Brushing Time Research Articles

Meta‐analysis on the association between the frequency of tooth brushing and diabetes mellitus risk

Epidemiological studies suggested that the frequency of tooth brushing might be associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM), but the results were inconsistent, and no systematic review was conducted to focus on this topic. In this meta-analysis, we synthesized available observational epidemiological evidences to identify the association between tooth brushing and DM risk and investigate the potential dose-response relationship of them. We searched PubMed and Embase from their inception through December 2017 to identify observational studies examining the association between tooth brushing and the risk of DM. Reference lists from retrieved articles were also reviewed. We quantitatively combined results of the included studies using a random-effects model. Dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to further examine the effect of tooth brushing frequency on DM risk. We identified 20 relevant studies (one cohort study, 14 case-control studies, and 5 cross-sectional studies) involving 161 189 participants and 10 884 patients with DM. Compared with the highest tooth brushing frequency, the lowest level was significantly associated with an increased risk of DM (OR 1.32; 95% CI, 1.19-1.47), and there was no significant heterogeneity across the included studies (p=0.119, I2 =28.1%). Exclusion of any single study did not materially alter the combined risk estimate. The dose-response analysis indicated that the summary odds of DM for an increment of one time of tooth brushing per day was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.16-1.24). Integrated epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that low frequency of tooth brushing may be a risk factor of DM, and lower frequencies of tooth brushing were significantly associated with higher risk of DM.

CORN GRAIN BRUSHING FOR DEOXYNIVALENOL REDUCTION

For the purpose of deoxynivalenol (DON) reduction in corn samples, a laboratory brusher was developed. The brusher had two main parts, motionless screen and fast rotating brush. Corn kernels were placed on the motionless screen of the brusher, and fast rotating round shaped polypropylene bristle brush was put into the motionless screen in order to clean the surface of the kernels. The experiment consisted of 27 brushing trials with variations in process parameters (DON concentration, brushing time, and speed of rotating brush). Brushing of corn that is DON infected resulted in the reduction of DON concentration in all samples. The maximal limit of DON reduction at optimal conditions was 83.6%. Thus, the presented process can be considered as highly efficient. The proposed technology did not cause any changes in the physical appearance of kernel, nor were damages observed on kernel surface during the brushing process. Also, there were no whole grain losses detected in any of the process parameter combination.

Community empowerment program to elevate dental and oral health knowledge and toothbrushing habitual on mothers of subdistrict area

Context: Based on the results of preliminary observations to 110 mothers in subdistrict area in Trawas, the average value of Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMF-T) was 7.37. One of the factors causing the number of dental caries is the wrong toothbrushing habits, including how and when to brush teeth. The mothers, by their wrong brushing way, had a percentage of above average (7.37) DMF-T, higher than those who brushed teeth in the right way. Aims: This empowerment program aimed to make mothers of this subdistrict area are able to explain in a proper brushing time and demonstrate how to brush the teeth properly. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study conducted with 75 respondents of mothers aged 20–50 years. The program contains of dental health education counseling, demonstration, and evaluation with pretest-posttest study design. The statistical analysis for this study using SPSS 17 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Results: This program ran smoothly, as evidenced by the enthusiasm of participants in each session of the program. It can be seen with the quality of questions raised by mothers, and program evaluation of questions posed was successfully answered by mothers who had previously done the empowerment. Moreover, the increased score of posttest, compared to the pretest result. Conclusions: This program is effective to elevating the dental and oral health knowledge of mothers in the subdistrict area.

High Plaque Levels after Thorough Toothbrushing: What Impedes Efficacy?

Previous studies have shown high levels of dental plaque after toothbrushing and poor toothbrushing performance. There is a lack of evidence about what oral hygiene behavior predicts persistent plaque. The present cross-sectional study thus relates toothbrushing behavior to oral cleanliness after brushing and to gingivitis. All young adults from a central town in Germany who turned 18 y old in the year prior to the examination were invited to participate in the study. They were asked to clean their teeth to their best abilities while being filmed. Videos were analyzed regarding brushing movements (vertical, circular, horizontal, modified Bass technique) and evenness of distribution of brushing time across vestibular (labial/buccal) and palatinal (lingual/palatinal) surfaces. Dental status, gingival bleeding, and oral cleanliness after oral hygiene were assessed. Ninety-eight young adults participated in the study. Gingival margins showed persistent plaque at 69.48% ± 12.31% sites (mean ± SD) after participants brushed to their best abilities. Regression analyses with the brushing movements and evenness of distribution of brushing time as predictors explained 15.2% (adjusted R2 = 0.152, P = 0.001) of the variance in marginal plaque and 19.4% (adjusted R2 = 0.194, P < 0.001) of the variance in bleeding. Evenness of distribution of brushing time was the most important behavioral predictor. Even when asked to perform optimal oral hygiene, young German adults distributed their brushing time across surfaces unevenly. Compared with brushing movements, this factor turned out to be of more significance when explaining the variance of plaque and bleeding. Results of this study can help clinicians and patients understand the meaning of specific behavioral aspects of toothbrushing for oral cleanliness and oral health.

Toothbrushing: to the best of one\u2019s abilities is possibly not good enough

BackgroundWeaknesses in toothbrushing performance can be seen when young adults are instructed to perform habitual toothbrushing. Nothing is known about toothbrushing behavior when instructed to perform to the best abilities. The present study analyzes such behavior and compares it to habitual behavior.MethodsA random sample of N = 98 young adults born in 1995 was examined in 2014/2015.They were asked to perform oral hygiene to the best of their abilities in front of a camera. Videos were analyzed regarding details of brushing behavior. A quality index was developed which describes the extent of the neglect of brushing on palatinal and vestibular surfaces. Data were compared to those of an earlier study of young adults (born in 1992, examined in 2011, N = 101) who were asked to perform oral hygiene as they habitually do.ResultsThe 1995 cohort (best abilities) brushed their teeth significantly longer than the 1992 cohort (habitual brushing). This was due to significant longer brushing at vestibular and occlusal surfaces. Neglect of palatinal surfaces was similar in both cohorts. Groups did not differ regarding brushing movements. 40% of the brushing time on lateral surfaces was spent with scrubbing movements despite opposing advice in common oral hygiene instructions.ConclusionsToothbrushing to the best of one’s abilities might still not be good enough. Young adults apparently lack a reasonable concept of what is meant by high quality toothbrushing. More efforts should thus be undertaken to explain them (and adults) this concept.

A comparative assessment of plaque removal and toothbrushing compliance between a manual and an interactive power toothbrush among adolescents: a single-center, single-blind randomized controlled trial

BackgroundMany adolescents have poor plaque control and sub-optimal toothbrushing behavior. Therefore, we compared the efficacy of an interactive power toothbrush (IPT) to a manual toothbrush (MT) for reducing dental plaque and improving toothbrushing compliance.MethodsIn this randomized, parallel single-blind clinical study, adolescents brushed twice daily with either a MT (Oral-B® Indicator soft manual toothbrush) or an IPT (Oral-B® ProfessionalCare 6000 with Bluetooth). Subjects brushed for 2 min, plus an additional 10 s for each ‘Focus Care Area’. At screening and Week 2, afternoon pre-brushing plaque was assessed via the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHPI), and supervised brushing duration was measured.ResultsSixty subjects were randomized; 98% completed. At Week 2, the mean reduction in whole mouth plaque relative to baseline was 34% (p < 0.001) for the IPT versus 1.7% (p = 0.231) for the MT. For Focus Care Areas, the IPT yielded a 38.1% mean TMQHPI reduction (p < 0.001) versus 6.2% for the MT (p < 0.001). Mean brushing time versus baseline increased 34 s in the IPT group (p < 0.001) while remaining flat in the MT group (p = 1.0).ConclusionsOver 2 weeks, adolescents using an IPT experienced superior plaque reduction and increased overall brushing time versus those using a MT.Trial registrationThis trial was retrospectively registered (ISRCTN10112852) on the 18th, June 2018.

Toothbrushing Systematics Index (TSI) - A new tool for quantifying systematics in toothbrushing behaviour.

Systematics is considered important for effective toothbrushing. A theoretical concept of systematics in toothbrushing and a validated index to quantify it using observational data is suggested. The index consists of three components: completeness (all areas of the dentition reached), isochronicity (all areas brushed equally long) and consistency (avoiding frequent alternations between areas). Toothbrushing should take a sufficient length of time; therefore, this parameter is part of the index value calculation. Quantitative data from video observations were used including the number of changes between areas, number of areas reached, absolute brushing time and brushing time per area. These data were fed into two algorithms that converted the behaviour into two index values (each with values between 0 and 1) and were summed as the Toothbrushing Systematics Index (TSI) value; 0 indicates completely unsystematic and 2 indicates perfectly systematic brushing. The index was developed using theoretical data. The data matrices revealed the highest values when all areas are reached and brushed equally long. Few changes occurred between the areas when the brushing duration was ≥90 s; the lowest values occurred under opposite conditions. Clinical applicability was tested with data from re-analysed videos from an earlier intervention study aiming to establish a pre-defined toothbrushing sequence. Subjects who fully adopted this sequence had a baseline TSI of 1.30±0.26, which increased to 1.74±0.09 after the intervention (p≤0.001). When the participants who only partially adopted the sequence were included, the respective values were 1.25±0.27 and 1.69±0.14 (p≤0.001). The suggested new TS-index can cover a variety of clinically meaningful variations of systematic brushing, validly quantifies the changes in toothbrushing systematics and has discriminative power.

GAMBARAN MENYIKAT GIGI TERHADAP TINGKAT KEBERSIHAN GIGI DAN MULUT PADA MURID KELAS V DI MIN 9 KECAMATAN ULEE KARENG KOTA BANDA ACEH

Oral and oral hygiene is a condition that is free of disorders that can affect the level of oral hygiene such as plaque and tartar. Brushing teeth can prevent the occurrence of food debris on the sidelines of teeth and tooth surfaces. Based on preliminary interviews on 10 children MIN 9 Banda Aceh, 7 of them frequency and time brushing teeth is not true, because they brush their teeth only in the morning when bathing in the morning only. From the preliminary examination conducted by the authors on 10 students, 6 of them had mean bad OHI-S (3.5), and 3 of them had average moderate OHI-S (1,3), and 1 of them had flat good OHI-S (0.8). This study aims to determine the description of toothbrushing to the level of oral hygiene in grade V students in MIN 9 Banda Aceh. This research is descriptive, conducted on 13 June to 14 June 2013. The population is 35 students MIN 9 Banda Aceh. The sample in this research is 35 students. The results showed that the dental and oral hygiene status in terms of tooth brushing frequency in the students of MIN 9 Banda Aceh City has OHI-S criteria being as many as 10 people (58.8%). While the status of dental and oral hygiene in terms of how to brush teeth on Elementary School students Lameu Sakti district Pidie has OHI-S criteria are as many as 9 people (56.3%). And dental and oral hygiene status in terms of brushing time on students MIN 9 Banda Aceh city has OHI-S criteria being as many as 10 people (58.8%). It can be concluded that students who brush once-daily teeth have moderate OHI-S criteria and students who brush their teeth in the morning bath also have moderate OHI-S criteria. It is suggested to students of MIN 9 Banda Aceh to pay more attention to oral hygiene.

Influence of whitening dentifrices and mechanical brushing on color change and surface roughness of bulk fill resins

Abstract: The use of whitening dentifrices during oral hygiene may cause surface modifications such as color change (ΔE) and increase surface roughness (Ra) of composite resin. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of whitening dentifrices and mechanical brushing on color change and surface roughness of Bulk Fill (Filtek Bulk Fill - F) and (Aura Bulk Fill - A) composite resins. Materials and methods: Sixty cylindrical specimens were fabricated of each composite resin. After initial color evaluations (Konica Minolta CM-700d), with D65 standard illuminant, and the surface roughness (Surfcorder SE 1700, Kosalab), the specimens were assigned (n=10) according to the whitening dentifrice used: True White (T), Colgate Total 12 Professional Whitening (D), Luminous White Advanced (L). Specimens were submitted to mechanical brushing (10,000 cycles); new color and surface roughness evaluations were taken. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan test and Dunnet test were used to identify differences between groups (α=5%). Results: The results showed that the tooth brushing time promoted a significant increase in ΔE of the FT group. The FD group exhibited intermediate values of ΔE and was similar to all groups tested. There was a significant increase in the surface roughness of the AD and AT groups after the mechanical tooth brushing. Conclusion: The results showed no significant changes were observed in surface roughness for F groups after toothbrushing. It be concluded that the color change and surface roughness of the composite resins after toothbrushing are dependent on the interaction between the composition of the composite resin and the characteristics of the dentifrice.

Randomized clinical study of alterations in the color and surface roughness of dental enamel brushed with whitening toothpaste.

This clinical study evaluated the influence of whitening toothpaste on color and surface roughness of dental enamel. Initially, the abrasiveness of the toothpastes used (Sorriso Dentes Brancos [SDB]; Colgate Luminous White and Close up White Now) was tested on 30 (n = 10) plexiglass acrylic plates that were submitted to mechanical tooth brushing totalizing 29,200 cycles. Subsequently, 30 participants were selected, and received a toothbrush and nonwhitening toothpaste (SDB). The participants used these products for 7 days and initial color readouts (Spectrophotometer) and surface roughness of one maxillary central incisors was performed after this period of time. For surface roughness readouts, one replica of the maxillary central incisor was obtained by a polyvinyl siloxane impression material (Express) and polyurethane resin. After baseline measurements, participants were separated into three groups (n = 10), according to the toothpaste used. The participants returned after 7, 30, and 90 days when new color readouts and surface roughness were recorded. The measured values were statistically analyzed (2-way-ANOVA, repeated measures, Tukey, P < .05). Whitening toothpastes did not promote significant (P > .05) color alteration and nor increased the surface roughness of the dental enamel in brushing time of the study. The abrasiveness of whitening toothpaste and the brushing trial period did not affect the surface roughness of dental enamel. However, color changes observed on enamel were above the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds reported in the literature. The over-the-counter toothpastes tested had an effect on dental enamel color above the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds but did not change the surface roughness of the teeth.

3D-Image analysis of the impact of toothpaste abrasivity on the progression of simulated non-carious cervical lesions

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of toothpaste abrasive level on the progression of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using 3D-image subtraction. MethodsUpper first premolars were allocated into seven groups (n = 16) of toothpaste/abrasive slurries: A-Zeodent113/5%, B-Zeodent124/10%, C-Zeodent103/15%, D-Sensodyne Pronamel, E-Crest Cavity-Protection, F-Crest Pro-Health-Whitening, and G-Deionized water (DIW). Teeth were mounted on acrylic blocks, and their root surfaces covered with acrylic resin, except for 2-mm near the cemento-enamel junction that was exposed to toothbrushing. Specimens were brushed with the slurries for 5000-, 15,000-, 35,000- and 65,000-strokes. Impressions were taken at baseline and after each brushing time, and then scanned by a 3D optical profilometer. Dentine volume loss was calculated by image subtraction software and subjected to mixed-model ANOVA and multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). ResultsNo significant differences among slurries were observed at 5000 and 15,000. At 35,000, F showed higher loss than all other groups except C, which did not differ from the others. At 65,000, F (4.19 ± 3.29 mm3) showed the highest loss, followed by C (2.33 ± 1.47 mm3), which differed from all the other groups except B (1.85 ± 0.91 mm3). Groups B, A (1.35 ± 0.65 mm3), D (1.17 ± 0.48 mm3), E (1.40 ± 0.68 mm3) and G (1.12 ± 0.73 mm3) did not differ from each other. Groups F and C showed significant increase of volume loss starting at 35,000, while B, A, D and E only at 65,000; no increase loss was observed for G. Conclusions3D-image subtraction was able to quantify and differentiate tooth loss, but only at advanced stages. The progression of NCCLs was more evident and faster for highly abrasive slurries. Clinical significanceUpon root dentin exposure, brushing with lower abrasive dentifrices is advisable to reduce the risk for NCCLs development.

Evaluation of Plaque Index in Patient Receiving Multi-Bracket Fixed Appliance

Objective: To compare the plaque index in patients receiving multi-bracket fixed orthodontic treatment for various factors like gender, brushing practices, meal habits, types of brackets, types of ligations, and use of mouthwash. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Socio-demographic and clinical modalities were defined and recorded for 40 patients having multi-bracket fixed appliances. The plaque index of subjects were recorded according to the modified Silness and Loe plaque index method. The data were checked for normality and simple summary statistics were generated. Independent sample t-test was applied to determine the difference in plaque index in factors such as gender, timing of brushing, use of mouthwash, type of brackets, type of ligation ,diet and brushing practice. Result: The results of this study showed significant difference in Plaque Index for the factors such as type of brushing technique, frequency of brushing, type of brush used and usage of dental auxillaries. The other factors like gender, meal habits, type of brackets, and type of ligation were statistically insignificant. Conclusion In conclusion, it proves that the maintenance of good oral hygiene during fixed orthodontic treatment is more dependent of the brushing practices and less on the clinical practices. The subjects who comply with the use of normal and interdental brushing, the timing of brushing and frequency of brushing is less prone to plaque accumulation. Therefore, patients education on oral hygiene maintenance must be a part of the orthodontic treatment. For these reasons, proper methods of instructions in the form of verbal, brochures and video tapes must be devised and incorporated in clinical practice.

Prevalence of Oral and Dental Diseases and Oral Hygiene Practices among Illicit Drug Abusers

Background: There has been increasing incidence of addiction to certain illicit drugs amongst people belonging to various strata of society, particularly among young people in Bangladesh, as well as in western countries. Drug abuse results in several direct consequences including multiple physical and mental problems such as cardiac crisis, respiratory depression, liver cirrhosis, nephropathy, infectious diseases such as hepatitis, AIDS, and tuberculosis, injury-associated disability, mental disorders such as depression, and oral health problems. Illicit drugs abusers’ health related published data available worldwide but considering the geographical disparity, such as types of drugs, pattern of use, and duration of use, environment and physiology (race) and so on, no study has been performed in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of oro-dental diseases and explore attitudes towards oral hygiene practices among a group of illicit drug abusers so that required interventions can be planned for the good health of those who are in addicts with illicit drugs in this region. Materials and methods: This study was comprised of 120 drug addicts admitted in a drug rehabilitation centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data so obtained was subjected to analysis using SPSS version 20.0. Percentage and mean ± standard deviation was calculated and Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Result: Most of the participants were involved in more than one drug abuse and the most abused drugs were heroin (55.1%), cannabis (ganja) (43.2%) and methamphetamine (yaba) (30.5%). Oral hygiene practices of the drug users were alarming where 76.7% of the participants reported brushing their teeth on an incorrect schedule (Before breakfast/after every meal) and incorrect frequency of time of brushing while only 22.6% of the participant brushed in correct schedule of brushing (After breakfast and before sleep at night). Ignorance about oral health (48%), moneyfear (32%) and money-bad experience (25%) are the obstacles for the respondents to visiting a dentist among them More than two-thirds of drug users were affected by dental caries, with a mean DMFT score of 5.0 (sd 2.29), Bleeding, shallow pockets and deep pockets were found as the highest CPI finding in 68%, 57% and 12% of drug users respectively. Oral mucosal examination revealed gingivitis, xerostomia (dry mouth syndrome) and meth mouth (bruxism, excessive tooth wear, xerostomia, and rampant caries) were 35.8%, 18.3% and 8.3% respectively. Significant relationship was found in case duration of drugs abused with oral health condition. Conclusion: Drug abuse is detrimental to oral health, so abusers need to be more aware of the dangerous effects of drugs.

Impact of Eating Habits and Lifestyle on the Oral Health Status of a Casablanca’s Academic Population

Introduction: Bad eating habits can have serious impact on oral health. Objec-tives: To study the impact of eating habits and dental hygiene practices on the dental status of students. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 400 students aged 17 and more, from the Ben M’Sik Sciences Faculty. A questionnaire on the so-cio-economic level of the parents, the eating habits, the means of hygiene and the oral health status has been filled in anonymously by the respondents. Uni-variate and multivariate descriptive and comparative analyzes were per-formed by the software SPSS 21. Results: The population’s average age is 20 ± 1.59 years old consisted of 55% of boys and 45% of girls. The breakfast is consumed by 67% of students. 39.58% respondents consume sweetened drinks during the meals and 60% at the end of meals and 66% are snacking during the day. 92% of students say they brush their teeth. The brushing time varies between 1 and 3 minutes. 37% of students do never consult a dentist and 63% in case of dental problems. The prevalence of caries is 66%. There is a positive association between the prevalence of tooth decay and certain eating habits (sweet things consumption (p = 0.08), cakes (p = 0.018) and chocolate (p = 0.019) outside of meals). However, this correlation is negative, when the consumption of these foods is done during meals (p > 0.74). On the other hand, there was no correlation between alcohol consumption and presence of caries (p = 0.172), tobacco consumption (p = 0.319), and socioeconomic status parents (p = 0.733). Conclusion: Oral hygiene and regular monitoring by a dentist with healthy eating habits can have a significant impact on the oral status of students.

Oral hygiene status, self-reported oral malodor, oral hygiene practices, and oral health knowledge: A cross-sectional study in a group of Muslim Thai pregnant women

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine oral hygiene status, self-reported oral malodor, oral hygiene practices, oral health knowledge, and the differences across educational levels in a group of Muslim Thai pregnant women. Subjects and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Yaring, Pattani, Thailand. A total of 88 pregnant women were invited to participate in this study. The enrolled patients answered a self-administered questionnaire comprising sociodemographic data, self-perceived oral malodor, oral hygiene practices, as well as their knowledge about the causes and effects of gingivitis during the prenatal period. Gingival health, plaque deposit, and tongue coating were assessed using the modified gingival index (MGI), the plaque index (PI), and the Winkel index (WTCI), respectively. The associations of educational levels with clinical measures and questionnaire responses were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results: The pregnant women had moderate levels of gingival inflammation (MGI = 1.36 ± 0.40), visible plaque deposit (PI = 1.43 ± 0.47), and thinly dispersed tongue coating (WTCI = 5.40 ± 2.82). MGI significantly decreased as educational levels increased (P = 0.041). Although 90% of the participants had knowledge pertaining to good oral hygiene habits, a high number of participants reported a short brushing time (77%), irregular tooth brushing after meals (66%), irregular tongue cleaning (46%), and a bad breath experience (71%). Furthermore, a significant number of pregnant women lacked knowledge of or misunderstood oral-systemic health relationships. Oral hygiene practices and oral health knowledge were not significantly different across educational levels. Conclusion: The majority of Muslim Thai pregnant women had fair oral hygiene, improper self-oral hygiene care, and inadequate knowledge of the importance of oral-systemic health relationships.

Comparative SEM analysis of nine F22 aligner cleaning strategies

BackgroundThe orthodontics industry has paid great attention to the aesthetics of orthodontic appliances, seeking to make them as invisible as possible. There are several advantages to clear aligner systems, including aesthetics, comfort, chairside time reduction, and the fact that they can be removed for meals and oral hygiene procedures.MethodsFive patients were each given a series of F22 aligners, each to be worn for 14 days and nights, with the exception of meal and brushing times. Patients were instructed to clean each aligner using a prescribed strategy, and sections of the used aligners were observed under SEM. One grey-scale SEM image was saved per aligner in JPEG format with an 8-bit colour depth, and a total of 45 measurements on the grey scale (“Value” variable) were made. This dataset was analysed statistically via repeated measures ANOVA to determine the effect of each of the nine cleaning strategies in each of the five patients.ResultsA statistically significant difference in the efficacy of the cleaning strategies was detected. Specifically, rinsing with water alone was significantly less efficacious, and a combination of cationic detergent solution and ultrasonication was significantly more efficacious than the other methods (p < 0.05).ConclusionsOf the nine cleaning strategies examined, only that involving 5 min of ultrasonication at 42 k Hz combined with a 0.3% germicidal cationic detergent was observed to be statistically effective at removing the bacterial biofilm from the surface of F22 aligners.

Education-related inequality in restorative dental treatment need over 11 years in two areas of Finland.

This study aimed to analyse education-related inequality in restorative dental treatment need among adults aged 30 years and older living in Northern and Southern Finland in 2000 and 2011. Data were taken from the Health 2000 and 2011 population-based follow-up surveys, including information gathered by interviews and clinical dental examination. Final effective sample sizes were 2423 people in 2000 and 1192 people in 2011. Restorative dental treatment need was measured with number of decayed and/or fractured teeth (DT + FrT). Education-related inequality in number of DT + FrT and factors explaining it were analysed using the Poisson regression analysis, relative index of inequality and slope index of inequality. Average number of DT + FrT decreased from 2000 to 2011. Absolute and relative education-related inequalities in them decreased approximately 50% and 25% from 2000 to 2011, respectively. Tooth brushing frequency and time since last dental visit explained approximately 30%-40% of the education-related inequality. The contribution of time since last dental visit to the education-related inequality was smaller in 2011 than in 2000. It seems that, from 2000 to 2011, the need for restorative dental treatment decreased simultaneously with the education-related inequality in it among adults aged 30 years and older living in Northern and Southern Finland.

치기공과 학생들의 구강건강관련행위에 따른 구강건강신념의 차이

Purpose: This study aims to discover the degree of department of dental technology students' oral health recognition and to find out the differences of oral health beliefs depending on oral health behaviors. Method: The subjects in this study were the students who attended department of dental technology in Daejon, Daegu, Iksan. After a survey was conducted, the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 23.0. An analysis of frequency, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation was used. Result: Among the general things related to oral health behaviors was the statistical significant differences(p<0.05) in the area of oral health belief depending on the opportunity of oral health education, attendance of oral health course, self-aware of oral health, the number of times of teeth brushing, teeth brushing status, experience and the degree of smoking. There was a positive correlation between the degree of susceptibility and that of response to severity, barrier, salience and benefit. Severity also showed the positive correlation with barrier. Higher barrier susceptibility meant higher salience and higher benefit. So was the correlation between benefit and salience. Conclusion: This study showed that college education should focus on the students' possible behaviors in order to convey the effective oral health knowledge.

Influence of Brushing Time on Food Dynamics and Commercial Traits of Bombyx mori L. in Sub-tropical Plains of Jammu Region

Influence of Brushing Time on Food Dynamics and Commercial Traits of Bombyx mori L. in Sub-tropical Plains of Jammu Region

Attitudes and behavioural factors relating to toothbrushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste among caries-active Swedish adolescents – a questionnaire study

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify attitudes and behaviour relating to fluoride toothpaste and toothbrushing habits among caries-active Swedish adolescents.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study is based on an earlier clinical, two-year toothpaste intervention study. At the last appointment, 206 adolescents (of 211) answered a questionnaire comprising nine semi-closed questions.Results: The majority (93%) brushed their teeth every day, while 7% did so only occasionally. Most participants (77%) brushed twice a day, while 12% brushed just once a day. About half of those brushing just once a day forgot to brush in the evening. Similarly, more than half of the adolescents (53%) used 1 cm of toothpaste or less on their toothbrush. Moreover, 49% brushed for less than 2 min, 41% brushed for 2 min and 10% for more than 2 min. The majority (73%) rinsed with water after toothbrushing. A difference between boys and girls was also observed; 87% of the girls brushed twice a day, whereas only 67% of the boys did so and boys more frequently forgot in the evening.Conclusions: Attitudes and behaviour relating to fluoride toothpaste and toothbrushing habits among caries-active Swedish adolescents are still inadequate after two years of toothpaste intervention. There are several areas where improvements can be made, such as frequency of brushing, brushing time, amount of toothpaste and post-brushing procedures. The majority (81%) included ‘fresh breath’ as a reason for performing oral hygiene and this aspect can be used by dental staff in health promotion.