Time Of Decapitation Research Articles

Pengujian Efektivitas Penyembuhan Luka Mencit Diabetes Melitus Yang Diberikan Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bandotan

Bandotan plants (Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.) commonly used as agent in the treatment of inflammatory, wound, and also used used as analgesic, stimulant and tonic. In this study we carried out a test of the effectiveness of the cream (w/o) of ethanolic extract of bandotan leaves in wound healing in streptozocin-induced hyperglycemia mice. Animals were divided into five groups: Group I (without induced, given cream base w/o), group II (induced, given cream base w/o), group III (induced, given cream containing 3% extract), group IV (induced, given cream containing 5% extract) and group V (induced, given cream containing 7% extract). Animals also divided into three subgroups based on time of decapitation on 7th, 14th and 21th days. The parameters observed were the percentage of wound healing and collagen fibers density scores. Results were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA. The results showed that the cream in concentration of 3%, 5% and 7% could affect wound healing in hyperglycemia mice. The percentage of wound healing of the cream in concentration of 3%, 5% and 7% were significantly different (p<0,05) with positive control, and density scores of collagen fibers was also significantly different (p<0,05) from the positive control and negative control. However, the best results was obtained from cream containing 5% extract which perrcentage of wound healing reached 98.5% on 21th day and got a score of 3 for density of collagen fibers that had been formed on the 14th day.

Effects of soil temperature and time of decapitation on sucker initiation of intact Populus tremuloides root systems

In a growth chamber experiment, root suckering of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) was assessed in relation to timing of cutting and soil temperature. Aspen seedlings were grown in large pots for 3 years before experimentation. In a 2×2 factorial experiment, 3-year-old seedlings were cut at the end of the dormant period or after leaf flush and grown at two soil temperatures (8 or 20°C) for 39 days. Root systems were evaluated for suckering response and carbohydrate reserve status. There were no differences between the two soil temperatures and times of cut in the number of sucker buds initiated on the roots, but the number of buds that developed into suckers was much greater at 20°C. Cutting the dormant seedlings delayed suckering by nearly a week, resulting in smaller suckers at the time of harvest. However, cutting the seedlings when dormant produced almost twice the number of suckers than when cutting occurred after leaf-out. Total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) of roots declined from 35.6% of dry weight at the end of the dormant season to 21.6% at the time of leaf-out, but there were no differences between the soil temperature and timing of cut treatments. After the 39 day growth period, root systems had 7% lower root TNC in the 20°C treatment than in the 8°C treatment, likely to support the development of the emerging suckers and higher respiration demands.

Decapitation in suicidal hanging — a case report with a review of the literature

We report a case of self-decapitation by suicidal hanging from a river bridge and discuss the decapitation mechanism, reviewing the literature. The torso and the head of the victim, respectively, were found apart in a river approximately 100 m and 600 m, respectively, downstream from the bridge in two days. Morphological, serological and DNA analyses confirmed their identity. Torn ligaments between the atlas and axis accompanied by fractures in the axis at the partes interarticulares were indicative of a traction force combined with anteroflexion of the head by falling from a height, and the radial pressure due to a strong, single twisted nylon rope with a slip knot was considered to have contributed considerably to the subsequent skin laceration with wavy marginal abrasions. In the reviewed literature, cervical spine fractures were described only in two of six cases, suggesting head movement at the time of decapitation.

The Use of Insects to Determine Time of Decapitation: A Case-Study from British Columbia

A case is presented in which insects were used to determine time of decapitation. A severed human head was located on 28 June in a ditch on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The victim had been missing since 17 June. Prepupal Calliphora vomitoria (L.) were found at the cut surface of the neck and no evidence of insect feeding was observed at any of the natural orifices; the eyes were intact. Meteorological and insect developmental data indicated that the insects had been oviposited on or before 20 June. The lack of feeding at the orifices, together with the evidence of feeding and presence of insects at the cut surface of the neck indicated that the eggs had been laid after decapitation. Therefore, decapitation had occurred on or before 20 June. This was consistent with later police evidence.

Effects of 3-Iodo-L-tyrosine, a Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor, on Eye Pigmentation and Biogenic Amines in the Planarian,Dugesia dorotocephala

Planarians (Dugesia dorotocephala) were evaluated as bioassay organisms to detect inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines. Thirty planaria per dose were exposed to 0 (control), 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mM3-iodo-L-tyrosine (monoiodotyrosine or MIT) in standard test media beginning 24 hr before decapitation and continuing for 13 days. Complete regeneration of normal heads occurred over the first 6 days in all dose groups, a response reported to be partially dependent on catecholamines. Beginning on Day 7, the black eye pigments began fading in the 0.1 and 1 mMdose groups and were completely absent macroscopically and histologically by Day 11. The 0, 0.001, and 0.01 mMdose groups did not lose visible eye pigments. On Day 13, 3 planaria/dose were harvested for histopathology; 15 planaria/dose were decapitated a second time and remained in MIT solutions; and 12 planaria/dose were left intact, placed in fresh control media, and evaluated for eye repigmentation. Normal head regeneration (including eyes) was detected grossly in all groups, even in those animals devoid of eye pigments at the time of decapitation. As before, eye pigments began fading 7 days after decapitation (Day 20 of experiment) and were completely absent in 73 and 33% of the animals in the 0.1 and 1 mMgroups, respectively, on Day 25. All animals moved to control media reformed eye pigments, beginning within 48 hr. Analysis of the decapitated heads by HPLC-ECD on Day 13 revealed a significant decrease in dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) concentrations in MIT-exposed animals. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity (and possibly tyrosinase activity) was shown to be inhibited by the highest two concentrations for whole planaria homogenatesin vitro.

Effects of 3-Iodo-L-tyrosine, a Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor, on Eye Pigmentation and Biogenic Amines in the Planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala

Planarians (Dugesia dorotocephala) were evaluated as bioassay organisms to detect inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines. Thirty planaria per dose were exposed to 0 (control), 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mM 3-iodo-L-tyrosine (monoiodotyrosine or MIT) in standard test media beginning 24 hr before decapitation and continuing for 13 days. Complete regeneration of normal heads occurred over the first 6 days in all dose groups, a response reported to be partially dependent on catecholamines. Beginning on Day 7, the black eye pigments began fading in the 0.1 and 1 mM dose groups and were completely absent macroscopically and histologically by Day 11. The 0, 0.001, and 0.01 mM dose groups did not lose visible eye pigments. On Day 13, 3 planaria/dose were harvested for histopa thology; 15 planaria/dose were decapitated a second time and remained in MIT solutions; and 12 planaria/dose were left intact, placed in fresh control media, and evaluated for eye repigmentation. Normal head regeneration (including eyes) was detected grossly in all groups, even in those animals devoid of eye pigments at the time of decapitation. As before, eye pigments began fading 7 days after decapitation (Day 20 of experiment) and were completely absent in 73 and 33% of the animals in the 0.1 and 1 mM groups, respectively, on Day 25. All animals moved to control media reformed eye pigments, beginning within 48 hr. Analysis of the decapitated heads by HPLC-ECD on Day 13 revealed a significant decrease in dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) concentrations in MIT-exposed animals. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity (and possibly tyrosinase activity) was shown to be inhibited by the highest two concentrations for whole planaria homogenates in vitro.

Thyroid Hormone Action on ACTH Secretion

Thyroid hormone effects on pituitary ACTH have not been well established. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered hypo- and hyperthyroid while undergoing treatment with 6-Propylthiouracil (PTU) and L-Thyroxine (T4). At the time of decapitation, plasma values for T4 (micrograms/100 ml) were 3.9 +/- 0.4 in the control, 17.3 +/- 2.2 in the T4 and less than 2 in the PTU treated group; plasma T3 and TSH confirmed hyper- and hypothyroidism in the T4 and PTU treated groups respectively. Plasma immunoassayable ACTH and corticosterone were significantly increased in hyperthyroid and decreased in the PTU treated animals. Pituitaries were removed and incubated in DMEM. After 3 h incubation, ACTH content and secretion to the medium were significantly lower in the PTU group. As expected, pituitary TSH content and secretion were decreased in the T4 treated animals. These data indicate that thyroid hormones influence pituitary-adrenal function by increasing ACTH secretion and consequently corticosterone production.

Effet d'un traitement par l'acide abscisique sur la division cellulaire, les teneurs en ADN et l'élongation du bourgeon cotylédonaire de plants de pois décapités

When applied to pea (Pisum sativum L. var. nain hâtif d'Annonay) cotyledonary bud at the time of decapitation, cis-abscisic acid (ABA) induced a decrease in the mitotic indices of the meristem and subapical regions of the bud, in comparison with decapitated but not ABA treated control plants. ABA treatment delayed the entry of the G0–1 nuclei of the inhibited bud into the S phase and then into mitosis. Whatever the ABA concentration (10−3 to 10−7 M), the overall growth of the bud and the elongation of the cortical cells in its subapical region were not affected during the first 48 h. ABA induced an inhibition of bud elongation, all the more important since it was applied later after decapitation. When applied on a 48-h released bud, ABA induced an inhibition of elongation of the bud, a decrease in its mitotic activity, as well as a concentration of the shoot apex nuclei in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, this exogenous ABA treatment could not entirely replace the main axis in maintaining the inhibited state of the bud.

The dopamine metabolite 3-methoxytyramine is not a suitable indicator of dopamine release in the rat brain.

It has been postulated that changes in the concentration of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the brain might reflect changes in the release of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (DA, dopamine) and, therefore, might be used as an index of dopaminergic activity in the brain. 3-MT is known to accumulate rapidly after death. Killing by microwave irradiation (MWR) is considered to be the method of choice to obtain "undisturbed" 3-MT concentrations. We measured striatal 3-MT concentrations even lower than those following MWR when the brains were excised and frozen in dry ice very rapidly (typical time between decapitation and freezing of the brain 22 s). There was a linear increase in striatal 3-MT concentration when the time between decapitation and freezing was varied between 13 and 300 s. Extrapolation to time zero indicated negligible amounts of 3-MT at the time of decapitation. In addition, it was observed that DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid decompose during the cooling phase after heating the brain by microwave. It is concluded that MWR induces artifactual changes in the postmortem levels of DA and metabolites. Consequently 3-MT cannot be considered to be a reliable indicator of DA release in the rat brain.

Differential down-regulation of D1-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat forebrain after in vivo amphetamine treatments

Amphetamine has complex behavioral actions in the rat that depend upon the release of dopamine in striatal and mesolimbic brain regions. To explore a possible role of the dopamine-sensitive cAMP second-messenger system in mediating these effects, we examined the effects of in vivo amphetamine treatments on the D1 receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in membranes from striatal and mesolimbic rat brain regions. The results show that amphetamine produces a regional, dose- and time-dependent down-regulation of adenylate cyclase activity. Intermediate and high doses of amphetamine (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively), but not a low dose (1.0 mg/kg), resulted in a decrease in the apparent Vmax and/or an increase in the apparent Ka for the selective D1 partial agonist, SKF38393, in striatal membranes 30 min after amphetamine treatment. Treatment of rats with 7.5 mg/kg amphetamine for 30 and 60 min, but not 10 min, similarly resulted in a down-regulation of D1-mediated adenylate cyclase activity in striatal membranes. In contrast, in mesolimbic tissues, no amphetamine treatment at any time resulted in an alteration of SKF38393-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity relative to saline controls. The results of behavioral analyses also showed that animals exhibiting intense stereotypies had significantly lower striatal apparent Vmax values than did those animals engaged in moderate or no behavioral activity at the time of decapitation. These findings demonstrate that amphetamine treatments result in a down-regulation of striatal, but not mesolimbic, dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity that parallels the intense, stereotyped behaviors characteristic of dopaminergic activation in the striatum.

Nighttime immunoreactive somatostatin content of the median eminence in hypo-and hyperthyroid rats

1. 1. The median eminence content of immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 107 male albino rats, who were either hypothyroid after surgical thyroidectomy ( N = 38), hyperthyroid following a subcutaneous implant of 5 mg of l-thyroxine ( N = 36), or otherwise untreated ( N = 33). 2. 2. Thyroid function was assessed by determining plasma levels of T 4 and TSH from trunk blood obtained at the time of decapitation. Subgroups of animals from the 3 groups were killed either before (1800 hr), during (2200, 0200, 0400 hr), or after the dark portion of their 14:10LD photoperiod. 3. 3. Although no changes in median eminence IRS content were found throughout the period of study within any of the 3 groups, hypothyroid animals (297.23 ± 13.47 ng per ME; 620.41 ±58 ngIRS/mg protein) had a significantly lower median eminence IRS concentration than untreated rats (355.86 ± 16.55 ng of IRS per ME, P < 0.01; 906.86 ± 96.38 ng IRS/mg protein, P <0.05) and hyperthyroid animals (384.12 ± 14.67 ng per ME, P < 0.001; 874.1 ± 104.5 ng IRS//mg protein, P < 0.05). 4. 4. It is concluded, that the feedback of thyroid hormones on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis during thyroid hormone excess in vivo, contrary to what occurs in hypothyroidism, is probably independent of hypothalamic somatostatin.

Role of Roots in Regulating the Growth Rate and Cytokinin Content in Leaves

The role of roots in the enhancement of cytokinin content and leaf growth of Phaseolus vulgaris plants after decapitation and partial defoliation was investigated. Partial excision of the roots of plants which were decapitated above the primary leaf node resulted in a reduction of leaf growth and soluble proteins accumulation in the primary leaves. Roots excision was done at time of decapitation and repeated 8 days later. Endogenous cytokinins, known to be involved in enhancing shoot growth, accumulated in the leaves and stems of decapitated and partially defoliated plants. Lower levels of cytokinins were detected in the leaves of decapitated plants with only a partial root system. The level of cytokinins in the roots of decapitated plants was reduced by partial root excision. The growth and accumulation of cytokinins in leaves were, however, not totally suppressed by removing a large proportion of the roots. At the commencement of the experiment the stem had a higher cytokinin content than both the leaves and roots. This suggests that the stem could be an alternative source of cytokinins to the leaves. The cytokinin complement in the leaves of decapitated plants is not identical to that in the roots. It appears that cytokinins supplied by the roots are metabolized in the leaves, or that alternatively certain cytokinins are synthesized in the leaves themselves.

Commitment of hydra interstitial cells to nerve cell differentiation occurs by late S-phase

Nerve cells in hydra differentiate from the interstitial cell, a multipotent stem cell. Decapitation elicits a sharp increase in the fraction of the interstitial cells committed to nerve cell differentiation in the tissue which forms the new head. To investigate when during the cell cycle nerve cell commitment can be stimulated, hydra were pulse-labeled with [ 3H]thymidine at times from 18 hr before to 15 hr following decapitation; the resulting cohorts of labeled interstitial cells were in the various phases of the cell cycle at the time of decapitation. Increased commitment to nerve cell differentiation within a single cell cycle (≈24 hr) was observed in those cohorts which were at least 6 hr before the end of S-phase (12 hr) at the time of decapitation. The lag time required for decapitation to produce an effective stimulus for nerve cell differentiation was measured by transplanting the stem cells from the regenerating tissue to a neutral environment. Following decapitation, 3 to 6 hr were required for increased nerve cell commitment to be stable to such transplantation. These results suggest that interstitial cells must be stimulated by late S-phase to become committed to undergo nerve cell differentiation following the subsequent mitosis. However, when head regeneration was reversed by grafting a new head onto the regenerating surface, nerve cell differentiation by such committed stem cells was greatly reduced. This indicates that an appropriate tissue environment is required for committed interstitial cells to complete the nerve cell differentiation pathway.

REGENERATION OF MERISTEMATIC ACTIVITY FOLLOWING DECAPITATION OF THE ROOT TIP OF VICIA FABA L.

SUMMARYThe numbers of primordia and secondary roots present in the terminal 5 mm of roots of Vicia faba were scored over the 6‐day period following the removal of 2, 10 or 20 mm of the root tip and compared with the corresponding numbers found in 5‐mm long segments of intact roots which were 2–7, 10–15 and 20–25 mm basal to the tip of the meristem at the start of the experiment (C2 segments). 144 h following decapitation the numbers of laterals emerging from the apical 5 mm of each batch of decapitated roots were greater than those in the corresponding C2 segments, the greater number in this part of the former roots reflecting the emergence of secondary roots through the cut surface at the stump apex in addition to those emerging laterally. The time course for complete secondary root formation in the apices of each batch of decapitated roots was no different from that in the intact controls.In contrast to the changes which took place at the root apex following the removal of 2 mm or more of tissue, the removal of the apical 0.5 mm of the root in addition to the cap resulted in regeneration of a meristem from the proliferating cells which remained behind at the time of decapitation. The latter type of regeneration was investigated by following the changes which took place in mitotic index, labelling index and the relative proportions of interphase nuclei with different amounts of DNA in the apical 2 mm of roots from which the apical 0.5 mm of the meristem had been removed over the 144 h period between decapitation and the resumption of normal root growth.

Regional hypothalamic catecholamine metabolism and food intake regulation in the rat

Noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and adrenaline (A) levels as well as per cent decrease of NA and DA concentrations following synthesis inhibition (as an index of turnover) were studied in eight hypothalamic regions in male rats under different feeding conditions. The regions investigated were the paraventricular (NPV), anterior hypothalamic (NHA), arcuate (NArc), perifornical (NPF), ventromedial (NVM), and dorsomedial (NDM) nuclei, the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) at the frontal level of the NPV and a rostral hypothalamic region (PFR) dorsal to the fornix. Three groups of animals were used. Groups 1 and 2 had ad libitum access to food at all times. Their mean feeding rate over a 2-h period was found to be very low around 16.00 h, whereas the mean feeding rate was found to be high around 21.00 h. Group 3 had restricted daily access to food from 9.00 to 17.00 h only. Feeding rate of this group was found to be equally high from 10.00 to 17.00 h. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at about 16.00 h (groups 1 and 3) or 21.00 h (group 2). No significant differences in drinking rate around the time of decapitation were observed among the groups. In order to control for possible variations in pituitary-adrenal activity, plasma corticosterone levels were also measured; no differences between the groups were found. NA content of the PFR was significantly elevated (50–60%) in rats showing high feeding rate (groups 2 and 3). These animals also showed increases in both NA (30–40%) and A (60–70%) levels in the NDM. The changes in NA concentrations in PFR and NDM of the animals in groups 2 and 3 were accompanied by increases in NA turnover. An increase in NA turnover was also found in the MFB of group 2 rats. No significant differences between the groups were found in DA concentrations and turnover in any of the regions investigated. The data substantiate a functional role for hypothalamic catecholaminergic neurons in normal feeding behavior of the rat, specifically for NA containing neurons in the rostral perifornical region and for NA and A containing neurons in the dorsomedial nucleus.

ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSULIN SECRETION IN THE RABBIT FOETUS

Foetal rabbits were injected with adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), decapitated, or decapitated and injected simultaneously with ACTH or cortisol in utero on day 24 of gestation. The foetuses were killed after Caesarian section on day 29, and blood was collected for measurement of plasma insulin concentration and pancreatic tissue was obtained for incubation in physiological buffer. Insulin release from the pancreatic tissue of decapitated foetuses was significantly greater than that from the pancreas of control litter-mates when incubated in media containing 3-3mM-glucose, 16-5mM-glucose or 16-5mM-glucose plus 5 mug glucagon/ml, but was similar when the incubation medium contained 3-3 or 16-5 mM-glucose plus 1 mM-theophylline or 3-3mM-glucose plus 60 mM-potassium. The pancreata of decapitated or intact foetuses injected with ACTH did not differ significantly from control foetuses in terms of insulin release in response to glucose in vitro. The plasma insulin concentration of decapitated foetuses and decapitated foetuses injected with ACTH was raised, whereas that of intact foetuses injected with ACTH was similar to that of the control foetuses. Cortisol injection at the time of decapitation resulted in a high rate of foetal mortality. The results indicate that foetal ACTH or foetal adrenocortical secretion influences the normal development of glucose-mediated insulin secretion in the rabbit and that exogenous ACTH corrects the effect of decapitation on beta cell function in vitro but not on plasma insulin concentration.

Control of fetal lung development in the rabbit

In a series of experiments, one rabbit fetus of a litter was decapitated in utero on day 24 of gestation and allowed to develop for a further 5 days. One effect of fetal decapitation was a reduction in the concentration of osmiophilic inclusion bodies in the type II pneumocytes of the lung. However, certain physical properties of the lung which depend on the presence of a surface active alveolar lining were normal. When 50 μg tetracosactrin was given to the fetus subcutaneously at the time of decapitation, there was no reduction in the concentration of inclusion bodies. It is suggested that though the production of surface active material in the pneumocyte is controlled at least in part by fetal adrenocortical hormones, the extrusion of this material into the alveolar space may be subject to other control. This may have important implications for the prophylactic treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies by antepartum maternal glucocorticoid therapy.

Is there an entero-hepatic circulation of the bile phospholipids?

AbstractBile previously labeled with tritiated oleic acid (the main radioactivity was on bile phospholipids) was mixed with pure isolated phospholipids previously labeled with14C oleic acid; this mixture was perfused during 6 or 23 hr into the duodenum of test rats bearing a bile fistula. At the time of decapitation, in the small intestine a large hydrolysis of the14C phospholipids was found. In contrast no bile phospholipid hydrolysis was observed. In the collected bile samples of the test rats, no14C could be detected (this means a very large decrease of the14C fatty acids specific activities by the body fatty acids), and the tritiated fatty acids specific activities were only 2.5–12 times lower than in the perfused bile. These results can be explained, assuming that the bile phospholipids enter in an entero‐hepatic circulation and are preserved from the dilution in a large pool of lipids.

Full or partial maturation of fetal endocrine systems under pituitary control.

In the adult animal most endocrine glands participate in homeostasis and in regulatory mechanisms, permitting the constancy of the whole system notwithstanding changing external conditions. In the fetus the situation is to a large extent reversed. Its environment, the maternal blood, remains fairly constant under definite conditions, but the fetus itself changes day after day. These changes involve not only growth of the whole fetus, morphological or physiological differentiation of various organs, but also modifications in the composition of blood (e.g., decrease in blood potassium of the rat fetus around day 19 [1]). The role of the fetal pituitary gland in the development of some other endocrine glands and in regulatory feedback mechanisms is well documented [2, 3]. In Figures 1-6, several systems are illustrated which, in the normal fetus (heavy lines) show a definite increase from a certain stage on and which are found at a very low level in fetuses deprived of their pituitary gland by decapitation (interrupted lines) before the beginning of this increase. In each instance the appropriate pituitary hormones, if given at the time ofdecapitation, permit a fairly normal pattern ofdevelopment. A more detailed inquiry was made on the role of the pituitary gland by examining the consequences of pituitary removal at various stages. Let us first consider data concerning the weight of the adrenal glands in rat fetuses (Fig. 1) [3, 4]. After day 16 they grow rapidly, and the adrenal cortex controls target systems (Figs. 2, 3). In fetuses deprived of their pituitary glands and hypothalami by intra-uterine decapitation on day 16.5, the adrenal glands are of very small size at birth as compared with those ofnormal litter-mate controls.

The quantitative histochemistry of a chemically induced ependymoblastoma. II. The effect of ischaemia on substrates of carbohydrate metabolism.

SUMMARYSeveral metabolic intermediates of glycolysis have been assayed by sensitive, quantitative microtechniques in an experimental mouse ependymoblastoma growing in brain and in cerebral hemispheres of the tumour‐bearing animals after exposure to varying periods of ischaemia prior to freezing. Initial levels of glucose and lactate were higher, and ATP and glucose‐6‐phosphate lower, in the ependymoblastoma than in brain. During ischaemia glucose fell and lactate increased less rapidly in the tumour than in brain. The overall patterns of change in glucose‐6‐phosphate were similar in tumour and brain although the level of glucose‐6‐phosphate was consistently lower in the ependymoblastoma. ATP was very low in the tumour at the time of decapitation and it declined less precipitously than in brain, so that after 2 min of ischaemia levels were similar in the two tissues.