Shaking Time Research Articles

Mechanical Harvesting Capacity in Sweet Orange Is Increased with an Abscission Agent

An abscission agent [5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP)] was applied to `Hamlin' and `Valencia' orange (Citrus sinensis) trees at concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 ppm in a volume of 300 gal/acre. Four days after application, fruit were mechanically harvested with either a trunk shake-and-catch or a continuous canopy shake-and-catch system commercially used in Florida. Harvesting conditions were varied by limiting the actual trunk shake time of the trunk shaker to 2, 4, or 7 seconds, or by altering the ground speed of the canopy shaker (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mph). In general, increasing duration of shake and the application of CMNP increased percent mature fruit removal and decreased the amount of fruit remaining in the tree. Increasing CMNP concentration decreased fruit detachment force but increased post-spray fruit drop. Comparison of short duration shake times in CMNP-applied trees with trees harvested at longer durations either sprayed or not sprayed with CMNP indicated no significant difference in percent mature fruit removal. The results demonstrate that CMNP application increases harvesting capacity of trunk and canopy shakers by reducing time necessary to harvest each tree while maintaining high percent mature fruit removal.

Preliminary evaluation of the cadmium concentration in seawater of the Salvador City, Brazil

A method for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of cadmium in high saline samples is described. It is based on the adsorption of the metal in the activated carbon as complex cadmium(II)–4-(2-pyridylazo-resorcinol) (PAR). The final determination was carried by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The optimization of extraction parameters such as the pH effect, PAR mass, activated carbon mass and shaking time was carried out using a two-level full factorial design (2 4) and two Doehlert matrix designs. The results of the factorial design, considering the analysis of variance (ANOVA), demonstrate that all these factors are statistically significant, as well as the interactions (pH×PAR mass), (pH×activated carbon mass) and (activated carbon mass×shaking time). The final optimization was carried out using Doehlert matrix designs considering the results of the factorial design. The recoveries were quantitative (96.0–106.7%) for seawater samples spiked with Cd at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.625 μg l −1. A preconcentration factor of 149 was obtained. The effect of diverse metallic ions on the proposed procedure was investigated too. The procedure was used for cadmium determination in surface seawater samples collected in Salvador City, Brazil. The cadmium content in the analysed samples varies from 0.035 to 0.17 μg l −1. These results are agreement with other data reported in the literature.

Multivariate Optimization in Preconcentration Procedure for Manganese Determination in Seawater Samples by FAAS

In the present paper, a preconcentration procedure for manganese determination in seawater samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is proposed. It is based on the solid phase extraction of manganese(II) ions as a 4-(2-pyridylazo-resorcinol) (PAR) chelate using activated carbon as sorbent. Optimization of the experimental parameters (pH, activated carbon mass, PAR mass and shaking time) was carried out using a two-level full factorial design (24) and two Doehlert matrix designs. The results of the factorial design, considering the analysis of variance (ANOVA), demonstrate that all these factors and their interactions (pH × PAR mass; pH × activated carbon mass and activated carbon mass × shaking time) are statistically significant. Final optimization was carried out using Doehlert matrix designs considering the results of the factorial design. The validation process evaluated the following parameters: effect of other metal ions, calibration curve, precision, accuracy and robustness. The procedure allows manganese determination in seawater samples with limits of detection (3σ/S) and quantification (10σ/S) of 16 ng L−1 and 53 ng L−1 respectively, and a preconcentration factor of 152. The analysis of certified reference materials demonstrated that the proposed procedure can also be used for manganese determination in biological samples. The procedure is not affected by matrix interferences and could be satisfactorily applied in manganese determination in seawater samples. Manganese determination in surface seawater samples collected from the shore of Salvador city, Brazil, was performed, and concentrations ranging from 0.51 to 2.59 µg L−1 were found.

Determining the definition of non-adherence with fluticasone pressure-MDI for entry into an intervention protocol to improve the adherence of adolescent asthmatics

Rationale Much of the morbidity and mortality of asthma in children and adolescents has been attributed to lack of adherence to prescribed therapy. A means of improving adherence would provide an important adjunct to therapy. Methods Seven asthmatic patients ages 10-16 yrs (median 12.5 yrs) with non-adherence to fluticasone MDI by history, were enrolled into a project to identify non-adherence. Each was shown correct inhalation technique that included both shaking the MDI and one inhalation of fluticasone b.i.d.. Each device contained an electronic monitoring device (MDILog) which recorded date and time of both shaking and inhalation. Subjects were told that inhalation technique was being monitored. Results Subjects were monitored for at least 15 days and adherence data was downloaded. Adherence when defined as total percentage of study days subjects inhaled or shook the MDI for both doses was 64% for inhalation (range 0-80%) and 33% for shaking (range 0-72%). When adherence was defined as the number of inhalations or shaking the MDI actually performed as a percent of the prescribed number, inhalation adherence was 82% (range 11-90%) and shaking was 27% (range 3-83%). Conclusions The MDILog offers a unique way to monitor adherence to therapy in asthmatic subjects. By either definition adherence to shaking the MDI is poor and its importance should be emphasized. Investigators of adherence should choose the definition of adherence which provides the best clinical result as the primary outcome for interventions in non-adherent subjects.

塩化トリオクチルメチルアンモニウムを用いたチオ硫酸アンモニウム水溶液からの金の溶媒抽出(第一報)

Hydrometallurgical process as like a solvent extraction is very important to recovery precious metals from raw materials and metals scraps. Recently, authors have ever indicated the leaching process of gold by using ammonium thiosulfate solution from sponge gold, low concentrate ore and electronics scrap.In this study trioctylmethylammonium chloride (TOMAC, (C8H17)3CH3NCl) was used as an extractant to extract gold from ammonium thiosulfate leaching solution. The influence of TOMAC concentration, retention (shaking) time, stripping process, multi stage extraction tests were investigated. It was found that the effective conditions for gold solvent extraction by TOMAC, such as 0.18 mol / l TOMAC diluted with n-octane at organic and water phase ratio of 1 : 1 could extract more than 99% of gold from the ammonium thiosulfate leaching solution at standard leaching condition (1.0 mol / l S2O32-, 0.03mol / l Cu2+ ion and 3.0mol / l NH3/NH4+ at pH10.5).

Mechanical Harvesting of Apricots

An inertia type limb shaker hydraulically, powered and driven by the tractor power take-off, was designed and constructed for the mechanical harvesting of apricots. The study included some properties of apricot fruits, the apparent stiffness with respect to limb diameter, the time needed to shake a limb, optimum frequency and amplitude to obtain maximum fruit removal with minimum reactive force, limb amplitude, the effects of limb and tree properties on the fruit removal percentage, fruit damage, harvesting rate of the shaker; and comparisons with other harvesting methods. Harvesting rate was calculated by weighing both the harvested and unharvested apricot fruits. Fruit damage was evaluated from the modulus of elasticity of apricot fruit before and after harvesting. In order to study fruit damage, the effect of surface of different materials were examined: plastic canvas; nylon; and sponge. In the tests, the limbs were shaken at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm amplitude of the connecting rod attached to the crankshaft and 10, 15 and 20 Hz frequencies for optimum shaking time. The results were analysed according to the maximum fruit removal percentage. The limb amplitude was calculated using the apparent stiffness, masses of shaking mechanism, shaker arm and reduced mass of limb. Shaking time, frequency and amplitude for a limb were found as 5 s, 15 Hz, and 40 mm, respectively. Limb position, limb length and tree size affected the fruit removal percentage at the 5% significance level. The least fruit damage was obtained with the plastic canvas catching surface. The time required to harvest an apricot tree by hand and by traditional and mechanical harvesting methods were 400, 20, and 6 min, respectively. The inertia type limb shaker showed great promise and did not cause any damage to the limb and bark.

Warmed diluent speeds dantrolene reconstitution.

To define more completely the aqueous solubility of dantrolene in order to devise faster reconstitution techniques for use during malignant hyperthermia episodes. To determine Beer's law compliance and the extinction coefficient, we measured the spectrophotometric absorbance at 385 nm of known dantrolene solutions. We added small aliquots of sterile water USP (pH 5.3; 15-40 degrees C) or buffered water (20 degrees C; pH 6.8-9.1) to dantrolene, mechanically agitated and filtered the solutions, and spectrophotometrically determined concentration. To simulate clinical reconstitution conditions, we added sterile water, 60 mL, at temperatures between 15 and 40 degrees C to dantrolene vials and measured the manual shaking time needed to create a) a suspension of small particles, and b) a clear solution. A plot of UV-vis absorbance at 385 nm vs dantrolene concentration was linear and went through the origin; the extinction coefficient is 16.1 mM(-1). At 20 degrees C, dantrolene is nearly insoluble below pH 8.8. Dantrolene is 2.8 times more soluble in 0.1 M THAM (tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) than in sterile water at pH 9.1. Dantrolene is 6.7 times more soluble in 40 degrees C than in 20 degrees C water at pH 9.5 (the pH of reconstituted dantrolene). Under clinical conditions, water temperature altered the time to create a clear solution but not a suspension (60 sec). Diluting dantrolene with 40 degrees C water rather than operating-room temperature water (20 degrees C or below) would speed dantrolene reconstitution.

Measuring Water‐Extractable Phosphorus in Manure as an Indicator of Phosphorus in Runoff

Water‐extractable P (WEP) in manure is correlated with P concentration in runoff from soils amended with manure and is, thus, an effective indicator of environmental P loss. This study sought to elucidate methodological factors affecting WEP measurement in manure and to quantify errors related to two established methods of manure WEP measurement. Dairy cow (Bos taurus) manure, poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) (layer) manure, and swine (Sus scrofa domestica L.) slurry were used. Varying dry matter/distilled water ratios (1 to 20:200) revealed that greater dilution of manure dry matter increased WEP (mean 1.8–5.4 g kg−1), likely because of the dissolution of calcium phosphates. Increasing shaking time from 1 min to 24 h, increased manure WEP concentration (average 3.7–8.2 g kg−1). Filtration with Whatman 1 paper filters resulted in significantly higher WEP measurements in dairy and poultry manure (4.1 g kg−1) than with a 0.45‐μm filtration (3.7 g kg−1). No significant difference was observed in the swine slurry. A rainfall‐runoff experiment using simulated rainfall was conducted to determine the effect of the individual factors on predicting dissolved‐reactive P (DRP) concentration in runoff. Comparison of regression coefficients relating manure WEP to runoff DRP concentration revealed an optimum shaking time between 30 min and 2 h, but did not support any single manure/distilled water ratio or filtration method. Replication of two established methods of manure WEP measurement resulted in coefficients of variation of 0.01 to 0.12. Results of this study support the use of a single method with a fixed manure/distilled water ratio for liquid and dry manures.

Optimization of a method for soil sulphur extraction

Numerous methods for the determination of soil sulphur (S) have been developed and tested in field conditions, but so far none of them have shown a satisfying relationship to crop yield. Therefore, these methods are not suitable to be used to evaluate the sulphur supply or to determine the sulphur fertilizer demand. In this paper a successful approach was adapted and optimized for routine analysis in soils in humid conditions. Modifications included a comparison of soil incubation with shaking, changes in the concentration of the extractant, the soil-to-extractant ratio, the time of shaking, particle size of the soil and method of detection. The best results in terms of a high reproducibility and sensitivity of the method for soils with extremely low, but also high, sulphur contents were obtained when the soil was extracted in a 1:5 ratio with 0.025 M KCl, shaken for 3 hr and then filtered. The method is suitable for ICP and IC measurement, whereby IC is preferable on low sulphur soils because of the higher detection limit.

Xylanase production by Trichoderma harzianum rifai by solid state fermentation on sugarcane bagasse

Sugarcane bagasse was used as substrate for xylanase production by means of a strain of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai isolated from decaying Aspidosperma sp. (peroba) wood. The bagasse was washed, dried, milled and wetted with minimal salts medium and the cultures grown at 28 ± 2ºC for 7 days. Two extraction methods were tested for enzyme recovery: (A) Tween 80, 0.1% (v/v), in physiological saline, and (B) 50mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0, under agitation (180rpm) for 15, 30 and 60min. After a single extraction, both extraction methods recovered an average of 15U/ml of xylanase activity, independent on the time of shaking. A second and third extraction recovered 10.4 and 6.6U/ml xylanase, respectively. The effect of volume size for extraction, and sugarcane bagasse concentration, on xylanase production were also investigated. The growth profile of Trichoderma harzianum was followed over 20 days on 14% (w/v) bagasse, and highest xylanase activity (288U/ml) appeared on the seventh day. The enzymatic extract after precipitation with ammonium sulphate was submitted to electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and showed 4 protein-staining bands, one of which exhibited xylanase activity.

Microwave-assisted distillation of iodine for the indirect atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iodide in milk samples

To complete these microwave distillation studies, a method for iodide determination in milk-type samples is proposed. The iodide contained in the sample is oxidized to iodine, which is distilled by means of microwave energy and reduced back to iodide. This iodide is combined with Hg(II) and 2,2′-dipyridyl to give an ion pair, which is selectively extracted into IBMK. Mercury is determined in the extract by ETAAS in order to determine iodide. The yield of the distillation process (100%) was evaluated using the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction. In addition, for the solvent extraction, no buffer was needed; 3/5 was the best phase ratio (organic/aqueous); 30 s was the shaking time and the extracts were stable for 24 h, at least. The yield of the extraction procedure (studied also using the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction) was 87.5 and 87.1%, for standards and samples, respectively. Regarding the ETAAS measurements, the ashing temperature selected for both samples and standards was 150 °C; 800 and 1000 °C were the atomization temperatures chosen for samples and standards, respectively. Palladium in IBMK was the chemical modifier at a concentration of 3.0 µg ml−1, both for samples and standards. The sensitivity was 3.50 × 10−3 l µg−1 (standard additions); the LOD and LOQ were 0.2 and 0.6 µg ml−1, referred to sample; the mean characteristic mass within the linear range of concentrations (0–17.5 µg l−1) was 27.3 pg; the mean analytical recovery within that range was 97.5% for a liquid whole milk sample and 100.6% for a CRM, which also gave results within certification. The method was applied to liquid whole milk, milk powder and infant formulae samples.

Production of thermostable pullulanase by Clostridium thermosulfurogenes SV2 in solid-state fermentation: optimization of enzyme leaching conditions using response surface methodology

The optimization of parameters for the effective leaching of thermostable pullulanase from Clostridium thermosulfurogenes SV2-fermented bran was carried out using response surface methodology based on the central composite rotatable design. The design contains a total of 54 experimental trials with the first 32 organized in a fractional factorial design and experimental trials from 33–40 and 51–54 involving the replication of the central points. The design was employed by selecting solvent to wheat bran ratio (S/BB), process temperature, solvent pH, shaking (RPM) and contact time (h) as model factors. Among the five independent variables studied, the S/BB, solvent pH and shaking were found to be significant. S/BB ratio of 9.0, 200 RPM shaking and solvent pH 6.0 were identified as optimum for the leaching of thermostable pullulanase from the strain SV2-fermented bran.

Selective solid phase extraction of mercury(II) by silica gel-immobilized-dithiocarbamate derivatives

A method is described for the selective extraction of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions as well as natural water samples, based on the use of four newly synthesized solid phase extractors via silica gel matrix-immobilized-iminodithiocarbamate derivatives (I–IV). The factors influencing the process of selective extraction of mercury(II) and 12 other metal ions were studied and evaluated as a function of pH of metal ion solution and equilibration shaking time. The values of metal capacity (mmol g −1) were determined for all metal ions and phases by the batch equilibrium technique. The four phases tested were found to exhibit excellent affinity towards selective extraction of mercury(II) in the presence of other interfering metal ions with the highest reported value corresponding to phase IV. Low interference of copper(II) ion was observed. The potential application of the four newly synthesized phases for the removal of mercury(II) from two natural water samples (drinking tap water and sea water) spiked with 100.0 and 5.0 μg l −l of mercury(II) was determined by the cold vapour atomic absorption technique and the results proved that excellent percent extraction of mercury(II) from both natural water samples (100 ± 2%) by both phases III and IV was obtained with less or insignificant contributions by the matrix effects on the process of solid phase extraction of mercury(II).

Evaluation of plant nitrate extraction techniques and effect on commonly used analytical methods of detection

Forage nitrate (NO3) analytical methods have shown biases. Extraction of plant material has not been standardized for NO3 analysis. Significantly different extraction techniques are currently used by professionals in the field, often depending on the professional discipline or analytical detection method. The effects of extraction variables has not been adequately examined. In this paper, five different extraction variables were investigated, including sample size, extraction volume, extraction shake time, extraction temperature, and extraction solution pH. The effects of the extraction variables were determined for three commonly used analytical detection techniques, including flow injection analysis, ion chromatography, and ion specific electrode.

Quantifying Fibrous Debris Released by and Generated from Wiping Materials

A procedure for quantifying fibrous debris from wiping materials is described. The method rests on the hypothesis that some debris, called readily releasable fibrous debris, already exists on and within the body of a wiper. Other fibrous entities, however, do not yet exist but will be generated in response to mechanical energy administered to the wiper. In the procedure, the readily releasable fibrous entities are determined by sluicing them from the wiper with water and subsequently counting them using optical microscopy. The wiper, now devoid of the readily releasable fibrous debris, is then subjected to an input of energy by means of a shaking technique, which also uses water, followed by enumeration of the fibrous entities generated. The water volume and shak ing time affect the results and are considered in the protocol. Data are presented for releasable and generated fibrous debris from a variety of commercially available wiping materials.

体験談から推定される1923年関東大地震の東京都における強震動

Strong ground motion in Tokyo metropolis during the Sep. 1, 1923 Kanto earthquake was important factor for determining the seismic design code in Japan. However, it has not been clarified in detail, because of no strong motion record near the source region of the Kanto earthquake. The author collected the descriptions and made a data set of 548 personal experiences in and around the southern Kanto district to investigate the strong ground motion from the Kanto earthquake. Many descriptions in Tokyo metropolis indicated that three severely strong shakings arrived at this area during the Kanto earthquake. The first shaking was, of course, caused by the main shock (M=7.9) at 11:58AM (JST). The second and the third shakings were caused by the aftershocks occurring 3 minutes and 4.5 minutes after the main shock, respectively. These aftershocks were identified on a seismogram obtained at Gifu observatory and magnitudes of them were determined to be 7.2 and 7.3, respectively from this seismogram [TAKEMURA (1994)]. The results of the analyses of the personal experiences also indicated that the duration time of the first shaking due to the main shock was 30 to 40sec. The strength of the second shaking was as strong as the first shaking, of which seismic intensity was estimated to be VI in JMA scale, while duration time of the second shaking was shorter than the first shaking. On the other hand, the third shaking was weaker than the first and the second shakings, of which seismic intensity was estimated to be V. The sequence of strong shakings within 5 minutes after the occurrence of the main shock of the 1923 Kanto earthquake was elucidated in Tokyo metropolis in the present study.

Metal Uptake Properties of Polystyrene Resin Immobilized Polyamine and Formylsalicylic Acid Derivatives as Chelation Ion Exchangers

Chloromethylated polystyrene resin was chemically modified with ethylenediamine, diethylenetnamine and triethylene- tetramine to polystyrene-polyamine resins (I-III). The latter resins were further reacted with two formylsalicylic acid isomers, 3-formylsalicylic acid and 5-formylsalicylic acid, to produce the cross-linking polystyrene-polyamine- formylsalicylic acid resins (IV-IX). The possible chemical structure of I-IX was confirmed from the elemental analysis and FT-IR studies. The applicability of I-IX to extraction of Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions was also studied by using the batch equilibrium technique in different buffer solutions and at different shaking time. Several trends were drawn out from the metal capacity values concerning the chemical structure of the amine and formylsalicylic acid moieties. The application of chelation ion exchange resins I-IX for selective extraction of certain metal ions was evaluated on the basis of the distribution ratio (D) showing the following order: DFe(III)_??_DCd(II)> DPb(II)>DCu(II).

Modeling of iron adsorption on HTTA-loaded polyurethane foam using Freundlich, Langmuir and D-R isotherm expressions

The sorption of Fe(III) at low pH range from 1 to 4.5 on open cell polyether type HTTA-loaded polyurethane foam has been carried out using batch technique. The optimum shaking time for 2.5· 10−4M solution of Fe(III) was found to be 30 minutes. The concept of macropore and micropore nature of polyurethane foam sorbent offers unique advantages of adsorption. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms are followed at low concentration range from 1·10−4 to 3·10−4M solution of Fe(III). The Freundlich constant (1/n=0.46±0.013 andK=9.16±1.39 mg·g−1) and Langmuir isotherm constants(M=21.78 mg·g−1 andb=88.41±9.731·g−1) were established. The sorption mean free energyE=12.22±0.09 kJ·mol−1 and loading capacityCm=145.21±6.1 mg·g−1 were evaluated using Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm, which suggested that the adsorption mechanism was chemisorption.

Lixiviation as a tool for radionuclide fractionation in holm oak leaves

A sequential extraction scheme, using distilled water and chloroform: hexane (1∶2), was applied in a study of radionuclide retention by holm oak leaves. To perform this study, holm oak leaves were contaminated by dry deposition using a thermogenerated radioactive aerosol containing134Cs,85Sr and110mAg. The experimental parameters tested were: type and time of shaking, number of successive extractions in each step, and the volume of extractans. From the results obtained, two schemes which give complementary information about radionuclide retention are proposed. The first scheme, using a single water extraction with mechanical shaking, allows us to define two fractions: the fraction removed by water, which is related to total radionuclide retention on leaf surfaces, and the residual fraction, which is associated with radionuclides incorporated into the leaves. The second scheme is based on a two-step extraction with manual shaking using water and chloroform: hexane, and permits us to distinguish among three fractions: the fraction removed by water (which is related to the radionuclide fraction easily leached by rain), the fraction removed by organic solvent (which is associated with the radionuclide fraction strongly retained on leaf surface), and the residual fraction, which may represent the absorbed radionuclide content. Since our objective was to study the retention of134Cs,85Sr and110mAg, simultaneously, the experimental conditions chosen were a compromise of individual suitable conditions for each radionuclide.

Evaluation of boron chelates in extracting soil boron

Abstbact The hot water extractable boron (HWB) soil‐test procedure does not lend itself to rapid routine analysis. This study was conducted to evaluate boron (B) chelates in extracting soil B in comparison to the HWB soil‐test procedure. The following B chelates were examined as soil B extractants: mannitol, salicylic acid, 2‐hydroxyisobutyric acid, and sorbitol. Soil B chelate extractants were prepared in a buffered solution that contained IN ammonium acetate and 0.1M triethanolamine. For each respective chelate, chelate concentrations were evaluated at 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5M at a soil:extract ratio of 1:4, extract pH of 7.3, and a shake time of 15 minutes for extracting soil B. For only the sorbitol B extractant (0.2M), various soihextract ratios (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, and 1:10), extract pH (5.0, 7.3, and 8.8), and shake times (15, 30, 60, and 120 min) were examined. All soil B determinations were by ICP. Maximum amounts of B were extracted at a chelate concentration of 0.2M for all four chelates evaluated. Maxim...