Extraction Time Research Articles

Alkanediol–hexafluoroisopropanol amphiphilic supramolecular solvent: Fabrication, characterization, and application potential for doping control of hormones and metabolic modulators in human urine

A novel amphiphilic supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) was developed by hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-induced self-assembly of 1,2-hexanediol in an aqueous matrix. Its application potential in multiclass determination was assessed by extracting from urine 10 prohibited hormones and metabolic modulators (log P from 2.38 to 7.57) listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This SUPRAS is stably formed across a wide pH range (2–12) and is unaffected by salt concentrations (<10 % g mL−1 of NaCl), and it has a higher density than water. The dehydration and hydrogen bonding ability of HFIP, as well as hydrophobic interactions between alkanediols, dominates the formation of the SUPRAS. The nanostructure of the SUPRAS, composed of 1,2-hexanediol, HFIP, and a high content of water (>25 %, w/w), forms large spherical micellar aggregates (10–100 μm) that exhibit amphiphilic properties. A 1,2-hexanediol-HFIP SUPRAS-based liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method for detection of selected prohibited drugs in urine coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established, optimized, and validated. The method showed fast extraction time (30 s of vortex) and low solvent consumption (160 μL of organic solvent). Under the optimal conditions (7 % g mL−1 of 1,2-hexanediol, 10 % v/v of HFIP), the SUPRAS achieved high extraction efficiencies (>80 %) and an enrichment factor of 6.0, with minimal matrix effects for all analytes due to its high amphiphilicity and large surface area. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R ≥ 0.9909), with method limits of detection ranging from 0.018 to 0.18 ng mL−1 and method limits of quantitation ranging from 0.060 to 0.60 ng mL−1, which are well below the minimum required performance levels set by authorities. Furthermore, the intra- and inter-day relative recoveries for spiked human urine samples varied in the ranges of 90.3 %–121 % and 88.1–119 %, respectively, with relative standard deviations less than 13 % and 19 %, respectively. This SUPRAS-based LPME method proves to be simple, highly efficient, and eco-friendly, and it has promising potential for multiclass determination in doping control.

Aceite esencial de hojas de Minthostachys mollis[HBK] Griseb. del Ecuador: Extracción, composición química, capacidad antioxidante y actividad antimicrobiana

The aim of this study was to optimize by response surface design, the extraction of the leafessential oil (EO) from Minthostachys mollis [HBK] Griseb., grown in Ecuador, using steam distillation. The factors used were extraction time (XTIE) of 60, 105 and 150 min and plant material/water ratio (XRMA) of 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. The optimal combination was reached with XRMA 1:5 and XTIE 150 min, obtaining a process yield of 0.67%. The chemical composition of the EO analyzed by GC-MS was determined, where the main compounds were carvacryl acetate (44.01%), carvacrol (16.51%) and menthone (8.20%). The antioxidant capacity of EO was evaluated using the FRAP and ABTS methodologies, with an IC50243.21 μmol Fe2+/g and 0.12 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of EO was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coliand Staphylococcus aureus.

Extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents

The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents was investigated. Palmarosa oil possesses an appealing rose aroma and properties like anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant due to the presence of geraniol. The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil by using distillation methods like steam distillation and fractional distillation was a laborious process. So hydrotropes were tried for extraction. The geraniol yield and purity depend on parameters like concentration of hydrotrope, solvent volume ratio, and time period. Using the Box Benkhem Design (BBD), the extraction process was optimized. One of the major advantages of using hydrotropic solvents is that they were classified as green solvents, and recovery of solvents is also possible. To reduce the extraction time probe sonication is carried out. Different hydrotropic solvents with probe sonication are done on palmarosa oil by altering various process parameters to study the separation, yield, and purity.

Enhancing the Nutritional Profile of Crataegus monogyna Fruits by Optimizing the Extraction Conditions

Crataegus monogyna (CM) fruits are highly regarded for their rich nutritional content, boasting elevated levels of various beneficial secondary metabolites like total polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and ample amounts of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity. Despite the acknowledged benefits of CM fruits, researchers have directed more attention toward its leaves and flowers. Consequently, the current research attempts to optimize extraction techniques for CM fruit using a multifaceted approach involving varied durations, temperatures, and concentrations of ethanol solvent to isolate the diverse range of bioactive components present effectively. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) is employed for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds. According to the results, by following the optimum extraction parameters (50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time), the total polyphenol content can be increased up to 410%, reaching 55.59 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. Using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and extraction time of 90 min, the total anthocyanin content can be enhanced by more than 560%, reaching a quantity of 51.83 μg cyanidin equivalents/g. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of CM fruit extracts can reach 415.95 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw (by FRAP method), using 50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time, and 270.26 μmol AAE/g dw (by DPPH method) and 1053.28 mg/100 g dw ascorbic acid content, using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and 90 min extraction time. This comprehensive study seeks to augment the already substantial content of bioactive compounds found in CM, resulting in an extract with promising applications across the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries.

Supersonic combustion field evolution prediction in scramjet engine using a deblurring multi-scale attention network

Traditional deep learning technologies often overlook crucial spatiotemporal information when reconstructing supersonic combustion flow fields. These models can only reconstruct the current flow field, resulting in poor visual quality due to the atomization effect. This research introduces experimental studies on scramjet combustion flows with variable injection pressures at the inlet of a scramjet Mach 2.5, creating image datasets of flame evolution processes over different predicted time spans (5, 10, and 15 ms). It develops a multi-scale attention algorithm with deblurring (DB-MSAN) capabilities to predict the flame image after a certain period using the wall pressure signal from the previous moment. The algorithm employs two multi-head attention channels at different scales to extract timing information, encouraging the model to focus on the anisotropy of the input data and to identify more significant features. The DB module utilizes the adapted atmospheric scattering model to jointly estimate the transmission map and atmospheric light, achieving an exceptional defogging effect with a minimal computational expense. The model’s overall performance is assessed regarding efficiency and accuracy, comparing DB-MSAN’s performance differences with those of Chen’s and the ResNet16 models across multi-span, large-span, various test sets, and sparse wall measurement points. Experimental results indicated that, compared to other methods, DB-MSAN achieves a maximum peak signal-to-noise index improvement of 76.10 % and an SSIM index improvement of 155.26 % when predicting average-quality images. The prediction accuracy remains stable, even with sparse pressure input. In addition, DB-MSAN strikes an optimal balance between the number of parameters and model accuracy; it represents only 16.97 % of the volume compared to Chen’s model, which is 585 MB.

Modeling and process optimization of extraction conditions on the quality characteristics of oil from cashew kernel using Response Surface Methodology

The quest for edible oil for consumption could not be over-emphasized and problems encountered during the conventional shelling of cashew kernel are the exposure to extremely high levels of temperature which may affect the quality of the extracted oil. The effects and optimization of extraction conditions on the properties of cashew kernel oil was investigated. The oil was processed from the cashew kernel using varying sample weight (10, 30, 50 g), extraction time (1, 2, 3 h) and solvent volume (75, 200, 325 ml). The extracted oil was evaluated for physicochemical properties and oil yield. Result showed that the physicochemical properties of cashew oil were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the extraction conditions. Increase in extraction time and solvent volume increased the chemical properties (peroxide value, saponification value, iodine value) but decreased free fatty acid. The study optimization of the combined effects of the process conditions was achieved using sample weight of 10 g, extraction time of 2 h and solvent volume of 75 ml. These variables are important consideration for optimal quality of cashew kernel oil with maximum yield of 44.6 % and could therefore be utilized commercially as a source of edible oil for human consumption.

No lead left behind: procedural outcome of excimer laser powered extractions in patients with abandoned leads - a GALLERY subgroup analysis

Abstract Background Lead dwell time &amp;gt; 10 years, has been recognized as a predictive factor for procedural failure of transvenous lead extraction (TLE). However, there is a limited information concerning the specific outcomes of TLE for abandoned leads when employing the excimer laser-powered sheath. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the procedural outcomes of individuals with abandoned leads undergoing TLE with excimer laser-powered sheath as first tool strategy. Methods A subgroup analysis of patients with abandoned leads of the GALLERY (GermAn Laser Lead Extraction RegistrY) database was conducted. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence of abandoned leads at the time of extraction: Group 1 for those with abandoned leads, and Group 2 for those without abandoned leads. Results Among the 2524 patients, 749 individuals (29.7%) had abandoned leads (Group 1) at the time of the procedure. Patients in Group 1 were typically older (69.1±13 vs. 67.6±14.1 years; p=0.026) and 23.5% were female. Leading extraction indication was local infection (37.4% vs. 34.3%, p=0.145), systemic infection (33.2% vs. 26.6%, p=0.001) and lead dysfunction (24.3% vs. 33.5%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Additionally, more patients in Group 1 presented with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices (30.4% vs. 22.9%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Significant differences were observed in the mean number of total leads (3.4±1.1 vs. 2.0±0.7, p&amp;lt;0.001), median age of the oldest lead (117 vs. 87 months; p&amp;lt;0.001), and the number of right-sided leads (41.7% vs. 29.5%, p&amp;lt;0.001), all of which were higher in Group 1. Median hospital stay (10 vs. 9 days; p=0.002), median procedural time (105 vs. 75 minutes; p&amp;lt;0.001) and use of additional tools (11.2% vs. 4.7%, p&amp;lt;0.001) were significantly higher in Group 1. There was no difference regarding clinical success (p=0.32) between the groups. However, complete procedural success was significantly higher in Group 2 (84.9% vs. 94.2%, p&amp;lt;0.001). All-cause mortality did not differ between the groups (p=0.111) but procedural-related mortality was higher in Group 1 (2.9% vs. 0.6%, p&amp;lt;0.001). The overall complications rate was also significantly higher in Group 1 (5.7% vs. 3.7%, p=0.03). Conclusion Patients with abandoned leads presented an increased procedural complexity, less procedural and clinical success despite the use of multiple tools, longer hospital-stay and higher procedure-related mortality rates. Therefore, an extraction strategy should be considered before deciding to abandon non-functional or dysfunctional leads.

Early vs. late lead extraction in CIED infections: evaluating the interplay of infection type, timing, and comorbidities

Abstract Background Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices (CIEDs) may be associated with peri- and post-procedural complications like device-related infection, one of the most serious challenge of CIEDs therapy associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and financial healthcare burden. Despite a routine use of antibiotics, recent studies reported an increase in CIEDs infections, with or without systemic involvement, that often require surgical interventions like transvenous lead extraction. Purpose This study evaluates the outcomes of transvenous lead extraction in patients with infected CIEDs, focusing on the impact of early versus delayed extraction timing on patient outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis of 165 patients who underwent transvenous lead extraction for CIED infections between 2019 and 2022 was conducted. Patients were categorized into systemic (n=64) or local (n=101) infection groups and further into early (within 7 days from admission, n=102) or delayed (after 7 days, n=63) extraction groups. Post-procedural outcomes, including septic shock, complications, and mortality rates were described. Results The majority of patients were male (75%) with a median age of 73 (IQR 64-80) years. In the early extraction group, the 1-year mortality rate was significantly lower at 6.4%, compared to 25% in the delayed group. Patients with systemic infections had higher 1-month and 1-year mortality rates compared to those with local infections. The success rates of complete device removal were similar across groups. However, the delayed extraction group exhibited higher rates of comorbidities like anemia, chronic kidney disease, and elevated C-reactive protein levels, which were prevalent in 70% of these patients, compared to 45% in the early extraction group. Conclusions Timely management of CIED infections is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Early extraction within 7 days from hospital admission is associated with significantly lower mortality, regardless of local or systemic infection. Patients undergoing delayed extraction often present with greater comorbidity, which may contribute to their higher mortality rates. This underscores the importance of considering patient comorbidities and prompt intervention in managing CIED infections.

Structure Elucidation of a Novel Polysaccharide Isolated from Euonymus fortunei and Establishing Its Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties

Euonymusfortunei polysaccharides (EFPs) have not been extensively investigated yet in terms of their extraction and biological activity. The orthogonal experimental design was employed in this study to evaluate the optimum yield of EFPs. A maximum yield of 2.63 ± 0.23% was attained using material-liquid ratios of 60 mL/g, extraction temperature of 80°C, ultrasonic power of 144 W, and extraction time of 75 mins. The polysaccharide content reached 53.47 ± 0.31% when deproteinized thrice. An analysis of monosaccharide composition revealed that these polysaccharides consist of Gal, Glc, Man, Fuc, and Rha with a molar ratio of 7.14 ∶ 23.99 ∶ 6.29 ∶ 6.55 ∶ 1.00, respectively, in EFPs. Subsequently, the in vitro scavenging capacities of 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ·OH and superoxide anion radicals, along with the reducing power of EFPs, were studied. Results revealed that EFPs have higher antioxidant activity, particularly ·OH scavenging, as well as reducing power, as compared to Astragalus polysaccharides (ASPs) and Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of polysaccharides on SKOV3 cell proliferation, and the results revealed their inhibition at concentrations in the range of 200–800 μg/mL. In addition, findings from flow cytometry further confirmed that EFPs blocked the cell cycle at G0/G1 and S phases and induced SKOV3 cell apoptosis. In a word, EFPs could be exploited and used further based on the experimental results from this study.

Recognition Algorithm of AE Signal of Rock Fracture Based on Multiscale 1DCNN-BLSTM

Acoustic emission (AE) signals produced by different types of rocks have different characteristics of information. Determining the brittle mineral content of rock according to the acoustic emission characteristics of rock is helpful to understand the mechanical behavior of rock in field monitoring. This article constructs a deep learning algorithm model to identify acoustic emission signals released from rock fractures with different brittle mineral contents. In response to the interference characteristics of acoustic emission signal data, a multiscale one-dimensional convolutional neural network embedded with efficient channel attention (ECA) module was incorporated into the model, and multiscale convolutional kernels were used to extract features of different levels of precision. In the latter half of the model, the BLSTM network was incorporated to extract time series-related features, local spatial uncorrelated features, and weak periodic pattern features from the acoustic emission signal data. To solve the problem that the recognition accuracy of minority samples decreases, this study replaces ReLU activation function with SELU. The results show that the multiscale 1DCNN-BLSTM model embedded in ECA module has a good antinoise performance, and the recognition accuracy can reach over 90%. The discovery of this work provides a new idea for exploring the mechanism of rock mass instability.

Optimization of the Parameters Influencing the Antioxidant Activity and Concentration of Carotenoids Extracted from Pumpkin Peel Using a Central Composite Design

It has been discovered that the peel of a pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), regarded as a waste product of pumpkin processing, has significant amounts of carotenoids and other antioxidants. This study aims to identify the most effective extraction parameters for an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method to extract the total carotenoids (TCs) and assess the antioxidant activity (AA) of pumpkin peel. To determine the effects of the extraction time, temperature, and material-to-solvent ratio on the recovery of TCs and AA, a response surface methodology utilizing the central composite design (CCD) was used. The extraction temperature (6.25–98.75 °C), extraction duration (13.98–128.98 min), and solvent ratio (0.23–50.23 mL) were the variables studied in the coded form of the experimental plan. The carotenoid concentration varied from 0.53 to 1.06 mg/g DW, while the AA varied from 0.34 to 7.28 µM TE/g DW. The findings indicated that the optimal extraction parameters were an 80 °C temperature, a 10 mL solvent ratio, and a 100 min extraction time. The study confirmed that the optimum extraction conditions resulted in an experimental TC yield of 0.97 mg/g DW and an AA of 7.25 µM TE/g DW. Overall, it should be emphasized that the extraction process can be enhanced by setting the operating factors to maximize the model responses.

Extraction of His Bundle Pacing Lead: More Difficult than Coronary Sinus Lead Extraction: An Analysis of 3897 Lead Extraction Procedures Including 27 His and 253 Coronary Sinus Lead Removals

Background: Experience with the transvenous extraction of leads used for His bundle pacing (HBP) is limited. Methods: Analysis of 3897 extractions including 27 HBP and 253 LVP (left ventricular pacing) leads. Results: The main reason for HBP lead extraction was lead failure (59.26%). The age of HBP and LVP leads (54.52 vs. 50.20 months) was comparable, whereas procedure difficulties were related to the LVP lead dwell time. The extraction of HBP leads &gt; 40 months old was longer than the removal of younger leads (8.57 vs. 3.87 min), procedure difficulties occurred in 14.29%, and advanced tools were required in 28.57%. There were no major complications. The extraction time of dysfunctional or infected leads was similar in the HBP and LVP groups (log-rank p = 0.868) but shorter when compared to groups with other leads. Survival after the procedure did not differ between HBP and LVP groups but was shorter than in the remaining patients. Conclusions: 1. HBP is used in CRT-D systems for resynchronisation of the failing heart in 33.33%. 2. Extraction of HBP leads is most frequently performed for non-infectious indications (59.26%) and most often because of lead dysfunction (33.33%). 3. The extraction of “old” (&gt;40 months) HBP leads is longer (8.57 vs. 3.87 min) and more difficult than the removal of “young” leads due to unexpected procedure difficulties (14.29%) and the use of second line/advanced tools (28.57%), but it does not entail the risk of major complications and procedure-related death and is comparable to those encountered in the extraction of LVP leads of a similar age. 4. Survival after lead extraction was comparable between HBP and LVP groups but shorter compared to patients who underwent the removal of other leads

Solvent Bar Microextraction Method Based on a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent and Multivariate Optimization for Determination of Steroid Hormones in Urine and Water

Steroid hormones may pose potential risks to both human health and wildlife, primarily through the consumption of medication or polluted food and water; efforts are being made to monitor their levels in the human body and regulate and minimize their releases to the environment. In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly sample preparation method was developed to simultaneously determine three steroid hormones in urine and water samples. A monoterpene (menthol) and a fatty acid (lauric acid) were combined in various ratios to form a hydrophobic deep eutectic (HDE) solvent as an extraction solvent in solvent bar microextraction (SBME). Using a univariate strategy, a menthol-to-lauric acid HDE ratio of 4:1 and a pH 7 of the sample solution resulted in the highest extraction efficiency (EE%) of the selected steroids. The computational methods have been employed to predict a 4:1 HDE interaction with chosen steroids. Additionally, chemometric approaches suggested that the optimal extraction conditions involved HDEs as extract solvent confined within three SBME devices directly immersed into a 20 mL sample solution with a 30 min extraction time, followed by ultrasonication within 200 μL of elution solvent for a 5 min elution time. Under optimized conditions, the method calibration graph for the spiked selected steroids in the water and urine samples showed good linearity with R2 ≥ 0.994 with limits of detection/quantification lower than 0.40/1.35 μg L−1 and repeatability/reproducibility (RSD%, n = 5) lower than 5.09/7.11. The developed method allows a safe, rapid, and reliable analysis of three steroid hormones in human urine and water samples without using toxic volatile organic solvents.

THE METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF FLAVONOIDS IN THE FLOWERS OF GIANT CEPHALARIA

Giant cephalaria (Cephalaria gigantea (LEDEB.) BOBROV) is a powerful perennial whose height reaches two meters. This plant is found in Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia, as well as in North and South Africa. It is cultivated in the Botanical garden of Samara University. The extracts of giant cephalaria have been used in traditional medicine for many years due to their antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antipyretic activities, which may be due to various biologically active compounds. It is known that the leaves contain triterpenoids, phenolic carboxylic acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and the flowers contain flavonoid compounds: luteolin, quercetin, cynaroside, quercimeritrin and gigantoside A. The article describes the development of a technique for quantifying of the amount of flavonoids in the flowers of giant cephalaria. Spectrophotometric analysis of water-alcohol extracts from giant cephalaria flowers allowed us to establish that the main contribution to the absorption curve of their UV-spectra in the presence of AlCl3 is made by flavonols having a free OH group at the C-3 position, and in the differential version, the maximum absorption of the tested solution is close to that of the standard sample of quercetin (428±2 nm). Optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids in giant cephalaria flowers were determined: extractant 70% ethyl alcohol; the ratio "raw material-extractant" – 1 : 50; extraction time – extraction in a boiling water bath for 60 minutes, the degree of grinding of raw materials – 2 mm, analytical wavelength – 426 nm. It was determined that the content of the total flavonoids calculated on quercetin in the flowers of giant cephalaria varies from 1.58±0.05% to 2.63±0.05%. The error of a single determination with a 95% confidence probability is ±1.75%. The obtained results were used in the development of the FS project for a new type of medicinal plant raw materials "Cephalaria giant flowers" for introduction into the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

Development of biodegradable film from cactus (Opuntia Ficus Indica) mucilage loaded with acid-leached kaolin as filler

Nowadays, substituting petroleum-based plastics with biodegradable polymers made from polysaccharides loaded with various reinforcing materials has recently gained attention due to the impact of conventional plastics wastes. In this study, polysaccharidic mucilage from Ethiopian cactus (Opuntia Ficus Indica) was derived using microwave-assisted extraction technique to develop biodegradable polymers that were inexpensive, readily available, simple to make, and ecofriendly. The effect of microwave power 300–800 W, solid-liquid (cactus-sodium hydroxide solution) ratio 1:5–1:25, sodium hydroxide concentration 0.1–0.8 mol/L, and extraction time 2–10 min on mucilage extraction were studied and the maximum yield of mucilage was attained at optimized parameters of 506 W, 1:20, 0.606 mol/L, and 9.5 min, respectively. Biodegradable polymers made with mucilage alone have poor mechanical characteristics and are thermally unstable. Thus, to overcome the stated problems, glycerol as a plasticizer and acid-leached kaolin crosslinked with urea as a reinforcing material were used. Moreover, the effect of acid-leached kaolin and glycerol on the physico-chemical properties of the films was studied, and a maximum tensile strength of 6.74 MPa with 18.45 % elongation at break, thermally improved biodegradability of 26 %, were attained at 10 % acid-leached kaolin and 20 % glycerol crosslinking with 2 % urea. But the maximum degradability of 53.5 % was attained at 30 % glycerol content. The control and reinforced biodegradable films were characterized using TGA, FTIR, SEM, and XRD to determine the thermal, functional group, morphology, and crystallinity of the bioplastics, respectively. These biodegradable plastics may be used for packaging application.

The development of methods for determination the total flavonoids in buds of Populus alba L.

White poplar (Populus alba L., family Saliaceae ) has a similar chemical composition with other species of the genus Populus L. and it can consider as a promising source of raw materials containing phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids. The pharmacological activity of the buds of pharmacopeial species of genus Populus L., and also of the white poplar is caused by biologically active compounds, mainly of a phenolic nature, including flavonoids (pinostrobin, piriocembrin, quercetin, etc.), phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid, etc.) and simple phenols (salicin).. One of the most well-known biologically active compounds of white poplar is quercetin, for which an antihistamine, anti-inflammatory action has been demonstrated. Differential spectrophotometry carried out in accordance with the OFS was used as a research method.1.2.1.1.0003.15 "Spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible regions". Spectral characteristics of water-alcohol extracts were evaluated on a Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena AG, Germany) in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 10 mm. It was determined that in all electronic spectra of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar there are two absorption maxima in the area of 290 nm and 370 nm, due to flavanones and flavonols, respectively. It was established that in the electronic spectra of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar, a significant bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength band in the presence of aluminum chloride is observed, which confirms the presence of flavonoids. Under the conditions of differential spectrophotometry UV spectrum of the water-ethanolic extractions from the buds of the white poplar, an absorption maximum is observed at wavelength of 430 nm, which indicates the expediency of using quercetin in the analysis technique, which has an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 430±2 nm. As a result of the study, the method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the amount of flavonoids in the buds of white poplar using differential spectrophotometry calculated on quercetin at an analytical wavelength of 430 nm. The optimal parameters of extraction of raw materials were determined: extractant – 90% ethyl alcohol, the ratio of "raw material-extractant" – 1:30, extraction time – 60 minutes. The content of the total flavonoids calculated on quercetin in the buds of the white poplar is varied from 0,45±0,02 % to 0.69 ± 0.03%

Rapid and In-Field Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide in Plant by Hydrogel Microneedle Patch.

The rapidly changing climate is exacerbating the environmental stress that negatively impacts crop health and yield. Timely sensing of plant response to stress is beneficial to timely adjust planting conditions, promoting the healthy growth of plants, and improving plant productivity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an importantmolecule of signal transduction in plants. However, the common methods for detecting H2O2in plants are associated with certain drawbacks, such as long extraction time, cumbersome steps, dependence on large instruments, and difficulty in realizing in-field sensing. Therefore, it is urgent to establish more efficient detection methods to realize the rapid detection of H2O2 content in plants. In this research, poly (methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) (PMVE/MA) hydrogel microneedle (MN) patch for rapid extraction of leaf sap are prepared, and the extraction mechanism of PEG-crosslinked PMVE/MA hydrogel MN patch isstudied. A method of rapid detection of H2O2 content in plants based on MN patch with optical detection technology is constructed. The hydrogel MN patch can be usedfor timely H2O2 analysis. This application enables new opportunities in plant engineering, and can be extended to the safety and healthmonitoring of other plants and animals.

A generalist regulator: MYB transcription factors regulate active ingredient biosynthesis in medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants are rich in a variety of secondary metabolites with therapeutic value. However, the yields of these metabolites are generally very low, making their extraction both time- and labour-consuming. Transcription factor (TF)-targeted secondary metabolic engineering can efficiently regulate the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. v-Myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) TFs are involved in regulating various morphological and developmental processes, responses to stress, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. This review discusses the biological functions and transcription regulation mechanisms of MYB TFs and summarises the research progress concerning MYB TFs involved in the biosynthesis of representative active components. In the transcriptional regulatory network, MYB TFs regulate multiple synthase genes to mediate active ingredient biosynthesis. This study will serve as a reference for the in-depth analysis of the MYB TF family in medicinal plants.

Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction from Levisticum officinale WDJ Koch Roots Using Pareto Optimal Solutions

The current research trend is not only focused on advanced techniques to intensify the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants, but also on the optimization process. The objective of this work was the implementation of the multiple criteria analysis using navigation on Pareto sets to determine the optimal parameters for the microwave-assisted extraction of Levisticum officinale WDJ Koch roots in order to obtain the maximum efficiency of the antioxidant potential of the extracts. The optimized parameters were extraction time, microwave power, and plant biomass/solvent ratio, while the evaluation criteria were based on the total phenols, flavonoids, reducing sugars, and antioxidant capacity. It was shown that the process parameters analyzed, i.e., biomass/solvent ratio, process time, and microwave power, determined the extraction efficiency of total phenolic content (TPC). A different observation was made for the analysis of total flavonoid content (TFC) and total antioxidant potential (TAA). Compared to the assessment of TFC and TAA, a completely different trend was observed for the analysis of total reducing sugars (RSC). Sets of Pareto optimal, compromise, and preferred solutions were identified that will maximize the efficiency of the extraction of bioactive compounds from biomass. Due to the determined number of Pareto optimal solutions, an approach related to the introduction of preferences in the optimization procedure was applied. It was shown that for a satisfactory level of bioactive compounds, extraction should be carried out at a maximum microwave power of 750 W. Preferred solutions were obtained for root biomass to water ratios ranging from 0.0536 g/mL to 0.0679 g/mL. The preferred optimal time for microwave-assisted water extraction ranged from 64.2857 to 85.7143 s.

Response surface methodology of subcritical water-reactive extraction of gingerol to shogaol ginger dregs through ultraviolet light pretreatment

The increase of shogaol production through reactive extraction of subcritical water depends on the stages of the pretreatment process in destroying the cellular cells of ginger pulp. Pretreatment using ultraviolet B (UVB) is predicted to be able to damage cellular cell walls and outer cell membranes (plasmalemma). In addition, to initiate the degradation of gingerols to shogaols, the reaction conversion and selectivity of shogaols are increased. This study aimed to examine the optimum process conditions for the subcritical water-reactive extraction of gingerol to shogaol from the ginger pulp by utilizing UVB pretreatment: reactive extraction temperature (110 – 130oC), ratio solvent/feed (22:1 – 32:1 b/b), and time (10 – 30 minutes). The extract of shogaol in solvent was separated from the raffinate with a separator funnel and analysed using HPLC-MS. Interpretation of experimental data to optimize the reactive extraction process used the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The study results show that at 120°C, solvent:inlet ratio 27:1 for 20 minutes through ultraviolet B-light pretreatment for 10 minutes, the yield of shogaol increased from 177 µg/L (without UV) to 18646 µg/L. Moreover, the RSM model was very good at predicting shogaol acquisition responses with a determination coefficient of R2 to be 0.8554. The optimum condition for reactive extraction through UV-B light pretreatment was reached at a temperature of 121.46°C and an inlet solvent ratio of 27.96 at 18.36 minutes, with a shogaol concentration of 18567.1 µg /L.