Paralysis Time Research Articles

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Lactuca Sativa leaf extract against Pheretima posthuma

The growing issue of anthelmintic resistance necessitates the exploration of alternative and natural treatments. Lactuca sativa (), commonly known as lettuce, is traditionally used for its medicinal properties, but its efficacy as an anthelmintic has not been extensively documented. This study aimed to assess the in vitro anthelmintic activity of leaf extract using Indian adult earthworms. Earthworms were divided into five groups and treated with hydroethanolic extract of leaf at concentrations of 10, 20, and 50 mg/mL, albendazole 10 mg/mL as a standard, and normal saline as a control. The anthelmintic activity was measured based on paralysis and death times. The results demonstrated that the anthelmintic activity of the extracts was concentration-dependent manner. The extract 50 mg/mL exhibited superior activity with a paralysis time of 28.16 minutes and a death time of 36.33 minutes, compared to albendazole, which had a paralysis time of 24.50 minutes and a death time of 31.66 minutes. The study concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of leaf (HELS) possesses significant anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms.

Cassia alata: Helminth and Bacteria Fighter.

The concurrent presence of helminthiasis and bacterial diseases imposes a dual burden, worsening the challenges associated with each condition independently. This cohabitation intensifies the economic impact, creating a compounding effect on public health and economic well-being. Phytochemical analysis of Cassia alata Extract (CAE) using infrared spectroscopy has revealed the presence of various functional groups. In addition, GC mass analysis has confirmed the presence of 26 active compounds. An assessment of the anthelmintic activity of CAE against mature earthworms has demonstrated comparable efficacy to the conventional anthelmintic, albendazole. The optimal dosage of 500 mg/ml has induced a rapid onset of paralysis (2.7 ± 0.5 min) and death (20.1 ± 1.7 min), outperforming albendazole (20 mg/mL) in terms of faster paralysis and death times (21.8 ± 1.1 and 30.14 ± 3.2 min, respectively). Structural modifications induced by CAE have been observed through light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Control worms have exhibited normal body architecture, while CAE-treated worms have displayed size reduction, uniform body wall shrinkage, and increased cuticular thickness. Similar alterations have been observed in albendazole-treated worms. The antibacterial activity of CAE has been evaluated through a broth dilution assay, which has revealed a dose-response effect. At 6.25 mg/ml, CAE has exhibited 100% inhibitory action against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Significant differences in bacterial viability have been noted at lower concentrations, with no significant variation at 0.3906 mg/ml of CAE. The findings have highlighted the multifaceted bioactivity of CAE, showcasing its potential as an anthelmintic agent and antimicrobial agent against a spectrum of bacterial strains. The observed structural alterations in treated worms have provided insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the anthelmintic effects.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Pharmacological Evaluation of Some New Schiff and Mannich Bases of 5-Methylisatin Derivatives

Two novel series of Schiff and Mannich based 5-methylisatin were synthesized by Mannich reactions and evaluated for anthelmintic and antibacterial activities. The Mannich bases were synthesized from the Schiff base using various secondary amines and formaldehyde along with the derivatives of piperazinyl groups. N-Methyl piperazinyl (ICP-2B and ICM-2B) and piperidinyl derivatives (ICP-2C and ICM-2C) were found to have a highly significant anthelmintic potential. For compound ICP-2B, the paralysis time was observed at 4.936 ± 0.12 min at low concentration (0.1 % w/v) and 1.95 ± 0.10 min at high concentration (1% w/v). At low concentration (0.1%), compound ICM-2B, the paralysis time is 4.43 ± 0.17 min; at high concentration (1% w/v), it is 1.675 ± 0.08 min. These data indicated that compounds ICP-2B and ICM-2B has immense potential as anthelminthic and antimicrobial drug in future. Moreover, the in vitro study was confirmed by molecular docking studies, indicating both compounds ICP-2B and ICM-2B can find its use as novel drug against various pathogenic helminthes and bacteria.

Evaluation of Anthelmintic and Neuropharmacological Activities of the leaves of Chassalia

Chassalia curviflora belongs to the family Rubiaceae has been documented for its anticancer, anthelmintic & neuropharmacological effects. This study was performed to gauge the anticancer, anthelmintic and neuropharmacological activities of the methanolic extract from the leaves of Chassalia curviflora (MECC). Anthelmintic activity was investigated using earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) and fresh leaf juice of the plant. Anticancer test was done using cell viability assay. During anticancer test in the concentration of 1000µg/mL the percent of inhibition was 29.16%. In anthelmintic activity, the time of paralysis for fresh leaf juice was begin from 8 min 19 s and end to 38 min 21 s while the time for tested drug Albendazole was started from 9 min 19 s and end to 46 min 52 s. Besides, the time of death start from 10 min 35 s and end to 63 min 19 s for leaf juice and for Albendazole the time of death start from 22 min 36 s and end to 75 min 3 s respectively at several doses which suggest considerable anthelmintic activity of the plant. Neuropharmacological activity was performed by hole cross and light/dark box tests at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in Swiss albino mice contrast to the test drug Diazepam (2mg/kg). The extract significantly decreases the locomotor activity as shown by the results of hole cross test which indicate significant antidepressant property. The results also matching the activity in light/dark box test. Thus, the obtained results in the research work provide a support for the utilization of this plant for medicinal purposes and encourage further investigations for more fruitful results.

Factors of postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and recovery of vocal cord movement in thyroid surgery

ObjectivePostoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is one of the complications of thyroid surgery, and the prevention and management of paralysis is an important issue for surgeons. In this study, in order to gain further understanding of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after thyroid surgery, we analyzed and examined the usefulness of nerve stimulators for recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and the factors that may cause recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Furthermore, in cases where transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred, we analyzed and examined the timing of improvement in vocal cord movement for each intraoperative finding and intraoperative operation that caused the paralysis. MethodsAt the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, between January 2012 and December 2021, the subjects were 543 thyroid surgery cases (692 nerves) without preoperative paralysis or cancer nerve invasion performed. The relationship between postoperative transient and permanent paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. The factors evaluated were gender, age, BMI, total thyroidectomy, benignity, malignancy, Graves’ disease, using IIONM (intermittent intraoperative nerve monitoring), using CIONM (continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring), malignant tumor T3b or higher, with lateral neck dissection, and years of experience of the surgeon. Furthermore, by targeting 87 nerves with transient paralysis, surgical operations were divided into three groups: minor injury, major injury, and adhesion, and their relationship with the timing of postoperative vocal fold movement improvement was evaluated. ResultsPermanent paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve occurred in 12 nerves (1.7 %), and transient paralysis occurred in 100 nerves (14.5 %). Univariate analysis showed no association with each factor, but multivariate analysis showed that transient paralysis was significantly lower in men and in patients using IIONM. The improvement time for vocal cord paralysis was 2.8 months in the minor injury group, 4.5 months in the major injury group, and 3.2 months in the adhesion group, indicating a statistically significant difference between the minor injury group and the major injury group. ConclusionThis study suggests that the use of IIONM and gentle manipulation of women may prevent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis during thyroid surgery. In addition, understanding the period of nerve recovery for each operation for postoperative transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis may contribute to patient explanations and determining the timing of therapeutic intervention for speech improvement surgery.

Dioscorea hispida (Dennst.) Tuber: Unraveling The Phytochemical Basis for Anthelmintic and Antifungal effects

Tropical diseases are prevalent ailments that manifest in tropical and subtropical regions in 149 countries. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and worms, are responsible for the onset of tropical diseases. This infectious disease is frequently observed in nations with lower economic resources. The tubers of Dioscorea hispida possess the capacity to demonstrate anthelmintic and antifungal characteristics as a result of the existence of secondary metabolites. The tuber of Dioscorea hispida will undergo extraction followed by liquid-liquid fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol-water solvents. The antifungal activity of the extracts and fractions was evaluated in vitro against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes for antifungal activity, and the anthelmintic activity was evaluated in vitro against Pheretima posthuma during paralysis and death for anthelmintic activity The extract Dioscorea hispida (Dennst) tuber showed good anthelmintic and antifungal efficacy; The phytochemical component in the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest performance at a concentration of 30 g/L with paralysis time of 23.90±2.94 and death time of 34.20±2.31 for anthelmintic, in line with that the ethyl acetate fraction also has antifungal activity which is strong at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 g/L with an inhibition zone diameter of 11.00 ± 0.40. The ethyl acetate fraction contains several metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins, which exhibit notable effectiveness as anthelmintics and antifungals.

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anthelminthic Activities of Traditionally used Ocimum basilicum L., and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Extract Loaded Emulsion

The demand for cosmeceuticals is rapidly expanding. Various phytoconstituents are identified from Ocimum basilicum and O. tenuiflorum and have several pharmacological properties. The present study aimed to formulate a novel alternative herbal formulation for topical administration with natural antioxidant properties for the treatment of inflammatory conditions with the destructive capacity of parasitic worms. The egg albumin denaturation technique was used to evaluate the test formulations’ and the standard’s in-vitro anti-inflammatory properties, and the hydrogen peroxide assay was used to measure the extracts’ antioxidant properties. Eudrilus eugeniae was the target of the investigation into in-vitro anthelmintic action. The pH of the cream was 6.8 (average), it was easily spreadable and washable, no gritty particles were found and the dye test confirmed that it was an o/w type of cream. The egg albumin denaturation technique was utilized to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties. The results cleared those herbal formulations (F1 and F2) and protein denaturation was decreased by diclofenac sodium (Standard) in a dose-dependent manner. Test samples exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activities than the standard with their percentage inhibitions being 41.5 ± 0.5 (F2), 39.1 ± 0.4 mg/mL (F1), and 37.3 ± 0.3 mg/mL (F-Standard), respectively. Antioxidants are compounds that either completely stop or significantly reduce the harm that free unstable radicals. F2 showed a higher concentration-dependent anthelmintic activity than F1 and standard albendazole. Increasing the concentration decreases the paralysis and death time of earthworms. Finally concluded that F2 indicates higher anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic activities than others with high natural antioxidant power.

Evaluation of anthelmintic and antioxidant efficacy of green-synthesized copper nanoparticles derived from Erioglossum rubiginosum leaf and seed aqueous extracts

The green synthesis of copper nanoparticles refers to the preparation of nanoparticles using eco-friendly and sustainable processes, often involving plant extracts, microorganisms, or other natural sources. As a sustainable approach with many potential applications, plant extracts could be used for the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles. The green synthesis of copper nanoparticles from plants, such as Erioglossum rubiginosum, involves using leaf and seed extracts to reduce copper ions to form nanoparticles. Primarily, copper nanoparticles are confirmed by visual observation of the aluminum vessel’s inner wall exhibiting a glossy, reddish-brown precipitate. Further, the UV–Vis spectrophotometer is employed to detect the presence of CuNPs. The peak is at 631 nm, which is unique to CuNPs. FTIR data show the presence of a capping agent which stabilizes copper nanoparticles. The peaks at 3,265 cm−1 for the hydroxy group (H-bonded OH stretch) indicate alcohols and phenols; 1610 cm−1 for aromatic ring stretch; and 1,075 cm−1 for aliphatic fluoro compounds (C–F stretch). DPPH reducing power assay is used to verify the antioxidant activity. Both plant extracts and the synthesized CuNPs showed considerable antioxidant activity. The seed and leaf extract of Erioglossum rubiginosum used for the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles served as a capping agent due to the presence of antioxidant phytoconstituents. Then, we used Paramphistomum cervi to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of aqueous extracts of leaves and seeds of Erioglossum rubiginosum. After that, we assessed the anthelmintic activity of the green synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). We observed that the extracts showed a significant and dose-dependent decrease in the paralysis time and death time of parasites whereas better activity was found from the synthesized CuNPs. At last, we claim that comprehensive investigation on plant extracts and CuNPs could be carried out for further study and might pave the way for development of novel therapeutic agents that show efficacy against diverse parasitic infections.

Hypoglycemic TCM formulas (Huangqi-Gegen drug pair) have the potential as an Alzheimer's disease

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder. There is a considerable unmet medical need among those suffering from it. Hypothesis and purposeGiven the link between type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and AD, hypoglycemic traditional Chinese medicine formulas (TCMFs) may be a treatment for AD. We investigated the possibility of identifying anti-AD medicines in hypoglycemic TCMFs and presented another option for the screening of AD medications. Study design and methodsParalysis of the transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strain CL4176 (caused by amyloid beta (Aβ)1–42 aggregates) was used to evaluate the anti-AD effect. The toxicity and neurodegeneration induced by neuronal expression of Aβ in the transgenic C. elegans strain CL2355 were determined using a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) assay. The transgenic Aβ-expressing strain CL 2006 and transgenic tau-expressing strain BR5270 were used to explore the effect of TCMFs on protein expression in C. elegans using ELISAs. Then, network pharmacology was used to determine the mechanism of action. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System platform was used to investigate prescription patterns, core drugs, and optimum combinations of hypoglycemic TCMFs for AD. ResultsSixteen hypoglycemic TCMFs prolonged the PT50 (half paralysis time) of the CL4176 strain of C. elegans, reduced the percentage of worms paralyzed. The results of network pharmacology showed that prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) are main targets of hypoglycemic TCMFs. Enriched pathway analysis showed that the cholinergic receptor-related pathway was the core pathway of hypoglycemic TCMFs. According to the “four qi and five flavors” system of TCM theory, the main pharmacological qualities were “cold” and “sweet.” Through the analysis by TCMISS, we found that Huangqi-Gegen drug pair as the significant Chinese herbs of hypoglycemic TCMFs. The Huangqi–Gegen pairing had the most robust therapeutic effect when delivered at a 2:1 (v/v) ratio. It reduced the paralysis caused by 5-HT, decreased protein expression of AChE and PTGS2, and reduced Aβ deposition in the brain of the CL2006 strain of C. elegans. ConclusionsHuangqi–Gegen is a promising treatment of AD, and its mechanism may be induced by suppressing the protein production of AChE and PTGS2, reducing 5-HT intake, and then decreasing Aβ deposition.

Enhanced external counterpulsation treatment improves multi-organ hemodynamics for postoperative liver transplantation patient. A case report

IntroductionPost liver transplantation (LT) patients endure high morbidity rate of multi-organ ischemic symptoms following reperfusion. We hypothesize that enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) as a typical non-invasive assisted circulation procedure, which can efficiently inhibit the relative ischemic symptoms via the systemic improvement of hemodynamics.Case presentationA 51-year-old male patient, 76 kg, 172 cm, received orthotopic LT surgery for viral hepatitis B induced acute-on-chronic liver failure hepatic failure. His medical records revealed ischemic symptoms in multi-organ at the time of hospital discharge, including headache, refractory insomnia, abdominal paralysis, and lower limb pain. The EECP treatment was introduced for assisted rehabilitation and to improve the postoperative quality of life. Doppler Ultrasound examination showed significant augmentation of blood flow volume in the carotid arteries, the hepatic artery, the portal vein and the femoral artery during EECP intervention. A standard 35-hour EECP treatment led to significant improvement in quality of life, e.g. sleep quality and walking ability.ConclusionWe report a case of multi-organ ischemic symptoms in a post LT patient. EECP treatment can significantly improve the quality of life via the systematic promotion of hemodynamics.

Preliminary Screening for the Anthelmintic Activity of Millettia zechiana Harms and Its Modifying Effect on Albendazole.

Helminthic infections affect a greater proportion of the world's population. This study determined the anthelmintic activity of Millettia zechiana and its modifying effect on albendazole. Powdered leaves of M. zechiana were successively extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The anthelmintic potential of the M. zechiana leaf extracts and the modifying effects of the extracts on albendazole were determined on Pheretima posthuma. Phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analyses were performed to determine the chemical composition of each extract. The plant extracts of M. zechiana had few or all phytoconstituents such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, phytosterols, and alkaloids present. The IC50 obtained for albendazole, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts for paralysis time were 0.936, 1.722, 1.283, and 1.348 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 obtained for albendazole and the ethanol extract for death time were 4.638 and 4.988 mg/mL. The ethanol extract at 10 and 5 mg/mL caused death in the worms after 152.5 ± 8.66 minutes and 304.8 ± 7.27 minutes of exposure, respectively. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts of M. zechiana significantly modified the activity of albendazole at concentrations of 2.5 and 1.25 mg/mL (P < 0.0001). The ethanol extract which exhibited the best anthelminthic activity was fractionated through column chromatography, and five (5) fractions were obtained. Fractions 1, 2, 4, and 5 had the best paralytic activities against the worms. Fractions 1 and 2 demonstrated better helminthicidal activity than albendazole, which had an IC50 of 3.915. The GC-MS analysis of the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extracts showed the presence of 10, 10, and 37 compounds, respectively, with 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and some aromatic compounds being the most predominant. The results obtained indicate that M. zechiana leaf extract possesses anthelmintic activity.

In-vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of Zingiberaceae species commonly available in Mwanza, Tanzania

Introduction: Resistance to commonly used anthelmintic drugs has been reported in many areas of the world. Natural products are good candidates for discovering more effective anthelmintic compounds. This study assessed the In-vitro activity of extracts from Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale and Elettaria cardamomum. Methods: This study was an In-vitro experimental study involving Apporrectodea longa earthworms. The worms were treated with 20mls of both distilled water and ethanolic extracts of all plant species (at 20, 40 and 60mg/ml). Albendazole was used as a standard drug. Paralysis and death time were recorded. Results: The paralysis time for water extracts were 0.83 hrs, 1.22 hrs and 3.33 hrs at 20mg/ml for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively while death time was 2.00 hrs, 1.50 hrs and 7.61 hrs for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively. The paralysis time for ethanol extracts were 0.50 hrs, 0.58 hrs and 0.70 hrs at 20mg/ml for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively while death time was 1.00 hrs, 1.00 hrs and 1.64 hrs for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively. Elettaria cardamomum and Zingiber officinale recorded shorter paralysis time than albendazole at 20mg/ml. Conclusion: Zingiber officinale and Elettaria cardamomum have recorded promising In-vitro activity warranting for pharmacological and toxicological investigations.

Comparative Study of Herbal drugs and Synthetic drugs used for treatment of Intestinal Worm Infestation

The purpose of this study was to compare the herbal drugs which are used traditionally with commonly used synthetic drugs for the treatment of intestinal worm infestation. The experiment was conducted using adult Indian earthworms (Pheretima Posthuma) owing to their anatomical and physiological similarity to human intestinal parasites, making it convenient for the evaluation of anthelmintic compounds in a laboratory setting. As a control sample and preparation of samples normal saline solution was used. Various concentrations of both herbal and synthetic drugs were tested and result was obtained in the terms of time of paralysis and time of death in minutes. All the drugs show different time of paralysis and death of worms. In this study we took herbal powders without any extraction process or chemical process done on it.

In vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity Evaluation of Brassica Rapa Ssp. Chinensis Ethanolic Extract with In Vitro Thrombolytic and Anthelmintic Activity Test

Objective: Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis is a well-known vegetable plant (Family: Brassicaceae) often grown as a type of Chinese cabbage. The present study was designed to explore the thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities of ethanolic extract of the Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis leaves. Methods: The in vitro thrombolytic activity of the leaf extract was evaluated by clot analysis using Streptokinase as a standard drug. The in vitro anthelmintic activity was assessed by applying four different concentrations of the plant extract (10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, and 60mg/ml) and recording the time of paralysis and death of worms. Two different doses (100mg/kg and 250mg/kg b.w.) were administered to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The antinociceptive activity was evaluated by hot plate test in mice by two different doses (200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w.). Results: The ethanolic leave extract had thrombolytic action, which broke up blood clots that had already formed. The ethanolic leaf extract showed both paralysis and faster worm death at those concentrations in the anthelmintic test. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory action in pedal edema compared to the control group. The results show that the highest level of anti-inflammatory action against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema may be achieved with an ethanolic extract of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (250 mg/kg, p.o.). The proportion of maximum possible effect in the hot plate test was 82.49 percent in the antinociceptive evaluation. Conclusion: The pharmacological test of leaf extract endorsed the clinical uses of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis in treating thrombosis, intestinal worms, and inflammation. Thus, this plant could be subjected to extensive bioactive compounds to discover novel therapeutic agents. Keywords: Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis, ethanolic extract, thrombolytic activity, anthelmintic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive activity

Exploring Bioactive Phytochemicals in Gymnema sylvestre: Biomedical Uses and Computational Investigations

The main objective of this research was to perform Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) extract’s phytochemical screening and identify its therapeutic potential. Using a Soxhlet apparatus, the powdered plant material was extracted using ethyl acetate. The preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, and steroids. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis of the extract was performed and confirmed the presence of 11 compounds. As per the quantitative analysis, the extract exhibited a phenolic content of 948 µg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight, a total flavonoid content of 398 µg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight, and an alkaloid content of 487 µg atropine equivalent/g dry weight. As per the in vitro cytotoxicity test using A549 cells, the IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value for the extract was found to be 76.06 ± 1.26 µg/mL, indicating its cytotoxic effect on the cells. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antibacterial efficacy, as evidenced by a zone of clearance measuring 3 mm against Escherichia coli and 6 mm against Bacillus subtilis. For anthelmintic activity, the earthworm paralysis time induced by G. sylvestre extract (10 mg/mL) was 28.13 ± 0.8 min, and the time of death was 68.21 ± 1.72 min. In comparison, the reference drug, piperazine citrate (10 mg/mL), caused paralysis in 22.18 ± 1.02 min and resulted in death at 66.22 ± 2.35 min. Similarly, the coagulation time was notably prolonged, with blood clot formation observed at 1 min and 40 s, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, which underscores the potential anticoagulant or hemostatic modulation properties of G. sylvestre extract. The test extract showed good inhibition of alpha-amylase activity and exhibited an IC50 value of 15.59 µg/mL. The IC50 value for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)-scavenging activity for the extract was 19.19 µg/mL. Based on the GCMS results, the compound 2,7-dimethyl-undecane was selected for its anticancer potential. Docking studies were conducted with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein, specifically the 5WB7 variant associated with lung cancer. The docking score was −4.5, indicating a potential interaction. Key interaction residues such as ASN328, VAL350, and THR358 were identified. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the phytochemical composition and diverse biological activities of G. sylvestre extract, offering a foundation for further exploration of its medicinal and pharmacological potential.

Metabolic Regulations of Smilax china L. against β-Amyloid Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Smilax china L. (Chinaroot) is a natural herb that has multiple uses, such as being used to make tea and food. Both its roots and leaves have different uses due to their unique components. In this study, we analyzed the extract of S. china. roots using LC-HRMS and evaluated the neuroprotective effects and metabolic regulation of S. china on Caenorhabditis elegans. Chinaroot extract prolonged the life span of healthy nematodes, delayed the paralysis time of transgenic CL4176, and reduced the level of β-amyloid deposition in transgenic CL2006. The comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and qRT-PCR revealed that Chinaroot extract exerted neuroprotective effects through the valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation and fatty acid degradation pathways. Moreover, we first discovered that the expressions of T09B4.8, ech-7, and agxt-1 were linked to the neuroprotective effects of Chinaroot. The material exerted neuroprotective effects by modulating metabolic abnormalities in AD model C. elegans. Our study provides a new foundation for the development of functional food properties and functions.

Investigation of Anthelmintic Potential of Two Leafy Vegetables from the Amaranthaceae Family

Objective: The present study investigates the anthelmintic potential of Amaranthus viridis Linn. and Amaranthus tricolor Linn. (Amaranthaceae) leafy vegetables from the Pune district, traditionally used as vermicides. Materials and Methods:The ethyl acetate, acetone and ethanol leaf extracts of both plants were subjected to preliminary investigations for thephytochemical elements. The anthelmintic activity of these extracts was tested against fully-grown Eisenia fetida earthworms.Ethyl acetate extract of A. viridis L. and acetone extract of Amaranthus tricolor L. showed the presence of all phytochemicals.Doses of 10–30 mg/ml were used in bioassay. Time of paralysis and death of earthworms was observed. Results: All extractsexhibited considerable dose-dependent activity against the reference drug, showing maximum activity at 30 mg/mL in bothplants. The most promising activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract of the A. viridis L. (P (min.) = 4, D (min.) =5), followed by the acetone extract of the A. tricolor L. (P (min.) = 6, D (min.) = 13). Albendazole (20 mg/ml) and normalsaline were applied as a standard drug and control, respectively. High concentrations of alkaloids, tannins, and phenolicphytochemicals might be responsible for the exceptional activity. Conclusion: The present work scientifically validates thetraditional use and concludes that ethyl acetate and acetone extracts may be further processed to isolate the compoundsresponsible for said activity. One-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5% was used to validate the data (n = 3, p &lt; 0.05).

Diplazium Esculentum Fronds Extract: A Promising Source Of Anthelmintic Compounds Against Pheretima Posthuma - Phytochemical Insights

This studywas to determine the phytochemical composition of Diplazium esculentum and evaluate its in-vitro anthelmintic properties against Pheretima posthuma using extracts from the fronds of Diplazium esculentum. Helmintcs is an infectious disease caused by worms that is also known as Helminths. These affect human health globally by causing infection. Anthelmintics designed to inhibit the growth of parasite worm or kill it.Diplazium esculentum is known as edible fern,lingra,fiddlehead ,vegetable fern etc.for the identification of bioactive compounds to conduct phytochemical screening of Diplazium esculentum with employing verious tests to detect the presence of compouds - Alkal-oids, Tannin, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, ster-oids, and sap-onins, of Diplazium esculentum extracts. Extraction from the fronds of Diplazium esculentum via using the soxchlet Apparatus and the ethanolic and aqeous extract are extracted out.The yield of aqueous extact is highr then ethanol extract. These extracts are used for in-vitro anthelmintics activity againts Pheretima posthuma that is commonly known as earthworm that is found in moist soil rich in organic matter.The concentrations (10,25,45 mg/ml) are studies to examine the anthelmintcs activity.during the experiment observe the mortility, paralysis and death time of worm.The distilled water is uses as vehical and the albendazole use as standard with same concentrations.Reasult:Thia study shows that Diplazium esculentum has valuable source of bioactive compouds.Diplazium esculentum natural source for anthelmincs and the aqueous extract display the anthelmintcs activity albeit to a lesser extent compared to the ethanol extract.

Deciphering In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Properties of Seed and Fruit Extracts of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of the methanolic extract of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch fruits (PFJM) and seeds (SFJM), along with their soluble fractions in ethyl acetate (fruit: PFJE; seed: SFJE) and chloroform (fruit: PFJC; seed: SFJC). Our phytochemical analysis of the examined extracts confirmed the presence of various therapeutically active phytoconstituents, including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids. Employing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical quenching method, SFJC exhibited the highest antioxidative potential, with an IC50 of 48.84, compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 21.77). The thrombolytic activity was assessed through rapid clot analysis of human blood samples, revealing that SFJC demonstrated the highest thrombolytic activity (60.99 ± 2.28%) compared to streptokinase (72.89 ± 2.19%). In the protein denaturation antiarthritic test, the PFJE and SFJC extracts exhibited significant potency, achieving results of 74.28 ± 1.16% and 79.25 ± 0.83%, respectively, at a dose of 500 μg/mL. All samples displayed notable anthelmintic activity by reducing Pheretima posthuma paralysis and death time in a dose-dependent manner compared to albendazole. In both in vivo analgesic tests, SFJC demonstrated substantial (p < 0.01) pain inhibition percentages (tail immersion: 49.46%; acetic acid writhing: 66.43%) at a dose of 600 mg/kg. During neuropharmacological screening, all extracts significantly (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) and dose-dependently decreased the mice's locomotion activity and motor balance. In the thiopental-induced sedation assay, SFJC significantly decreased the sleep latency time (4.18 ± 0.24 min) and increased the duration of sleep time (85.20 ± 2.39 min) at a higher dose. All samples notably reduced blood glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test in a dose-responsive manner, and SFJC exhibited a considerable hypoglycemic impact (7.38 ± 0.44 mmoles/L at 600 mg/kg). The frequency of diarrheal episodes in mice during the antidiarrhea assessment was significantly decreased by the tested plant samples. These findings can serve as a reference for future endeavors to isolate pure bioactive compounds from this plant for the development of novel phytomedicines.

Türkiye’den Toplanan Inula graveolens (L.) Desf. Türünün Bazı Biyolojik Aktivitelerinin Araştırılması

In this study, it was aimed to determine the phenolic and flavonoid content and different biological activities (antioxidant, enzyme inhibitor, anthelmintic) of the methanol extract of Inula graveolens (L.) Desf collected from Muğla (Turkey). As a result of the study, the total phenolic content was determined as 5.36±0.32 mg GAE/g, and the total flavonoid amount was determined as 3.49±0.05 mg QE/g extract equivalent. In the ß-carotene/linoleic acid method, the extract showed lower activity than the standard BHA used. The extract was determined to be equivalent to 4.28±0.24/0.47±0.03 mg TE/g extract in terms of copper and iron-reducing power capacity, respectively. Although the enzyme inhibitory activities of the extract increased with the increase in concentration, it was determined that it had lower activity than galantamine (89.41±0.05%) and kojic acid (73.93±0.10%) used as standard. Paralysis and death times of the extract at different concentrations (2.5,5,10,20 mg/mL) on Tubifex tubifex worms were determined. It was determined that the extract at high concentrations (20 mg/mL) exhibited an activity near that of andazole (10 mg/mL) used as a standard. According to these results, I. graveolens can be considered a good resource for the pharmaceutical industry due to its activities.