Time Schedule Research Articles

Assessing Healthcare Equity in Orthopaedic Surgery: An Analysis of Over 24,000 Surgical Cases.

Health disparities have been widely studied in the primary care and surgical settings. The purpose of this study was to examine surgical access disparities for orthopaedic surgical cases performed at a large academic health center by comparing the relationship between patient demographic factors and surgical wait time. A total of 24,778 orthopaedic surgical cases from 2018 to 2022 at a public, tertiary care, Level I trauma center were retrospectively analyzed to assess for surgical timing disparities based on patient-specific factors, including race, sex, language, and socioeconomic status. Elective surgical cases were completed with an average surgical wait time of 28.11 ± 26.34 days. Urgent surgical cases were completed with an average surgical wait time of 1.23 ± 1.50 days. Patient race, sex, language, and socioeconomic status had no effect on surgical wait time for urgent case scheduling. Female patients had longer average wait times in elective cases, whereas race had a weak association with increased wait time. Two-factor interaction analysis showed no multifactorial effects of patient demographic factors on surgical wait time. Patient race and socioeconomic status were associated with increased distance from surgical sites, although increased distance did not correlate with increased surgical wait time. Patient demographic factors did not demonstrate clinically notable associations with surgical timing in this patient cohort, in contrast to previous studies demonstrating the effects of race and socioeconomic status on healthcare outcomes and access. Race and socioeconomic status did correlate with increased distance from surgical centers although distance from surgical sites did not correlate with surgical wait time. This contributes to previous literature on healthcare equity and indicates that surgical wait time may not contribute to the known healthcare inequalities seen in minority and marginalized patients.

Comparison of Analgesic Effect of Local Anesthetic Injection for Pain Relief During Peripheral Venous Insertion in Adult Surgical Patients: A Prospective Observational Study

PurposeIntradermal injection of local anesthetic has been reported to have greater analgesic effect for peripheral venous catheter (PVC) insertion than topical application in adult surgical patients. However, the injection of local anesthetic itself is a painful procedure compared to topical application. We compared the analgesic effect of a lidocaine-prilocaine patch with intradermal injection of 2 % lidocaine on pain intensity at the time of analgesia and PVC insertion as assessed by a visual analog scale (VAS) in adult patients. DesignA prospective observational study. MethodsAfter institutional review board (IRB) approval, we studied 70 patients scheduled for surgery and expected to have peripheral venous cannulation in the operating room. Patients who presented in the operating room with a topical anesthetic patch were assigned to the patch group, and patients who presented without a topical anesthetic patch were assigned to the injection group. The injection group received a 2 % lidocaine injection with a 26-gauge (G) needle just before PVC insertion by anesthetists. The patch group received a lidocaine-prilocaine patch on the dorsal hand 1 to 2 hours before the scheduled surgery time by ward nurses. The primary endpoints were pain using the VAS score at the time of PVC insertion and pain associated with the local anesthetic procedure. FindingsThe patch group included 34 patients (21 male, 13 female, age 61 [median], interquartile range [IQR] 45 to 69), and the intradermal injection group included 31 patients (22 male, 9 female, age 60 [median], IQR 52 to 73). All patients analyzed had a 20-G catheter in the dorsal hand. The median VAS score for PVC insertion was 4 in the intradermal injection group (IQR 0 to 14) and 2 in the patch group (IQR 0 to 16) (P = .707). Median VAS scores for the local anesthetic procedure were 16 in the intradermal injection group (IQR 10 to 32) and 0 in the patch group (IQR 0 to 0) (P < .001). ConclusionsWe found no difference in the pain intensity for PVC insertion between topical application of local anesthetic by lidocaine-prilocaine patch and intradermal injection of 2 % lidocaine. VAS scores for anesthetic application were significantly lower in the patch group. The lidocaine-prilocaine patch provided analgesia equivalent to intradermal injection with 2 % lidocaine for PVC but without the pain associated with injection of local anesthetic.

Strong daily routinisation, weak energy flexibility: a survey study of the stability and adaptability of everyday energy practices

Fundamental changes in everyday consumption patterns are required to mitigate negative environmental impacts, and these include adapting the timing of consumption. For example, flexible energy demand becomes increasingly important in response to larger shares of fluctuating energy production while dynamic electricity pricing suggests there is a need to encourage staggered electricity use. In this paper, we explore the stability, adjustability and flexibility of everyday practices to critically address the potential for flexible household energy demand. Based on a survey questionnaire (N=1,470), the paper takes its empirical focus in the Nordic welfare state Denmark, which has a high share of wind power and little focus on energy justice. Across household groups, it seems that morning routines are strongly routinised, especially on weekdays, and that variations in these primarily involve adjustment to other household members. The analysis indicates that there are differences across household types, for example, households with children and households whose inhabitants are aged 41-60 tend to be associated with stable evening routines, women tend to agree more to adjusting routines to lifestyle and household, while being in employment seems to be associated with stronger dependence on time schedules determined by factors outside the household. The study suggests that socio-temporal rhythms of everyday practices strongly depend on societal rhythms and practices outside the home. It follows therefore that expectations of energy flexibility in household energy demand should initially focus on common temporal patterns and dependence on these rather than on individual households’ (apparent) capacity to consume energy flexibly.

Hacking Habits for High-Performance Leadership

This article discusses how leaders can continuously improve their skills and effectiveness through habit hacking. It explores how reframing mindsets, building supportive systems, and committing to small daily optimizations can strengthen areas of weakness over time. Specifically, the article recommends practicing self-compassion and adopting a growth mindset. It also suggests implementing daily rituals like morning reflection and scheduled time for skill-building. Leaders are encouraged to do micro-optimizations like extending exercise routines slightly each day. Recognizing even small milestones is important for maintaining motivation. Real-world examples demonstrate how specific leaders hacked habits like prioritizing tasks, scheduling device-free breaks, and sharing mistakes to boost various outcomes like productivity, creativity, morale and innovation. The conclusion emphasizes that viewing routines through a growth lens and hacking habits through small tweaks can significantly enhance leadership abilities and fulfillment as part of an ongoing development process.

Empowering London Primary School Communities to Know and Tackle Air Pollution Exposure

This study tested the effectiveness of participatory methods to engage primary school communities in London with air pollution issues to help them identify, understand, and reduce their air pollution exposure. Three primary schools with high pollution levels participated in environmental educational activities, including air quality workshops and field campaigns involving different methods, time schedules, and project scopes. Participants completed surveys before and after these activities to measure their understanding, perceptions, and behavior. After the workshops, students admitted feeling more skillful in monitoring air quality and confident in incorporating this education into daily life and teaching others. They shared their results with peers, school leadership, and the community and led campaigns to help design experiments, choose measurement locations, and reduce air pollution exposure in schools. The results showed increased concern about air pollution, a better understanding of its causes and impacts, and more reported reduction behaviors. An Air Pollution Exposure Index (APEI) was combined with participatory monitoring data to raise awareness and understanding among students on typical school-day exposure. Feedback indicates that the tool was useful in defining air pollution exposure status and identifying exposure risks. Overall, this study contributes to the evidence of the feasibility and impact of student-led environmental education interventions These interventions involve collecting personalized exposure data, co-planning mitigations with school community groups, and employing methods to raise awareness of air pollution and empower pupils to identify potential solutions and change behaviors.

Physical model-assisted deep reinforcement learning for energy management optimization of industrial electric-hydrogen coupling system with hybrid energy storage

Utilizing renewable energy sources (RESs), such as wind and solar, to convert electrical energy into hydrogen energy for industrial users with different types of energy storage can enhance the integration of green electricity, thereby replacing fossil fuels like natural gas. In the energy management optimization of industrial electric‑hydrogen coupling system (EHCS) with high RESs integration, the traditional optimization methods cannot effectively address the nonlinear characteristics of equipment and stochastic RES generation, while the model-free reinforcement learning methods struggle to improve the training efficiency and may lead to constraint violation. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a short time scale energy management approach for EHCS based on physical models assisted deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Firstly, the energy management optimization model of the EHCS is developed based on the operation characteristics of the equipment within the system. Secondly, the energy management model of EHCS is formulated as a DRL framework. The DRL agent is efficiently trained with the assistance of the action transformation which takes into account the physical characteristics of the equipment during operation. Finally, a case study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model for achieving high-efficiency agent training, reducing decision-making time for equipment scheduling, addressing the stochastic RES generation, and realizing the economic operation of EHCS with good performance based on the equipment characteristics.

An efficient reduced order model for nonlinear transient porous media flow with time-varying injection rates

An intrusive Reduced Order Model (ROM) is developed for nonlinear porous media flow problems with transient and time-discontinuous fluid injection rates. The proposed ROM is significantly more computationally efficient than the Full Order Model (FOM). The training regime is generated using the FOM with constant injection rates during the offline stage. The trained ROM exhibits high accuracy for complex pumping schedules (rate vs time) simulated online. The proposed ROM uses the combination of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Discrete Empirical Interpolation Method (POD-DEIM), which is compared with the classical POD-Galerkin. The use of an approximated column-reduced Jacobian is shown to be vital to achieving a substantial speedup of ROM vs FOM run-times. An analysis of the trade-off between accuracy and run-time is conducted for ROMs of different sizes and hyper-parameters. The impact of the training regime on the performance of the presented ROM is assessed. The performance of the ROM is studied in the context of a two-dimensional analysis of time-varying injection into a two-well system in a layered porous media reservoir. The accuracy and efficiency of POD-DEIM motivate its potential use as a surrogate model in the real-time control and monitoring of fluid injection processes.

Multi-objective Optimization-Based Algorithm for Selecting the Optimal Path of Rural Multi-temperature Zone Cold Chain Dynamic Logistics Intermodal Transportation

The road network in rural areas is complex and the infrastructure is relatively backward. The multi-temperature zone cold chain logistics involves agricultural products with different temperature requirements, which requires considering the transportation cost, carbon emission cost, refrigeration cost, and time cost of different temperature zones during path planning, thereby increasing the difficulty of path planning. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization-based algorithm for selecting the optimal path of rural multi-temperature zone cold chain dynamic logistics intermodal transportation is proposed. Based on the analysis of the multi-temperature cold chain collection and distribution model based on multimodal transportation, a multi-objective optimization model is constructed. This model aims to minimize transportation costs, carbon emission costs, refrigeration costs, time costs, and maximize logistics quality, while satisfying constraints such as transfer schedule times, the number of transport mode conversions, transport mode selection, and time continuity. To solve this model, an improved NSGA-II algorithm is adopted, which combines an improved mutation operator, congestion distance calculation, and the C-W saving algorithm to achieve the optimal transport path solution. Additionally, ArcGIS software is used to implement the shortest path planning based on real road networks. The experimental results show that by selecting the road-rail combined transport mode and adopting the D1–D6–D10 transport path, it is possible to transport fresh agricultural products from location A to the distribution center at location B, with the lowest Pareto fitness value. Furthermore, the algorithm's effectiveness is further verified by completing the end-of-life fresh agricultural product distribution task with four multi-temperature refrigerated vehicles. The study also finds that extending or shortening the latest service time window for customers, although it leads to a decrease or increase in the optimal value of the algorithm's objective function, has little impact on the average distribution time and transport vehicles. These findings provide new theoretical and practical guidance for the path selection of multimodal transportation in multi-temperature cold chain logistics, with significant theoretical and application value.

IMPLEMENTASI QUALITY OF SERVICE (QoS) DENGAN SISTEM WIFI HOTSPOT VOUCHER PADA JARINGAN MENGGUNAKAN MIKROTIK

Wifi Hotspot is a place or area to access the internet where there is a device, namely an Access Point, which functions to provide internet network services. Before the user can access the hotspot network, the user must first input the voucher code code in order to enjoy the hotspot service. The hotspot service provided by the provider also does not share bandwidth, so if many users enter the hotspot network, the network is most likely unstable due to the absence of bandwidth management. From these problems the author wants to apply hotspot voucher service and schedule time. The application of this hotspot voucher is different from the vouchers provided by the provider. So that users can use this hotspot voucher comfortably. The application of schedule time serves to set the time schedule in accessing internet services. The author developed the waterfall development method because the stages in the waterfall development method such as the requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment and maintenance stages are most suitable for use in this study. From several stages that have been carried out, the application of hotspot vouchers and schedule time is running well, and the internet network is not slow because of the distribution of bandwidth evenly.

Improving physical activity and screen time in Australian Outside School Hours Care: Study protocol.

Children's physical activity and screen time behaviours impact their physical health and well-being. In Australia, less than half of children meet daily physical activity recommendations and only one-third meet daily screen time recommendations. Nearly half a million Australian school children aged 5-12 attend Outside School Hours Care (OSHC) weekly, activities undertaken at OSHC play a key role in meeting these recommendations. Currently, physical activity and screen time practices in OSHC vary and lack policy guidance. The Activated OSHC program is a policy-based intervention that supports OSHC services to implement the physical activity and screen time guidelines. 192 OSHC services across Australia will be recruited. 96 services will be randomly allocated to receive the Activated OSHC program. OSHC coordinators will complete online surveys examining physical activity and screen time scheduling, cost, acceptability, and feasibility. Primary outcome; changes in the proportion of intervention and control services meeting OSHC sector physical activity and screen time guidelines, and secondary outcomes; changes in children's physical activity and screen time behaviours; changes in staff behaviour will be assessed using mixed-effects regression models. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the Activated OSHC program on children's physical activity and screen time. Recent Australian research in Outside School Hours Care (OSHC) has identified significant inconsistency in practices related to physical activity and screen time, compounded by an absence of explicit policy guidance. The Activated OSHC program is a policy-based intervention that supports OSHC services to implement the Australian OSHC physical activity and screen time guidelines. This study will assess the implementation and effectiveness of the Activated OSHC program in an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trial design. Implementation of outside school hours care sector physical activity and screen time guidelines may improve children's physical activity and screen time behaviours.

Wind power forecasting technologies: A review

This study addresses the critical role of wind power forecasting in ensuring stable and reliable power system operations. Wind power forecasting is critical for the efficient operation of plants, time scheduling, and the balancing of power generation with grid integration systems. Due to its dependency on dynamic climatic conditions and associated factors, accurate wind power forecasting is challenging. The research delves into various aspects, including input data, input selection techniques, data pre-processing, and forecasting methods, with the aim of motivating researchers to design highly efficient online/offline models on weather-based data. The overarching goal is to enhance the reliability and stability of power systems while optimizing energy resource utilization. The analysis reveals that hybrid models offer more accurate results, highlighting their significance in the current era. This study investigates different Wind Power Forecasting (WPF) models from existing literature, focusing on input variables, time horizons, climatic conditions, pre-processing techniques, and sample sizes that affect model accuracy. It covers statistical models like ARMA and ARIMA, along with AI techniques including Deep Learning (DL), Machine Learning (ML), and neural networks, to estimate wind power.

Intracameral Anaesthetic Mydriatic Versus Topical Mydriasis in Pediatric Cataract Surgery: A Randomized Control Study

To compare pupil dynamics after using premixed intracameral anesthetic mydriatic combination (ICAM) of phenylephrine (0.31%), tropicamide (0.02%), and lidocaine (1%) versus topical mydriatic (TM) drops consisting of tropicamide 0.8%, phenylephrine 5%, and cyclopentolate 0.5% in pediatric cataract surgery. Randomized, masked, fellow eye-controlled trial. Tertiary eye care facility. Children ≤12 years of age with bilateral cataracts planned for surgery. One eye was randomized to receive ICAM and the other eye (control) TM drops. Commercially available ICAM that was injected at the beginning of surgery or TM 3 times at an interval of 30 minutes, 1 hour before the scheduled time of surgery. The other treatment was administered for the second eye cataract surgery. Pupil dynamics at various points of surgery were studied by a masked observer. Sixty-three patients (126 eyes) were randomized to receive ICAM in 1 eye (group 1) or TM drops (group 2). The mean age of the children in the study was 15.7 ± 24.3 months (range 3 months to 5 years). Adequate mydriasis with a single injection was achieved in 93.5% of patients in group 1 and 88.8% of patients in group 2 without additional pharmacotherapy or intervention. The mean pupillary diameter increased from 1.78 mm to 5.1 mm after injection of 1 unit of ICAM and from 1.75 mm to 6.06 mm with TM drops (P < .0001). The maximum pupillary dilation achieved was 6.06 ± 1.17 mm in group 1 and 6.75 ± 1.07 mm in group 2 (P = .004). The average change in pupillary size from injection of drug until the end of surgery was positive in group 1 (0.75 ± 0.98 mm) and negative in group 2 (-0.3348 ± 2.57 mm), ie, there was a relative miosis in group 2 toward the end of surgery (P = .001). Topical drugs achieved a larger maximum pupil size compared with ICAM. However, ICAM provided adequate and stable mydriasis without the need for augmentation compared with topical drops in children undergoing cataract surgery.

Efficient Departmental Coordination: Real-Time Schedule Display using Arduino

This project tackles the time-consuming task of schedule management for Heads of Departments (HODs) by developing a dynamic, automatic display system. Utilizing an Arduino microcontroller, an RTC module, and a P10 LED display (16x32), the system displays their one-week schedule in real-time, updating automatically each day. Bluetooth connectivity empowers adjustments to the schedule through an external device, offering flexibility and control. Utilizing a P10 LED display for clear visibility, it automatically updates with the real-time clock. Schedule information is embedded within the code for reliability, and the display format is divided for time and detailed schedule. Prioritizing eco- friendliness, it uses low-power components. This project aims to improve departmental communication, transparency, and efficiency by providing a clear and accessible platform for HOD schedule information.

Value stream mapping in the preparation of patients for surgery A study of a private hospital in Turkey

BackgroundDue to the equipment used in the health system, drugs, and the need for specialized health personnel, the operating rooms are the most costly, and time is the most valuable resource. From this point of view, the study was aimed to raise awareness about Value Stream Mapping, which is one of the problem-solving practices in nurses, and to practice with a sample VSM study (eliminating non-value-creating activities, creating flow in processes, and avoiding delays due to the preparation of the surgery in the pre-op period with continuous improvement). MethodsObservational action research. The research, Value Stream Mapping, which is one of the lean methods, was carried out in a private hospital between December 2019 and March 2022. A total of 59 patient flows were observed in three stages. First, the current situation map was drawn. Value-added and non-value-added time was determined. The problems experienced in the current situation were determined and suggestions were developed for their solution, kaizen studies were carried out. Onset time and delays in minutes were monitored for all first cases on a daily basis. ResultNon-value-added activities were reduced from 102 min to 52 min on average. In particular, the quality increased from 0 % to 36 %. "If patients were not in the operating room within 10 min of the scheduled start time, this was considered a late start". While the rate of starting the surgery on time at the first observation was 0 %, this rate increased to 70 % at the end of the study. ConclusionsImproving the pre-op preparation process was effective in increasing the percentage of surgery that started on time in the operating room. It is thought that value stream mapping can be a useful method for improving on-time starts in the operating room.

Task offloading scheme in Mobile Augmented Reality using hybrid Monte Carlo tree search (HMCTS)

Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications enhance user experiences by providing realistic information about the current location through mobile devices. However, MAR applications are computationally intensive, leading to high energy consumption and latency issues. To address these challenges, this research presents a Hybrid Monte Carlo Tree Search (HMCTS) based task offloading scheme, combining a genetic algorithm with Monte Carlo tree search for efficient task management. The proposed method uses YoloV7 for object recognition and aims to reduce energy consumption, response time, and migration time. Experimental results demonstrate that the HMCTS approach significantly reduces energy consumption to 1290 kJ, response time to 24 ms, and migration time to 0.52 ms, outperforming existing techniques. These improvements highlight the potential of the HMCTS method for enhancing the performance of MAR applications. Proposed hybrid approach aims to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of task offloading in MAR applications. The HMCTS model dynamically offloads tasks to edge servers, optimizing scheduling time, response time, and energy consumption.

P-Coumaric acid reverses spatial cognitive decline in a rat model of traumatic brain injury: Possible underlying mechanisms

This study investigated the efficacy of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), a natural phenolic compound, on traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced spatial cognitive deficits and the possible involved mechanisms. Rats received p-CA (100 mg/kg, orally) 30 min after diffuse TBI induction. Spatial memory, neuroplasticity, oxidative stress, and histological alterations were evaluated at scheduled time points. TBI reduced spatial memory capacity on days 1, 3, and 7 in the water-maze task, which was associated with suppressed hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at the perforant path-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses. These deficits were accompanied by the inhibition of the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the promotion of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampal and cerebral cortex areas. Moreover, TBI resulted in neuronal loss in the DG. Interestingly, p-CA treatment ameliorated all the above-mentioned TBI outcomes. The findings demonstrate that p-CA alleviates TBI-induced spatial cognitive impairment, possibly by mitigating hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, modulating oxidative-antioxidative status, and preventing neuronal loss.

Forgotten Biliary Plastic Stents: Complications, Management, and Clinical Outcomes.

Background and Objectives: Endoscopic biliary plastic stenting is a safe and effective temporary therapeutic modality used in various benign biliary disorders. Long-term indwelling stents for more than one year without retrieval are termed "forgotten biliary stents". In clinical practice, the forgotten stents are underestimated and the majority of data were obtained from case reports. The aim of this study was to determine the forgotten-biliary-plastic-stent-related complications, their management, and the patients' clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was performed at three hospitals during the period from January 2021 to December 2023. In total, 577 patients with biliary plastic stents-inserted for a variety of benign biliary conditions-were included. They were divided into two groups, as follows: group 1 included 527 patients who had biliary stents removed within 3 months, and group 2 included 50 patients with biliary stents retrieved after one year of their deployment. The stent-related complications (e.g., acute cholangitis, stent clogging, distal stent migration, new common bile duct (CBD) stone formation, and proximal stent migration) and the endoscopic management success rate were evaluated. Results: Irretrievable CBD stones were the main indication for biliary plastic stenting in both groups. The stent-related complications, number of endoscopic sessions, and hospital admissions were significantly higher in the patients with forgotten biliary stents than those with stent removal within 3 months. All the study patients were successfully managed endoscopically with uneventful outcomes. Conclusions: Based on this retrospective study, non-adherence to the endoscopists' instructions is the main reason for retained biliary stents for more than one year. The patients with forgotten stents had significantly higher complication rates, a higher number of endoscopic sessions, and a higher number of hospital admissions than those with stents that were retrieved in the scheduled time. All patients were managed endoscopically with a technical success rate of 100%, and with no complication-related mortality.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) control strategy enhancement by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

Global warming is a vital problem that many researchers tried to solve with so many solutions such as: reducing electricity production with conventional generators by using renewable energy resources and using hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels. The universal Economic crisis came across to cut off certain quantities at scheduled times. This, directly, affects renewable energy sources connected to the grid due to voltage and frequency variations. To solve this dilemma, in this paper, the grid-connected solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) model which is fed by green hydrogen to produce AC power, is developed by an Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). It is one of the artificial intelligence applications to improve grid-connected SOFC dynamic response. ANFIS is mathematically presented and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results show that the ANFIS controller has succeeded in enhancing most of the desired control and operation signals.

A Time and Cost Analysis to Pier Construction Project in Tuban by Earned Value Analysis Method

The development of a project must be attentive to certain aspects of cost, quality and the implementation time. Planning and control need to be carried out to increase the likelihood of success in a project. The condition of the pier construction project in Tuban as the research object in this study is experiencing delay, so this research is intended to provide the cost and time analysis results as approached with a method of Earned Value Analysis (EVA). A project status can be identified early and in more accurate way with EVA, so this method can be used as a basis for improving the project condition by calculating three indicators; Planned Value (PV), Earned Value (EV) and Actual Cost (AC). These indicators were used in the analysis of this research. The research procedure was carried out by collecting, summarizing and analyzing data. The required data is the cost budget plan, time schedule, weekly project progress report and weekly actual costs, and by processing these data, the planning value (PV), result value (EV), and actual value (AC) will be produced. Result of the research analysis were in the form of Cost Performance Index or CPI value where until the 29th week revealing a value below 1 (&lt;1) meaning there was a cost overrun in this project, and the CPI value for the 30th week to 49th week is above 1 (&gt;1) meaning there is a cost underrun in this project which in the 49th week has CPI value of 1.11. Meanwhile, for the time performance index or SPI, until the 19th week has a value of above 1 (&gt;1) meaning there is an acceleration progress in this project, while at the 20th to 49th weeks the SPI value is below 1 (&lt;1) meaning the project is experiencing a delay, with a SPI value for the 49th week is 0.81. With a total contract of Rp. 10,403,914,724 and the CPI value of 1.11, it is expected that the project is able to put into completion with a remaining cost of only Rp.2, 047, 216, 930. This study was conducted in the 49th week of the 54 weeks project plan schedule, and by assumption of no changes in project performance (or the project performance remain the same until project completion), it is expected that the project will be completed within 62 weeks, meaning it requires an additional 8 weeks of time from the initial contract.

Integrating building information modelling (BIM) and extended reality (XR) in the transportation infrastructure industry

Although building information modelling (BIM) has been widely used in the building industry, its usage in infrastructure projects such as bridges has been very challenging. Extended Reality (XR) that simulates a construction project is still considered a new technology in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. This paper investigates the viability of integrating both BIM and XR technologies into transportation infrastructure projects. A fully integrated workflow for introducing different XR, Augmented Reality (AR), and Virtual Reality (VR), and BIM technologies using different software for a case study of El-Merghani bridge, a reinforced concrete girder type bridge, was developed. The models for the bridge included GIS integration and geometric road design according to AASHTO, documentation, shop drawings and quantification were developed for the bridge. A hypothetical time schedule was generated in Oracle Primavera P6 elevating the BIM model to 4-D and developing VR and AR virtual experiences with the capability to investigate, visualize, and present the model in a virtual environment, at a high level of immersion. Additionally, the associated risk reduction for the considered XR technology was assessed using Monte Carlo simulation. The workflow and the detailed 3D models developed for the bridge along with the highly immersive VR and AR experiences have provided an interactive platform for engineers and different stakeholders to monitor the project during the design and construction phases. The risk analysis showed that significant cost savings can be achieved with the utilization of VR and AR technology in bridges construction.