Inflation Time Research Articles

Inflation target credibility in times of high inflation

Inflation target credibility in times of high inflation

Inflation and Tax Timing

Inflation and Tax Timing

Analytic solutions of Brans–Dicke cosmology: Early inflation and late time accelerated expansion

In this paper, we investigate the most general exact solutions of Brans–Dicke cosmology by choosing the scale factor “a” as the new independent variable. It is shown that a set of three field equations can be reduced to a constraint equation and a first-order linear differential equation. Thus this new set of equations is solvable when one supplies one of the following pairs of functions: ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) or ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). A universe with a single component energy-matter density, the early universe with constant energy density and radiation and the present universe with constant energy density and matter are studied. It is seen that in all cases initial values of the universe cause [Formula: see text] potential and a constant term in the Hubble function which causes an exponential expansion of the universe. The relation between cosmological constant and initial values of the universe is found.

Usefulness of a Perfusion Balloon for Intraprocedural Stent Thrombosis in a Patient With ST-Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction Complicated With Cardiogenic Shock

Intraprocedural stent thrombosis is a rare but serious complication of reperfusion therapy for acute coronary syndrome. There is currently no consensus on the intraprocedural management of intraprocedural stent thrombosis. It is difficult to attain thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade 3, particularly in cases of cardiogenic shock. A 49-year-old man who presented with anterior ST-segment elevated acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention to diffuse proximal lesions in the left anterior descending artery under the support of intra-aortic balloon pumping. Intraprocedural stent thrombosis occurred following the postdilations with a 3.5- × 38-mm everolimus-eluting stent. Despite administration of argatroban and nitroprusside, and after frequent balloon inflations using 3.5-mm noncompliant balloons and thrombectomy, the no-reflow phenomenon was repetitively established. However, after brief and prolonged balloon inflations using 3.5- and 3-mm Ryusei perfusion balloon catheters (Kaneka Medix), the diffusely protruded thrombus inside the stent regressed, and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade 3 was obtained. The final intravascular ultrasound image showed a well-suppressed, in-stent thrombus and 24% gain of stent area (from 7.5 to 9.3 mm2). A Ryusei perfusion balloon enabled frequent, long inflation times without deteriorating hemodynamics during reperfusion in ST-segment elevated acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock. Thus, extended balloon inflation using a perfusion balloon is deemed a viable option not only for intraprocedural stent thrombosis but also for cases with a high burden of thrombi during the primary stenting procedure for patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Forecasting inflation time series using score‐driven dynamic models and combination methods: The case of Brazil

AbstractThis paper evaluates the inflation forecasting models of a small open economy. We compare forecasts of Brazilian inflation (consumer price index—IPCA) based on the generalized autoregressive score (GAS) approach with the forecasts reported in the Focus Bulletin (the Brazilian Central Bank's weekly consensus survey report), as well as with other benchmark models. We selected a restricted number of the variables used most in the literature to compose the forecasting models. Furthermore, based on a confidence set, we applied a wide range of combination methods to the forecast components aiming at improving the forecasting power. Point and density forecast tests were performed to verify the performance of the models. The results showed that the GAS models had good predictive performance for the IPCA, and it was possible to improve their accuracy by combining them with other models.

Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Coatings for the Rapid and Tunable Contact Transfer of Plasmid DNA to Soft Surfaces.

We report the design and characterization of thin polymer-based coatings that promote the contact transfer of DNA to soft surfaces under mild and physiologically relevant conditions. Past studies reveal polymer multilayers fabricated using linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), and plasmid DNA promote contact transfer of DNA to vascular tissue. Here, we demonstrate that changes in the structure of the polyamine building blocks of these materials can have substantial impacts on rates and extents of contact transfer. We used two hydrogel-based substrate models that permit identification and manipulation of parameters that influence contact transfer. We used a planar gel model to characterize films having the structure (cationic polymer/PAA/cationic polymer/plasmid DNA)x fabricated using either LPEI or one of three poly(β-amino ester)s as polyamine building blocks. The structure of the polyamine influenced subsequent contact transfer of DNA significantly; in general, films fabricated using more hydrophilic polymers promoted transfer more effectively. This planar model also permitted characterization of the stabilities of films transferred onto secondary surfaces, revealing rates of DNA release to be slower than rates of release prior to transfer. We also used a three-dimensional hole-based hydrogel model to evaluate contact transfer of DNA from the surfaces of inflatable catheter balloons used in vascular interventions and selected a rapid-transfer coating for proof-of-concept studies to characterize balloon-mediated contact transfer of DNA to peripheral arterial tissue in swine. Our results reveal robust and largely circumferential transfer of DNA to the luminal walls of peripheral arteries using inflation times as short as 15 to 30 s. The materials and approaches reported here provide new and useful tools for promoting rapid, substrate-mediated contact transfer of plasmid DNA to soft surfaces in vitro and in vivo that could prove useful in a range of fundamental and applied contexts.

PH-Responsive Polyelectrolyte Coatings that Enable Catheter-Mediated Transfer of DNA to the Arterial Wall in Short and Clinically Relevant Inflation Times.

We report the design and characterization of pH-responsive polymer coatings that enable catheter balloon-mediated transfer of DNA to arterial tissue in short, clinically relevant inflation times. Our approach exploits the pH-dependent ionization of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to promote disassembly and release of plasmid DNA from polyelectrolyte multilayers. We characterized the contact transfer of multilayers composed of PAA, plasmid DNA, and linear poly(ethyleneimine) (LPEI) identified as promising in prior studies on the delivery of DNA to arterial tissue. In contrast to thinner films evaluated previously, we found thicker coatings composed of 32 repeating (LPEI/PAA/LPEI/DNA)x tetralayers to swell substantially in physiologically relevant media (in PBS; pH = 7.4). In some cases, these coatings also disintegrated or delaminated rapidly from their underlying substrates, suggesting the potential for enhanced balloon-mediated transfer. We developed a technically straightforward agarose gel-based hole-insertion model to characterize factors (inflation time, lumen size, etc.) that influence contact transfer of DNA when film-coated balloons are inflated into contact with soft surfaces. Those studies and the results of in vivo experiments using small animal (rat) and large animal (pig) models of peripheral arterial injury revealed catheters coated with these materials to promote robust contact transfer of DNA to soft hydrogel surfaces and the luminal surfaces of arterial tissue using inflation times as short as 30 s. These short inflation times are relevant in the context of clinical vascular interventions in peripheral arteries. Additional studies demonstrated that contact transfer of DNA using these short times can promote subsequent dissemination and transport of DNA to the medial tissue layer, suggesting the potential for use in therapeutically relevant applications of balloon-mediated gene transfer.

Dynamics simulation of a folding wing unmanned aerial vehicle with the parachute system assisted launching

This paper mainly focuses on a series of dynamic problems caused by a small folding wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with a parachute system assisted launched from the high-altitude balloon platform. The simulation contents are the four-stage motion processes of the “parachute-UAV system” after separation from the balloon platform, including the straightening stage, the inflation process, the stable descend under the influence of the wing deployment action, and the trajectory leveling of the UAV. The “parachute-UAV system” is equivalent to a multi rigid body connection structure. We introduce the straightening length parameter and the wing deployment angles based on the Kane method to establish the dynamic model. And we choose the inflation time method to simulate the parachute deployment process and the flat plate high angle of attack model to describe the wing aerodynamic force. In the simulation, we compare six launching processes of different wing deployment time periods and obtain the separation state of each UAV when cut from the parachute. We adopt the Radau Pseudo-Spectral method to calculate the leveling trajectory of six UAVs. This paper is an engineering application research study and can provide a simulation reference for the launching test of the balloon-borne folding wing UAV system.

Novel design of irregular closed-cell foams structures based on spherical particle inflation and evaluation of its compressive performance

Due to the high degree of randomness in the microstructure of real closed-cell foams, many reported numerical models in the literature are not able to capture precisely the local morphological features found in solid foams geometry. This is still the main impediment that restricts the investigation of this novel material and motivates the development of a sophisticated 3D solid model, which describes properly the complex geometry of real closed-cell foams. In this regard, this paper presents an original approach to generate a realistic and accurate 3D computational model of irregular closed-cell foams with relative density control and detailed finite element analysis of their mechanical performance under quasi-static loading up to densification. The solid model is constructed based on spherical particles inflation simulation. It resembles the real foams in terms of local features such as cell walls irregularities and thickness variation. The modeling approach was successfully verified by comparing cell-morphological details of the generated models with those produced experimentally available in the literature and by the high-quality of obtained 3D printed models containing complex shapes and irregular cell wall thickness distribution. The evolution of spherical particles during the inflation process is analyzed based on finite element (FE) simulations. It was found that it can produce varying relative densities of foam due to the gradual decrease in the gap between the inflated particles, this makes the geometrical model of the foam suitable for studying the effect of local morphological characteristics on the mechanical performance of closed-cell foam material. To demonstrate that the compressive performance of the proposed closed-cell foam models can be controlled by relative density, 3D foam models were extracted from different inflation times and then subjected to quasi-static compression tests up to densification using the Abaqus software. The results confirm that the plateau stress can be expressed as a function of foam relative density, its accuracy is validated by comparing it to the closed-cell aluminum foam power law equation existing in the literature. The new design method offers suitable numerical models for AM technology, plenty of experimental works on closed-cell foam can be reduced for engineering applications.

Downward nominal wage rigidity in the United States in times of economic distress and low inflation

Rigidity in wages has long been thought to impede the functioning of labor markets. In this paper, we investigate how the degree of downward nominal wage rigidity in U.S. labor markets has changed over time using job-level data from a nationally representative establishment-based compensation survey collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. After defining two types of downward nominal rigidity (operative and potential) often used in macroeconomic models of business fluctuations, we employ three distinct methods to examine the magnitude of downward nominal rigidity in the U.S. labor market, whether each type of rigidity is more or less severe in the presence of negative economic shocks than in more normal economic times, and how the degree of rigidity changed as inflation trended downward. We find no evidence that the high degree of labor market distress during the Global Financial Crisis resulted in a change in the extent of potential downward rigidity in nominal wage changes, though we do observe a downward trend in potential rigidity as wage inflation fell over the broad stretch of our data. In contrast, we find that operative rigidity was both countercyclical and increased at lower rates of inflation. In addition, we find a much lower degree of both types of downward nominal rigidity at multi-year horizons.

Die Finanzpolitik kann nicht alle entlasten

AbstractThe coming relief packages should be precisely targeted in the form of transfers for those on low incomes. In times of inflation, the efficiency of government fiscal policy is of particular importance. Additional spending projects should be critically examined accordingly. In the face of acute shortages, it may be plausible to postpone projects. Recent developments in commodity markets suggest that some shortages may not be permanent. The possibility that some of the calamities are temporary argues for not betting on new taxes now. An increase in the tax ratio that allows for a temporarily more progressive design of the tax and transfer system is already endogenous. To this end, however, the “cold progression” should not be dismantled (as has been customary in recent years), as this would probably constitute an expansionary impulse in itself in the coming year.

Intracranial Pulsating Balloon-Based Cardiac-Gated ICP Modulation Impact on Brain Oxygenation: A Proof-of-Concept Study in a Swine Model.

Brain oxygenation improvement is a sought-after goal in neurocritical care patients. Previously, we have shown that cerebral blood flow improvement by cardiac-gated intracranial pressure (ICP) modulation using an intracranial pulsating balloon is feasible in a swine model. We sought to explore specific ICP modulation protocols to assess the feasibility of influencing brain oxygenation. A previously presentedelectrocardiogram (ECG)-gated intracranial balloon pump in which volume, timing, and duty cycle of balloon inflation could be altered was used. Different protocols were tested in a swine model of normal and elevated ICP attained by intracranial fluid infusion with continuous monitoring of physiological parameters, andbrain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2)was measured at baseline and after device activation. We studied five swine, subjected to two main protocols differing in their phase relative to the cardiac cycle. In reduced brain perfusion status (ICP > 20mm Hg, PbtO2 < 15mm Hg), the late-diastolic-early-systolic (Inflation/deflation) protocol showed consistent elevation in PbtO2 (+ 9%, p < 0.01), coupled with ICP reduction (- 12%, p < 0.01), whereas the early-systolic-late-diastolic (inflation/deflation) protocol resulted in PbtO2 reduction (- 4%, p < 0.01), coupled with ICP increase (+ 5% above baseline, p < 0.01). No significant changes in brain oxygenation or ICP were observed at normal perfusion status (ICP < 20mm Hg, PbtO2 > 15mm Hg). Intracranial cardiac-gated balloon pump activation can influence cerebral oxygenation and raise PbtO2 above threshold values. This study supports the concept of late-diastolic pressure rise, coupled with early-systolic pressure drop, as a potential effector of flow augmentation leading to improve brain tissue oxygenation. Further studies are warranted to assess the translational potential of using an intracranial cardiac-gated balloon pump device to improve brain tissue oxygenation.

Maximizing Angioplasty Results in Peripheral Interventions

The field of Interventional Radiology is said to have begun in 1964, when Dotter successfully restored circulation to an 82-year-old woman's leg with critical limb ischemia and gangrene by percutaneously dilating a localized stenosis of the superficial femoral artery using a Teflon catheter. The dilation catheter was revolutionary in the inception of angioplasty, and progress evolved with the development of angioplasty balloons. As angioplasty became more widely utilized, the focus turned to improving its results. Several factors are important to consider with regards to maximizing angioplasty results in peripheral interventions. These factors include vessel size, lesion length, lesion location, and the anatomic vascular bed. Operators must make thoughtful decisions regarding balloon choice, diameter, length, inflation pressures, inflation time, and employ these devices with excellent technique to optimize outcomes. Complications from angioplasty include elastic recoil, vessel dissection, vessel rupture, distal embolization, and neointimal hyperplasia. The most widely recognized limitation of angioplasty is the longevity of treatment effect. In order to improve long-term outcomes, different specialty balloons have been developed to address lesions resistant to plain balloon angioplasty and combat neointimal hyperplasia to improve outcomes. Ultimately the goal is to maximize vessel patency for the longest duration possible, and many exciting new technologies are on the horizon.

Constant-roll inflation driven by holographic dark energy

The scenario of constant-roll inflation is investigated assuming that it is caused by holographic dark energy with energy density 3 M p 2 c 2 / L 2 . The energy density with varying c parameter and Hubble radius as infrared cutoff provides a proper description for the late time acceleration expansion. This motivates us to study the role of the same holographic dark energy in the scenario of constant-roll inflation. One of the main features of constant-roll inflation is that the second slow-roll parameter is constant which is not necessarily small. This feature brings a differential equation for the parameter c . After finding an analytical solution for the parameter, the observable parameters are obtained at the time of inflation, and by comparing the model with data, the constants of the model are determined. The energy scale of inflation is estimated which is about 1 0 16 GeV . Finally, a correspondence between the HDE and canonical scalar field is considered and the behavior of the constructed potential and its magnitude is discussed.

P70 ESPERIENZA CLINICA DELLE PRIME 41 PROCEDURE DI LITOTRISSIA INTRACORONARICA IN UN CATH–LAB ITALIANO

Abstract Introduction Stent under expansion is one of the main predictors of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) failure, being a trigger for both in–stent restenosis and stent thrombosis, with their obvious clinical impact. Among the main causes of stent failure, the presence of a severely calcified lesion is the most frequent and dangerous. Correct recognition and preparation of target lesion are therefore mandatory before stenting. Methods We enrolled all the patients treated with angioplasty and IVL (Shockwave Medical Inc, Santa Clara, USA) from October 2020 to October 2021 in our cath lab. Each patient signed informed consent. Results We enrolled 35 patients (with 41 lesions treated with IVL). Mean age was 73 years old, 29 were males (82%). Clinical characteristics are shown in the table. Twenty–one lesions (50%) were treated up–stream before stenting, 6 (16%) were bail–out IVL for inadequate stent expansion after post–dilation and 14 (37%) were in–stent restenosis with evidence of stent under–expansion because of the high burden of calcium. Fifty–four per cent of patients were treated in the context of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Seventy–three per cent of patient had three–vessel disease. The majority of procedure were done through radial access (74%) and 79% of the stenosis was prepared with NC balloons (at least 2.5 mm diameter) before deployment of the IVL balloon; in 2 case IVL was done after rotational atherectomy. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance was used in in 15 pts. Two balloon were broken during lithotripsy. In 26 of 41 stenosis (63%) IVL delivery was obtained on a single wire, while 11 required buddy–wire (of whom 8 required child–in–mother technique to obtain adequate support for delivery). We had two major complications: 1 case of ventricular fibrillation (in a patients with recent myocardial infarction and severe reduction of ejection fraction, and 1 case of perforation at the time of inflation of the NC balloon after IVL easily treated with positioning of a covered stent which was easily delivered thanks to the previous IVL treatment). Conclusion IVL is a safe and all–around technique for treatment of severely calcified lesion in different clinical contexts from stable coronary artery disease to ACS, useful for upstream calcium treatment as well as bail–out stent optimization and correction of under expansion in calcified in–stent restenosis.

Using Vertebrate Stem and Progenitor Cells for Cellular Agriculture, State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Global food systems are under significant pressure to provide enough food, particularly protein-rich foods whose demand is on the rise in times of crisis and inflation, as presently existing due to post-COVID-19 pandemic effects and ongoing conflict in Ukraine and resulting in looming food insecurity, according to FAO. Cultivated meat (CM) and cultivated seafood (CS) are protein-rich alternatives for traditional meat and fish that are obtained via cellular agriculture (CA) i.e., tissue engineering for food applications. Stem and progenitor cells are the building blocks and starting point for any CA bioprocess. This review presents CA-relevant vertebrate cell types and procedures needed for their myogenic and adipogenic differentiation since muscle and fat tissue are the primary target tissues for CM/CS production. The review also describes existing challenges, such as a need for immortalized cell lines, or physical and biochemical parameters needed for enhanced meat/fat culture efficiency and ways to address them.

How Has the Digital Environment Affected Advertising Creativity?

<h3>Objective</h3> To study the first five inflations during the resuscitation of prematurely born infants and whether the infant9s inspiratory efforts influenced the expired tidal volume. <h3>Design</h3> Prospective observational study. <h3>Setting</h3> Two tertiary perinatal centres. <h3>Patients</h3> Thirty infants, median gestational age 30 (23–34) weeks. <h3>Interventions</h3> The first five inflations delivered via a face mask and t-piece device were examined using respiratory function monitoring. <h3>Main outcome measures</h3> Inflation pressures, inflation times and expiratory volumes were recorded and comparison made of inflations during which the infant made an inspiratory effort (active inflation) or did not (passive inflation). <h3>Results</h3> Overall, the median expired tidal volume was 2.5 (0–19.8) ml/kg and was lower for passive (median 2.1 ml/kg, range 0–19.8 ml/kg) compared with active (median 5.6 ml/kg, range 1.2–12.2 ml/kg) inflations (ratio of geometric means 1.85, 95% CI 1.18 to 28%) (p=0.007). Overall, the median face mask leak was 54.5% and was lower for active (34.5%) compared with passive (60.7%) inflations (mean difference in % leak: 12.4%, 95% CI 0.9 to 24%) (p=0.0354). There was a significant positive correlation between the expiratory volumes and the inflation pressures (R2 between subjects 0.19, p=0.04) and a negative correlation between the expiratory tidal volumes and the face mask leaks (R2 between subjects=0.051, p&lt;0.001), but there was no significant correlation between the inflation times and the expiratory tidal volumes. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The expired tidal volume, inflation pressures and times during the first five inflations during resuscitation were variable. The expired tidal volumes were significantly greater if the infant inspired during the inflation.

Price inflation effects on a solar-geothermal system for combined production of hydrogen, power, freshwater and heat

This study explores the effects of price inflation on the optimal performance of a solar-geothermal system capable of combined production of hydrogen, power, freshwater and heat. Multi-objective optimization is applied, with the ground water mass flow rate and the solar collector area as the decision variables, alongside the payback period and the annual production of hydrogen, power, freshwater and heat as the objective functions. The results show that when inflation rises four-fold from 0.05 to 0.20, the ground water mass flow rate drops by 20.1%, while the solar collector area rises by 14.4%. Accompanying this are 15.0%, 12.2% and 12.0% decreases in annual freshwater, power and heat production, respectively, alongside a 9.9% increase in annual hydrogen production. The payback period, meanwhile, increases only modestly, from 6.11 to 7.39 years, demonstrating the economic viability of such a combined solar-geothermal system, even in inflationary times.

Higher Tissue Concentrations of Vancomycin Achieved With Low-Dose Intraosseous Injection Versus Intravenous Despite Limited Tourniquet Duration in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Trial

Vancomycin use has been suggested in high risk patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Previous literature has shown that a lower dose (500 mg) of vancomycin given by intraosseous regional administration (IORA) achieves tissue concentrations 4-10 times higher than intravenous (IV) administration. There is increasing interest in performing TKA with limited tourniquet inflation time. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether IORA of vancomycin can achieve effective tissue concentrations with limited tourniquet inflation time. Based on prior power calculations, 24 patients undergoing primary TKA were randomized into 2 groups. Group IV-Systemic received weight-based (15 mg/kg) vancomycin with the tourniquet inflated for cementation only. Group IORA received 500 mg vancomycin via IORA after tourniquet inflation which remained inflated for 10minutes, then reinflated for cementation only. Vancomycin concentrations from tissue, serum, and drain fluid were compared between the 2 groups. Median vancomycin concentrations in tissue were significantly higher (5-15 times) at all time points in the IORA group. Concentrations in fat at the time of wound closure, after the tourniquet had been deflated for most of the procedure, were 5.2 μg/g in Group IV-Systemic and 33.1 μg/g in Group IORA (P < .001). Median bone concentrations taken just prior to cementation were 7.9 μg/g in Group IV-Systemic and 21.8 μg/g in Group IORA (P= .006). There were no complications related to IORA. For surgeons who wish to limit tourniquet time and when indicated to use vancomycin, low-dose vancomycin IORA achieves tissue concentrations 5-15 times higher than those achieved by IV administration. Level 1 therapeutic randomized trial.

What Is Needed of a Scalar Field If It Is to Unify Inflation and Late Time Acceleration?

Quintessential inflation refers to scenarios in which a single scalar field is used to describe inflation and late time acceleration. This review is dedicated to the framework of quintessential inflation, with a focus on the building blocks of formalism. Consistent unification of inflation and late time acceleration using a single scalar field asks for a shallow field potential initially followed by steep behaviour thereafter and shallow again around the present epoch. The requirement of non-interference of the scalar field with thermal history dictates the steep nature of potential in the post-inflationary era, with a further restriction that late time physics be independent of initial conditions. We describe, in detail, the scaling and asymptotic scaling solutions and the mechanism of exit from the scaling regime to late time acceleration. The review includes a fresh look at scaling solutions that are central to the theme of unification of inflation and late time acceleration. As for the exit mechanism, special attention is paid to the coupling of massive neutrino matter to the scalar field, which builds up dynamically and can give rise to late time acceleration. We present a detailed analytical treatment of scalar field dynamics in the presence of coupling. We briefly discuss the distinguishing feature of quintessential inflation, namely the blue spectrum of gravity waves produced during the transition from inflation to the kinetic regime.