition to adult medical and diagnostic institutions. The quality of life and motor status after multi-level intervention improves and remains stable by the end of the childhood. Early surgical interventions for lengthening the triceps, fibromyotomy reduce motor potential in the long term, cause the development of the iatrogenic crouch gait pattern, and decrease the quality of life of adolescents with mild neurological disorders.

Genomic epidemiology sheds light on the emergence and spread of Mycobacterium bovis Eu2 Clonal Complex in Portugal

ABSTRACT Animal tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious concern for animal and human health. Mycobacterium bovis circulates in multi-host systems, dominated by the European 2 clonal complex (Eu2) in Iberia. In this work, we use genomic epidemiology to infer the emergence, spread, and spatiotemporal patterns of Eu2 in the official epidemiological risk area of animal TB in Portugal. Phylogenetic analysis of 144 M. bovis whole-genome sequences from cattle, wild boar, and red deer, representing the 2002–2021 period, distinguished three Eu2 clades that evolved independently. The major Eu2 clade underwent phylodynamic inferences to estimate the time and location of outbreaks, host transitions, and spatial diffusion as well. The origin of this Eu2 clade was attributed to the red deer population in the Castelo Branco district, near the border with Spain. Most host transitions were intraspecific (80%), while interspecific transmissions between wildlife species (wild boar-red deer), and between wild boar and cattle, were highly supported. Phylogeographic reconstruction evidenced that most transitions (82%) occur within municipalities, highlighting local transmission corridors. Our study indicates that M. bovis continues to spread at the cattle-wildlife interface within the animal TB hotspot area, possibly driven by the foraging behaviour of wild boar near agricultural lands. Red deer seems to be an important driver of TB within wildlife hosts, while the wild boar links the multi-host wildlife community and livestock. This work highlights the value of combining genomic epidemiology with phylodynamic inference to resolve host jumps and spatial patterns of M. bovis, providing real-time clues about points of intervention.

Changes over time in ferroelectricity of nanocomposites containing cellulose combined with [NH4][Zn(HCOO)3

ABSTRACT For the first time, a composite based on a ferroelectric metal-organic framework of [NH4][Zn(HCOO)3] combined with nanocellulose at different cellulose concentrations from 0 to 75 wt% was synthesised to investigate the changes over time in phase transition and ferroelectric switching. A comparative study for fresh samples and the samples after 288 h was conducted. Electrophysical parameters were measured in a temperature range of 140 to 245 K under a weak electric field with an amplitude of 2 V.cm−1 at a frequency of 1 kHz. The results indicated that the increase in cellulose content led to increasing the phase transition temperature from 190.1 to 238.5 K. Besides, the coercive field was also found to increase from 3.78 to 14.12 kV.cm−1 along with the reduction of dielectric permittivity and maximum polarisation. After 288 h, this phase transition decreased significantly over time even to 231.6 K in the case of highest cellulose content (75 wt%). Meanwhile, the coercive field was found to decrease from 14.12 to 10.57 kV.cm−1. Remarkable changes were detected for samples with cellulose content of higher 25 wt%. The weaker interaction between ferroelectric part and cellulose over time due to the softness of cellulose was responsible for the obtained phenomena.

A variable corona during the transition from type-C to type-B quasi-periodic oscillations in the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070

ABSTRACT We analyse a Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer observation of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 during a transition from type-C to type-B quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We find that below ∼2 keV, for the type-B QPOs the rms amplitude is lower and the magnitude of the phase lags is larger than for the type-C QPOs. Above that energy, the rms and phase-lag spectra of the type-B and type-C QPOs are consistent with being the same. We perform a joint fit of the time-averaged spectra of the source, and the rms and phase-lag spectra of the QPOs with the time-dependent Comptonization model vkompth to study the geometry of the corona during the transition. We find that the data can be well fitted with a model consisting of a small and a large corona that are physically connected. The sizes of the small and large coronae increase gradually during the type-C QPO phase whereas they decrease abruptly at the transition to type-B QPO. At the same time, the inner radius of the disc moves inward at the QPO transition. Combined with simultaneous radio observations showing that discrete jet ejections happen around the time of the QPO transition, we propose that a corona that expands horizontally during the type-C QPO phase, from ∼104 km ($\sim 800\, R_{\rm g}$) to 105 km ($\sim 8000\, R_{\rm g}$) overlying the accretion disc, transforms into a vertical jet-like corona extending over ∼104 km ($\sim 800\, R_{\rm g}$) during the type-B QPO phase.

Bubble nucleation and gravitational waves from holography in the probe approximation

We investigate the bounce solution in the holographic dark-QCD and electroweak models with first-order phase transition. The strength parameter α, inverse duration time β/H and bubble wall velocity vw in the gravitational wave power spectra are calculated by holographic bounce solution. We find the parameter α is about \U0001d4aa(1) and β/H is about 104, which implies that the phase transition is fast and strong. The critical temperature, nucleation temperature and the temperature at the beginning time of the phase transition are close to each other in the holographic model. In addition, the velocity vw is found to be less than the sound speed of the plasma {c}_s=1/sqrt{3} , which corresponds to the deflagration scenario. The gravitational wave signal from phase transitions is difficult to detect since the factor ϒ suppresses the gravitational wave power spectrum. The GW signal can be detected only when the model is in the period of electroweak phase transition and with suitable parameters. Moreover, the primordial black hole is not favorable for formation due to the large parameter β/H and small velocity vw.

Analysis of Why Alzheimer's Dementia Never Spontaneously Reverses, Suggests the Basis for Curative Treatment.

A paradox regarding Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is thats spontaneous cure of AD has never been reported, whereas spontaneous cure for MCI occurs fequently. This article analyzes what accounts for this difference. It holds that it is not merely because, for any condition, a stage is reached beyond which it cannot be reversed, since even widely metastatic cancer would be curable were there effective chemotherapy and rheumatoid arthritis became controllable when immune-suppressant treatment was introduced; thus, so could AD be reversible via effective therapy. The analysis presented leads to an explanation of the paradox that is in four categories: (1) levels of transforming growth factor-β are significantly reduced after the transition from MCI to AD; (2) levels of Wnt/β-catenin are significantly reduced after the transition; (3) there is altered epidermal-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in neurons after the transition; (4) there may be risk factors that are either newly operative or pre-existing but worsened at the time of transition, that are particular to individual patients. It is suggested that addressing and ameliorating all of those four categories might cure AD. Medications to address and ameliorate each of the four categories are described.

Theoretical description of logical stochastic resonance and its enhancement: Fast Fourier transform filtering method.

Over the past decade, dynamic schemes have been proposed for the use of bistable systems in the design of logic devices. A bistable system in a noisy background can operate as a reliable logic gate in a moderate noise level, which is called a logical stochastic resonance (LSR). In this paper, we theoretically explore the emergence of LSR in general bistable systems and identify the dynamical mechanisms of LSR. The timescale relationship between the measured time and the mean first-pass time of two-state transitions is a key condition in determining whether the system is reliable. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the stability of the logic operation can be significantly improved by choosing the appropriate filtering method. Low-pass filtered noise-driven systems are more stable than Gaussian white noise. However, band-pass and high-pass filtered noise are harmful to the stability of the system due to the filtering of low-frequency components. Our theoretical and numerical simulation results offer perspectives for the development of logic devices.

Factors that influence food choices in secondary school canteens: a qualitative study of pupil and staff perspectives.

Adolescence is recognised as a period of nutritional vulnerability, with evidence indicating that United Kingdom adolescents have suboptimal dietary intakes with many failing to meet dietary recommendations. Additionally, adolescence is a time of transition when they become more independent in their dietary choices and begin to develop their own sense of autonomy and are less reliant on their parent's guidance, which is reported to lead to less favourable dietary behaviours. Reducing the prevalence of poor dietary intakes and the associated negative health consequences among this population is a public health priority and schools represent an important setting to promote positive dietary behaviours. The aim of this school-based study was to explore the factors and barriers which influence food choices within the school canteen and to identify feasible strategies to promote positive dietary behaviours within this setting. Thirteen focus groups with 86 pupils in Year 8 (n = 37; aged 11-12 years) and Year 9 (n = 49; aged 12-13 years) in six secondary schools across Northern Ireland, United Kingdom were conducted. Additionally, one-to-one virtual interviews were conducted with 29 school staff [principals/vice-principals (n = 4); teachers (n = 17); and caterers (n = 7)] across 17 secondary schools and an Education Authority (EA) senior staff member (n = 1). Focus groups and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed following an inductive thematic approach. Using the ecological framework, multiple factors were identified which influenced pupils' selection of food in the school canteen at the individual (e.g., time/convenience), social (e.g., peer influence), physical (e.g., food/beverage placement), and macro environment (e.g., food provision) level. Suggestions for improvement of food choices were also identified at each ecological level: individual (e.g., rewards), social (e.g., pupil-led initiatives), physical (e.g., labelling), and macro environment (e.g., whole-school approaches). Low-cost and non-labour intensive practical strategies could be employed, including menu and labelling strategies, placement of foods, reviewing pricing policies and whole-school initiatives in developing future dietary interventions to positively enhance adolescents' food choices in secondary schools.

Instability in multi-valley semiconductors in external electric and magnetic fields

It is theoretically proved that the excited wave in two-valley semiconductors is growing. It is indicated that the directions of external fields play an essential role for the appearance of growing waves in the sample. It is shown that oscillations can occur at certain values of the sample dimensions L ,L ,L x y z Analytical formulas for the frequency of the growing waves are obtained. The interval of variation of the external electric field in a strong magnetic field μH>>c has been determined. The paper takes into account that the time of transition from the lower valley to the upper valley differs from the time of transition from the upper valley to the lower valley. It means τ12≠τ21 In the sample, the total concentration is constant, and therefore, n0=na+nb=const. The changes in the corresponding concentrations are equal to each other and have na'=-nb'. It is taken into account that at critical values of the electric and magnetic fields and the corresponding concentrations they change as a monochromatic wave. And the change in these quantities differs little from their equilibrium value. For simplicity of mathematical calculations, the external electric and magnetic fields are directed in the same way, i.e. in x direction. Since the current oscillations in one direction (for example, along x) are studied in the experiment, the following equalities were taken into account jy'=0, jz'=0. In the vicinity of the critical field at the beginning of the current oscillation in the sample, the current oscillation frequency is ϖ=ϖ0+iϖ1, ϖ1<<ϖ0. In addition, the magnitude of the critical electric field, at which the current fluctuation changes depending on the magnetic field as follows .

Regional peculiarities of the Zrubna/Timber-grave culture tribes’ calendar system

The article presents the results of the study on the burial of the Zrubna/Timber-Grave culture (Late Bronze Age) from the mound near the village of Komyshuvate in the North Azov Area in the south of Donetsk Region of Ukraine. The article deals with issues related to some peculiarities of the material and spiritual culture of the ancient population of the Azov steppes, their social organization and funeral rites. Ceramic vessels are the most common category of equipment in the funerary inventory of the Zrubna/Timber-grave culture graves. Finds of pottery with extraordinary ornaments, which researchers interpret as pictograms, proto-literacy, and plot drawings, have always been of particular interest. The calendar ornamentation on the pots of the Zrubna/Timber-grave culture deserves special attention. The pot with the ornamentation, which, according to the authors, was of a calendar nature, comes from burial 1 of barrow 4 of the Komyshuvate cemetery. A detailed analysis of the ornamentation on the pot from this burial allowed us to suggest that the cyclic composition depicted on the ceramic vessel records recurring time periods that were important to the ancient population. Perhaps the ornament also reflects the regional peculiarities of the calendar system of the Zrubna/Timber-grave culture tribes: annual and lunar cycles with the time of transition from the old to the new year.

Coping with transitions during the COVID-19 global pandemic: A case study of early career teachers’ experiences in secondary agricultural Education

The year 2020 marked an era of change and demanded that educators across the globe adapt in new and innovative ways. In secondary agricultural education, teachers experienced significant transitions as a majority of K-12 schools shifted to remote, distance, and online instructional models. Therefore, teachers’ position requirements, obligations, and expectations began to shift dramatically, creating unique challenges for early career teachers. As such, the purpose of this study was to explore the transitions that early-career SBAE teachers in [State] experienced while teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through our analysis, four themes emerged: (1) situation, (2) self, (3) support, and (4) strategies. In the first theme, the early career teachers gave voice to how situational factors greatly influenced the professional transitions they underwent as a result of COVID-19. Self, the second theme, represented the different internal mechanisms, or sources of strength, participants used during the transition process. Meanwhile, support reflected the external support systems participants used during their time of transition into a virtual teaching format. The last theme, strategies, provided insight into the approaches that participants used to address and reduce the negative effects of the pandemic on their teaching. Going forward, we provide critical implications to stoke changes so that early career teachers can better cope with transitions during periods of stress in the post-COVID-19 era.

Abnormal dynamic functional network connectivity in patients with early-onset bipolar disorder.

To explore the changes in dynamic functional brain network connectivity (dFNC) in patients with early-onset bipolar disorder (BD). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected from 39 patients with early-onset BD and 22 healthy controls (HCs). Four repeated and stable dFNC states were characterised by independent component analysis (ICA), sliding time windows and k-means clustering, and three dFNC temporal metrics (fraction of time, mean dwell time and number of transitions) were obtained. The dFNC temporal metrics and the differences in dFNC between the two groups in different states were evaluated, and the correlations between the differential dFNC metrics and neuropsychological scores were analysed. The dFNC analysis showed four connected patterns in all subjects. Compared with the HCs, the dFNC patterns of early-onset BD were significantly altered in all four states, mainly involving impaired cognitive and perceptual networks. In addition, early-onset BD patients had a decreased fraction of time and mean dwell time in state 2 and an increased mean dwell time in state 3 (p < 0.05). The mean dwell time in state 3 of BD showed a positive correlation trend with the HAMA score (r = 0.4049, p = 0.0237 × 3 > 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). Patients with early-onset BD had abnormal dynamic properties of brain functional network connectivity, suggesting that their dFNC was unstable, mainly manifesting as impaired coordination between cognitive and perceptual networks. This study provided a new imaging basis for the neuropathological study of emotional and cognitive deficits in early-onset BD.

Neutron Star Phase Transition as the Origin for the Fast Radio Bursts and Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters of SGR J1935 + 2154

Magnetars are believed to be neutron stars (NSs) with strong magnetic fields. X-ray flares and fast radio bursts (FRBs) have been observed from the magnetar (soft gamma-ray repeater, SGR J1935+2154). We propose that the phase transition of the NS can power the FRBs and SGRs. Based on the equation of state provided by the MIT bag model and the mean field approximation, we solve the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equations to get the NS structure. With the spin-down of the NS, the hadronic shell gradually transfers to the quark shell. The gravitational potential energy released by one time of the phase transition can be achieved. The released energy, time interval between two successive phase transitions, and glitch are all consistent with the observations of the FRBs and the X-ray flares from SGR J1935 + 2154. We conclude that the phase transition of an NS is a plausible mechanism to power the SGRs as well as the repeating FRBs.

Therapists’ views and recommendations on the ins and outs of practicing teletherapy

ABSTRACT Objective. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of teletherapy became mandatory for most therapists. Many therapists who had previously felt reluctant to try teletherapy ultimately transitioned to teletherapy with little experience or training. We qualitatively examined therapists’ subjective experiences of providing teletherapy, particularly regarding their future plans and advice for colleagues who will be using teletherapy.Methods. A total of 31 psychotherapists participated in semi-structured interviews. Interviews were recorded, then transcribed and analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research method. Results. Within the overarching domain Plans for after the pandemic, we identified five main categories: 1) For whom and when teletherapy is helpful; 2) Therapists’ future practice plans; 3) Therapists’ attitudes towards teletherapy; 4) Helpful professional support, and 5) Helpful to keep in mind when starting. Many therapists found teletherapy more acceptable than they expected and discovered that it was surprisingly useful for patients. Therapists highlighted the importance of professional peer support in tackling teletherapy’s technical, legal, and therapeutic challenges. Conclusion. Overall, these results suggest great variability in therapists’ subjective experiences with teletherapy during this time of forced transition. Although for some, teletherapy remains a second-best option, many now prefer hybrid treatment options for optimal flexibility.

1170-P: Barriers to Transition and Proposed Transition Methods from Pediatric to Adult Care—A Qualitative Study of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes in Gaborone, Botswana

Objective: The time of transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care is a high-risk period when many youth with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) have worsening glycemic control. The aim of this study was to conduct research to inform transition support for youth with T1D in low resource settings. Methods: In-depth interviews with patients between 16-25 years old diagnosed with T1D were conducted in Botswana. The interviews discussed diabetes care and support systems, perceived or experienced barriers and facilitators to transition, readiness, and four proposed transition support systems (orientation, peer support, text messaging, and designated clinic days). Interviews were coded independently by three investigators in NVivo and analyzed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results: Twenty-three patient interviews were conducted. The mean age of interviewed patients was 20.8 years (±2.88). Eight had transitioned to adult care. Among the 21 patients with a recent hemoglobin A1c, the mean was 10.4% (IQR 3.35). Patient reported inner setting factors impacting readiness included awareness and education surrounding transition, mental health resources, and relationships with providers. Outer setting themes impacting transition included acceptance and awareness of T1D in Botswana and cost of diabetes care. Of the four transition support strategies proposed, clinic orientation was universally supported. A designated clinic day was least supported due to a need for more flexibility. Conclusions: As the number of patients with T1D increases in Botswana, a systematic approach to support the transition from pediatric to adult care that is culturally relevant and addresses the needs of transitioning adolescents to optimize health is needed. Our study highlighted youth identified barriers and facilitators to successful transition and suggested the most acceptable low-cost support strategies. Disclosure D.Reynolds: None. M.E.Craven: None. D.Ahmed: None. M.Brooks: None. D.Joel: None. E.D.Lowenthal: None. Funding Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Electron Plasma in Femtosecond Laser Double Pulses Induced Damage in Fused Silica

In this study, we employed the fs time-resolved shadowgraphy method to investigate the impact of the first pump pulse (DP1) on the transient temporal and spatial evolution of electron plasma induced by femtosecond (fs) laser double pulses (DPs) in fused silica. It was observed that the DP1-induced phase transition acted as a waveguide, confining the propagation of the second pump pulse (DP2) light inside the material and resulting in a decrease in the diameter of the DP2-induced electron plasma region. Moreover, the DP2-induced maximum peak electron density was higher than that induced by a single pulse (SP) at the same pulse energy, which may be explained by the DP1-induced highly absorbing semi-metallic state of warm dense glass in fused silica. Importantly, as the energy of DP1 increased, the mean diameter of the DP2-induced electron plasma region further decreased, and the maximum peak electron density increased. Compared with SPs, DPs more easily produced damage in fused silica. In addition, the mean diameter of the DP2-induced electron plasma region and the maximum peak electron density remained almost unchanged when the pulses’ time separation (ts) was changed from 1 to 50 ps, mainly due to the long relaxation time of the phase transition caused by DP1.

1336-P: Predicting the Progression of Stages of Neuropathy Using Routine Eye and Kidney Tests—An Application of Novel Statistical Methods in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)

Despite recent advances, neuropathy screening is not consistently performed in clinical practice. We aimed to determine if neuropathy risk could be predicted using the trajectories of routinely-performed eye and kidney screening tests in T1D. We used 28-year data from the DCCT/EDIC study, available via the NIH public repository. We used the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research (ETDRS) Group 23-point scale, albumin excretion rate (AER), and eGFR treated as longitudinal outcomes. Simultaneously, we represented neuropathy as a 3-state progressive multistate outcome using nerve conduction studies and the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) for early-stage neuropathy and the occurrence of serious foot ulcer or amputation for late-stage neuropathy. To model these interrelated disease processes, we used and developed joint models with multistate submodels. Our “joint multistate model” accounted for interval censoring: due to the visit schedule, the exact time of transition to early-stage neuropathy was known only to occur in between consecutive visits. A Bayesian estimation procedure was used. We found that the risk of transition from no to early-stage neuropathy was affected by the current value of ETDRS, the current slope of ETDRS, and the current value of AER. For example, controlling for all covariates including eGFR, the there was a 23% higher rate of occurrence of this early-stage for a 3-step higher ETDRS scale. In the same model controlling for all covariates, progression from early-stage to late-stage neuropathy was affected mainly by AER (11% higher rate for a doubling of AER). Routinely-performed clinical eye and kidney test results can be leveraged to help identify the risk of neuropathy. Future work will develop dynamic predictions integrated into an electronic medical record. Disclosure L.Lovblom: None. L.Briollais: None. G.Tomlinson: None. B.A.Perkins: Advisory Panel; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Other Relationship; Abbott, Medtronic, Sanofi, Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Bank of Montreal (BMO).

Sustainable innovations in biofuels in Brazil and substituion of fossil fuels: a systematic literature review

Given the growing global concern with the increase in terrestrial temperature due to the unrestrained emission of greenhouse gases, solutions have been sought to minimize the environmental and social damage caused by them. One of the best options currently available is biofuels, which are renewable and sustainable and have various applications. In this context, this study aimed to systematically analyze the published studies on new biofuels, time of energy transitions, factors that influence the development and diffusion of technologies capable of replacing fossil fuels, advantages, and disadvantages of each application, in addition to the main trends and gaps in the area in Brazil. The articles were searched in the Science Direct database using the keywords “biofuel AND sustainable innovation AND Brazil AND multi-level” and filtering by category review articles and research articles. One hundred and twenty-six articles were obtained, which were analyzed for objectives, methodology, main results, conclusions, links with sustainable innovation, and the year of publication. The results showed that there is a large focus of research on traditional renewable energy sources, such as ethanol, biomethane, kerosene, and hydrotreated vegetable oil, in addition to the fact that most studies are of the qualitative type. Nonetheless, there has been a significant increase in publications after 2015, mainly justified by creating the Sustainable Development Goals and RenovaBio. Thus, the importance of obtaining new sources and processes for biofuels is highlighted and, in this way, achieving a development that encompasses environmental, social, and financial benefits for all related parties, as well as for the population in general, because there is still a large research gap in the area, and further incentives and investments are necessary for research, development, implementation, and dissemination of biofuels.

Evidence synthesis 2.0: how artificial intelligence is making systematic reviews more efficient.

Systematic reviews (SRs) are essential tools for synthesising the available scientific evidence on a given topic, and in some healthcare fields they represent the core for public health decisions according to the principles of evidence-based medicine. However, keeping up to date with the volume of scientific production is not always easy given the estimated annual increase in scientific publications of 4.10%. Indeed, SRs take a long time, with an average time of eleven months from design to submission to a scientific journal; to make more efficient this process and timely achieve evidence collection, systems such as living systematic reviews and artificial intelligence tools have been developed for the automation of SRs. These tools can be divided into three categories: visualisation tools, active learning tools and automated tools with Natural Language Processing (NLP). Nlp makes it possible to reduce the time spent and human error, for example, in the screening of primary studies; there are already many tools that apply to all stages of a SR, currently the most widely used are those with "human-in-the-loop" where the reviewer is involved in the various steps to verify the goodness of the work performed by the model. At this time of transition in SRs, new approaches are emerging and are increasingly appreciated by the community of reviewers; leaving some more basic but also error-prone tasks to machine learning tools can increase the efficiency of the reviewer and the overall quality of the review itself.