Time Research Articles

Nonlocal advantage of quantum coherence under Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilation space-time

Nonlocal advantage of quantum coherence (NA-QC) is a relatively robust non-classical correlation and can be achieved by coherence complementary relations. In this work, we investigate NA-QC based on various coherence measures within the theoretical framework of a Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilation black hole. Interestingly, NA-QC exhibits monotonically decreasing evolutionary features with the growing dilation parameter in the physically accessible regions. Furthermore, the hierarchical relationship among NA-QC, quantum steerability and Bell-nonlocality is analyzed under the influence of Hawking radiation. It is shown that NA-QC is a subset of Bell-nonlocality and quantum steering is a superset of Bell-nonlocality. Additionally, to achieve more quantum resources, we propose a feasible physical scheme to control NA-QC by using optimal parity-time ( PT )-symmetric operations. The amount of NA-QC can be effectively enhanced in the certain time interval for the physical accessible state in the context of black hole. These results might play important roles for understanding quantum information theory under the curved space-time.

Musical Expertise Influences the Processing of Short and Long Auditory Time Intervals: An EEG Study.

Musical expertise has been proven to be beneficial for time perception abilities, with musicians outperforming nonmusicians in several explicit timing tasks. However, it is unclear how musical expertise impacts implicit time perception. Twenty nonmusicians and 15 expert musicians participated in an EEG recording during a passive auditory oddball paradigm with .8- and 1.6-sec standard time intervals and deviant intervals that were either played earlier or delayed relative to the standard interval. We first confirmed that, as was the case for nonmusicians, musicians use different neurofunctional processes to support the perception of short (below 1.2 sec) and long (above 1.2 sec) time intervals: Whereas deviance detection for long intervals elicited a N1 component, P2 was associated with deviance detection for short time intervals. Interestingly, musicians did not elicit a contingent negative variation (CNV) for longer intervals but show additional components of deviance detection such as (i) an attention-related N1 component, even for deviants occurring during short intervals; (ii) a N2 component for above and below 1.2-sec deviance detection, and (iii) a P2 component for above 1.2-sec deviance detection. We propose that the N2 component is a marker of explicit deviance detection and acts as an inhibitory/conflict monitoring of the deviance. This hypothesis was supported by a positive correlation between CNV and N2 amplitudes observed in nonmusicians: The CNV reflects the temporal accumulator and can predict explicit detection of the deviance. In expert musicians, a N2 component is observable without CNV, suggesting that deviance detection is optimized and does not require the temporal accumulator. Overall, this study suggests that musical expertise is associated with optimized implicit time perception.

EFFECT OF LEAD AND CADMIUM ON IMMUNITY OF TWO VACCINES

This study was performed to investigate the effect of lead exposure on resistance of mice immunized against haemorrhagic septicaemia and challenged with virulent organisms. Lead treated mice showed greater susceptibility to challenge with P. multucida than control especially if lead nitrate is administered orally. this result showed that treatment with lead initials resistance of mice and might interferes with the vaccination programs. Cadmium chloride (cd) injected into rabbits at various time intervals in relation to tetanus toxoid injection was found to have some effect on the immune response. A reduction in the primary immune response was detected in case if (cd) is given two weeks prior to toxoid injection. On the other hand, enhancement of secondary antibody titers was detected. Cadmium reduced both primary and secondary antibody response if it is given seven days before immunization.

Timing of the repeat thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: does early repeat biopsy change the rate of nondiagnostic or atypia of undetermined significance cytology result?

To determine whether early repeat fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) has an effect on adequate or atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) cytology rates in thyroid nodules with inadequate or AUS result in the first FNA. Nodules of patients who underwent repeat biopsy due to insufficient or AUS cytology between 2019-2022 were included. Data of the patients and ultrasonographic, cytological and histopathological results of the nodules were recorded. Additionally, the time between the two biopsies was noted. The first was called "initial" and the second was called "rebiopsy". Five different paired groups were formed according to the time between two consecutive biopsies; before and after 1 month, 45 days, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months. The groups were compared in terms of adequate and AUS cytological results. We evaluated 1129 patients with 2187 nodules undergoing FNAB. After excluding nodules with one FNA result and/or missing data, 966 nodules of 628 patients who underwent FNA at least twice were included. Initial cytology was nondiagnostic (ND) in 665 (30.4%) and AUS in 301 (13.8%) nodules. The mean age of the patients was 52.0 ± 11.9 years, and the female sex ratio was 78.8% (n = 495). There were no differences in adequate or AUS rebiopsy results according to the different time interval groups (p > 0.05 for all). AUS result was statistically insignificantly more frequent in nodules with initially AUS nodules when rebiopsy was performed before 1 month in comparison to after 1 month (53.8%, 27.1%; p = 0.054). Accuracy of rebiopsy was also similar in the time intervals groups (p > 0.05 for all). In patients with inadequate or AUS initial biopsy, the rate of adequate or AUS cytology results at rebiopsy did not vary with the timing of repeat biopsy indicating that there may be no need to wait 1 month for a repeat biopsy. In patients with suspicious nodules, biopsy might be repeated before 1 month.

Cosmogenic 3He chronology of postglacial lava flows at Mt Ruapehu, Aotearoa / New Zealand

Abstract. Accurate volcanic hazard assessments rely on a detailed understanding of the timing of past eruptions. While radiometric methods like 40Ar/39Ar or K/Ar are by far the most conventional lava flow dating tools, their low resolution for young (<20 ka) deposits interferes with the development of precise chronologies of recent effusive activity on most volcanoes. Mt Ruapehu (Aotearoa / New Zealand) has produced many lava flows throughout its history, but the precise timing of many recent eruptions remains largely unknown. In this study, we use cosmogenic 3He exposure dating to provide 23 eruption ages of young lava flows at Ruapehu. We then compare our results with existing 40Ar/39Ar and paleomagnetic constraints, highlighting the value of cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating in refining recent eruptive chronologies. Of the 23 sampled flows, 16 provided robust eruption ages (5 %–20 % internal 2σ; n≥3) between ca. 20 and 8 ka, except for one lava flow that erupted at around 43 ka, and their age distribution indicates that, during the last 20 kyr, effusive activity at Ruapehu peaked at 17–12 ka and at 9–7.5 ka. Nearly identical eruption ages of lavas located in different flanks of the volcanic edifice suggest concurrent activity from multiple vents during relatively short time intervals (0–2 kyr) at around 13, 10, and 8 ka. We analysed four individual lava flows previously dated by 40Ar/39Ar, two of which yield eruption ages older than the older limit of the 2σ interval of the radiometric dates, but the good clustering of individual samples from our sites suggests that our results better represent the real eruption age of these flows. Our 3He-based chronology shows excellent agreement with paleomagnetic constraints, suggesting that production rate uncertainties are unlikely to impact the accuracy of our eruption ages. This study demonstrates how cosmogenic nuclide dating can provide greater detail on the recent effusive chronology of stratovolcanoes, helping to resolve the low resolution of and difficulty in applying radiometric dating methods to young lava flows.

Timing of the repeat thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy: does early repeat biopsy change the rate of nondiagnostic or atypia of undetermined significance cytology result?

To determine whether early repeat fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) has an effect on adequate or atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) cytology rates in thyroid nodules with inadequate or AUS result in the first FNA. Nodules of patients who underwent repeat biopsy due to insufficient or AUS cytology between 2019-2022 were included. Data of the patients and ultrasonographic, cytological and histopathological results of the nodules were recorded. Additionally, the time between the two biopsies was noted. The first was called "initial" and the second was called "rebiopsy". Five different paired groups were formed according to the time between two consecutive biopsies; before and after 1 month, 45 days, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months. The groups were compared in terms of adequate and AUS cytological results. We evaluated 1129 patients with 2187 nodules undergoing FNAB. After excluding nodules with one FNA result and/or missing data, 966 nodules of 628 patients who underwent FNA at least twice were included. Initial cytology was nondiagnostic (ND) in 665 (30.4%) and AUS in 301 (13.8%) nodules. The mean age of the patients was 52.0 ± 11.9 years, and the female sex ratio was 78.8% (n = 495). There were no differences in adequate or AUS rebiopsy results according to the different time interval groups (p > 0.05 for all). AUS result was statistically insignificantly more frequent in nodules with initially AUS nodules when rebiopsy was performed before 1 month in comparison to after 1 month (53.8%, 27.1%; p = 0.054). Accuracy of rebiopsy was also similar in the time intervals groups (p > 0.05 for all). In patients with inadequate or AUS initial biopsy, the rate of adequate or AUS cytology results at rebiopsy did not vary with the timing of repeat biopsy indicating that there may be no need to wait 1 month for a repeat biopsy. In patients with suspicious nodules, biopsy might be repeated before 1 month.

Post-COVID-19: Hematological Factors Changes in Patients at Three-- time Intervals.

Hematological parameters are crucial factors in disease severity and chronic condition pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate the hematological factors in different severity stages of COVID-19 at different time intervals. Serum samples were collected from 470 patients (235 men and 235 women) with a confirmed RT-qPCR COVID-19 test exhibiting moderate, severe, and critical symptoms based on WHO criteria. Samples were collected at three-time intervals, including the first: the 1st days of infection, 2nd: the one month after, and 3rd: the three months after disease onset. Total WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, RBC counting, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hsCRP levels, G6PD deficiency, and hemoglobinopathies were determined in all patients. Total WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, RBC counting, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, and hsCRP levels were significantly changed with different disease severity (p&#60;0.0001). Also, there were significant differences between different time intervals for WBC and RBC parameters (p&#60;0.0001) except for monocytes and eosinophils. At all time intervals, there are significant changes in levels of hematological and hsCRP based on gender. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between disease severity, age, and BMI (p&#60;0.0001). Significant differences in hematological parameter and inflammatory parameter levels based on disease severity, time intervals, and gender revealed the importance of evaluating these factors in the management of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, in patients during and post-disease times.</p>.

Delayed identification of monoclonal protein is associated with early death in isolated cardiac AL amyloidosis

Background Early identification of immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis (AL) is crucial due to its rapid progression. Monoclonal light-chain (M-LC) testing is the first step in the diagnostic workup for patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis (CA). We aimed to determine whether the time interval between the first CA suspicion and M-LC testing can be related to AL amyloidosis survival outcomes. Methods All patients (n = 94) with isolated cardiac AL amyloidosis diagnosed at our center between 2016 and 2020 were included. Those with pre-existing known monoclonal protein (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or smoldering multiple myeloma) were excluded. Time intervals to diagnostic tests and diagnosis were calculated and assessed for their survival prediction ability. Results The time interval between first CA suspicion (on echocardiography) and M-LC testing correlated with early mortality, and the best cutoff predicting survival, was 6 weeks. The 26 patients (∼28% of entire cohort) who underwent M-LC-studies >6 weeks after first suspicion more frequently presented Mayo stage IIIb (65% vs. 35%, p = .008), showing poorer overall survival than those (n = 68, 72%) referred for early M-LC studies (median 3 vs. 14 months, p = .039). Conclusions Monoclonal protein testing should be the first-step in the diagnostic workup for patients with echocardiographic/other instrumental red flags raising CA suspicion.

In‐Vivo GIT Distribution Study On 99mTc‐Functionalized Bioactive Glass Through an Oral Route for Biomedical Applications

AbstractBioactive glass (BG) being bioactive, biocompatible, and osteoconductive has been explored as an oral drug carrier. Herein, after bio‐inspired synthesis, radiolabeling of BG is carried out with Technetium (99mTc) to study its biodistribution and analyze its physico‐chemical characteristics. The particles formed were found to be bioactive due to the formation of hydroxyapatite. An in‐vitro cell proliferation assay confirmed the cytocompatibility of BG against Caco‐2 and U2OS cell lines. The cellular uptake studies of BG for caco‐2 cell lines confirms intracellular nanoparticle transport making it suitable oral drug carrier. The radiolabeling efficiency was monitored in‐vitro at different pH levels of gastrointestinal tract (GI) at different time intervals and the efficacy of radiolabeled BG was found to be substantial. Finally, they were orally ingested in a rat model to investigate its biological diffusion. As depicted by SPECT images (Single photon emission computerized tomography), radiolabeled BG were found to be confined in the intestinal (abdomen) region. The goal of this study is to highlight the application of BG as oral drug carrier for the sustained targeted drug delivery to minimize the drug dosage with the least possible side effects.

Neural effects of dopaminergic compounds revealed by multi-site electrophysiology and interpretable machine-learning.

Neuropsychopharmacological compounds may exert complex brain-wide effects due to an anatomically and genetically broad expression of their molecular targets and indirect effects via interconnected brain circuits. Electrophysiological measurements in multiple brain regions using electroencephalography (EEG) or local field potential (LFP) depth-electrodes may record fingerprints of such pharmacologically-induced changes in local activity and interregional connectivity (pEEG/pLFP). However, in order to reveal such patterns comprehensively and potentially derive mechanisms of therapeutic pharmacological effects, both activity and connectivity have to be estimated for many brain regions. This entails the problem that hundreds of electrophysiological parameters are derived from a typically small number of subjects, making frequentist statistics ill-suited for their analysis. We here present an optimized interpretable machine-learning (ML) approach which relies on predictive power in individual recording sequences to extract and quantify the robustness of compound-induced neural changes from multi-site recordings using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) values. To evaluate this approach, we recorded LFPs in mediodorsal thalamus (MD), prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal hippocampus (CA1 and CA3), and ventral hippocampus (vHC) of mice after application of amphetamine or of the dopaminergic antagonists clozapine, raclopride, or SCH23390, for which effects on directed neural communication between those brain structures were so far unknown. Our approach identified complex patterns of neurophysiological changes induced by each of these compounds, which were reproducible across time intervals, doses (where tested), and ML algorithms. We found, for example, that the action of clozapine in the analysed cortico-thalamo-hippocampal network entails a larger share of D1-as opposed to D2-receptor induced effects, and that the D2-antagonist raclopride reconfigures connectivity in the delta-frequency band. Furthermore, the effects of amphetamine and clozapine were surprisingly similar in terms of decreasing thalamic input to PFC and vHC, and vHC activity, whereas an increase of dorsal-hippocampal communication and of thalamic activity distinguished amphetamine from all tested anti-dopaminergic drugs. Our study suggests that communication from the dorsal hippocampus scales proportionally with dopamine receptor activation and demonstrates, more generally, the high complexity of neuropharmacological effects on the circuit level. We envision that the presented approach can aid in the standardization and improved data extraction in pEEG/pLFP-studies.

Not all shell beds are made equal: Recognizing singular event‐concentrations in megalakes

ABSTRACTEvent deposition accounts for a large part of the preserved sedimentary record. Tempestites, tsunamites and turbidites are among the most common event deposits in marine and lacustrine systems. While facies models exist for these deposits, the challenge lies in the fact that diverse triggers can give rise to analogous depositional processes and comparable taphonomic features, making it difficult to pinpoint the precise trigger for an event bed. Hence, five distinct modern‐type shell concentrations are studied in Permian strata from the Paraná Basin, West Gondwana, to access the parameters to discriminate event phenomena, and their associated depositional and taphonomic processes. During this time interval, the basin underwent continuous continentalization due to orogenic events, leading to the entrapment of epeiric marine waters and the transformation of the system into a megalake, supporting a diverse and endemic freshwater bivalve fauna. While sedimentation was primarily influenced by meteorological events, certain stratigraphic intervals were also affected by tectonically active periods and meteor impact events. The different products are categorized into bioclastic sandstone, shell bed, shell‐rich phosclast rudstone and shell‐rich conglomerate that are interpreted as proximal and distal tempestites and tsunamites, respectively. Finally, the products and the processes that lead to the deposition of tempestites and tsunamites are compared to establish diagnostic signatures that may be applied to differentiate these event concentrations in analogous settings from the geological record.

Once or consecutive administration of inhaled salbutamol in children with acute asthma exacerbation: Is an additional dose beneficial?

Although international guidelines generally recommend the back to back use of short-acting β-agonizts (SABA) within a short time in the management of acute wheezing in children with asthma, there is still uncertainty in the evidence of short term outcome. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of back to back and single use of inhaled SABA by lung function testing. This was a prospective, double-blinded, placebo controlled study conducted in children ≥6 years of age with a history of asthma. Children who presented with an acute asthma exacerbation (AAE) with a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) between 40% to 60% were enrolled in the study if they had a first dose to SABA response of FEV1 ≥ 12%. All children were then randomly assigned either to receive two additional doses of inhaled SABA (300 µg per dose) or placebo. Spirometric analysis included forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and FEF25-75 at baseline, 15, 30, and 45 min for each group. Oxygen saturation and heart rate were monitored during the study period. A total of 93 patients (inhaled SABA group; n = 48 vs. placebo group; n = 45) out of 110 enrolled patients completed the study. Baseline demographic characteristics of patients include age, gender, age of diagnosis, parental asthma, history of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, current asthma treatment, IgE and skin prick test were similar among groups. (p > .05) When lung function parameters were compared at each time interval during the study period, there were no statistical significance found in FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% (FEF25-75) among groups. (p > .05) There were also no differences between groups for changes in heart rate and oxygen saturation. (p > .05) CONCLUSION: A single dose of inhaled SABA provides similar short term bronchodilator effect as back to back administration of inhaled SABA in children with AAE who showed an initial response to SABA of FEV1 ≥ 12%.

Automated Skeleton Network Generation for ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Hydrocarbon Fuel Pyrolysis and Oxidation via a Rate-Based Algorithm.

In this study, we present an automated approach of rate-based skeleton network generation for ReaxFF MD simulation (RxMD-SN) for deriving the reaction kinetic mechanism of large hydrocarbon fuels in pyrolysis and oxidation from large-scale ReaxFF MD simulations. The approach contains the statistical calculation of reaction rate constants and the generation of skeleton reaction networks using a rate-based algorithm. The RxMD-SN method takes advantage of reaction flux ranking at a small time interval in terms of temporal reaction rate to extract the core reaction networks, which allows for keeping the rare reaction events that may be dominant in a certain period of the reaction network. The kinetic models derived from ReaxFF MD simulation in CH4 oxidation can reproduce what was obtained in the ReaxFF MD simulation, which demonstrates the capability of RxMD-SN in capturing the global reaction kinetics. An evaluation of reaction rate constants indicates that close kinetic parameters are shared for n-octane oxidation of similar reaction classes, shared oxidation reactions of CH4 against n-heptane, and shared pyrolysis reactions of the RP-3 surrogate fuel against n-heptane. This capability of RxMD-SN is particularly beneficial in meeting the challenges in characterizing the oxidation reaction kinetics of large hydrocarbon molecules. RxMD-SN approach is potentially a general approach in chemical kinetics modeling on the basis of ReaxFF MD simulations.

Large sampling intervals for learning and predicting chaotic systems with reservoir computing

Reservoir computing (RC) is an efficient artificial neural network for model-free prediction and analysis of dynamical systems time series. As a data-based method, the capacity of RC is strongly affected by the time sampling interval of training data. In this paper, taking Lorenz system as an example, we explore the influence of this sampling interval on the performance of RC in predicting chaotic sequences. When the sampling interval increases, the prediction capacity of RC is first enhanced then weakened, presenting a bell-shaped curve. By slightly revising the calculation method of the output matrix, the prediction performance of RC with small sampling interval can be improved. Furthermore, RC can learn and reproduce the state of chaotic system with a large time interval, which is almost five times larger than that of the classic fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. Our results show the capacity of RC in the applications where the time sampling intervals are constrained and laid the foundation for building a fast algorithm with larger time iteration steps.

A direct particle tracking model for predicting homogeneous precipitation kinetics in Al-Sc alloys

The Kampmann-Wagner numerical (KWN) model, although been widely used in modeling the precipitation kinetics in solid solution alloys, has its own deficiency which is mainly reflected in two aspects: inability to track the growth history of individual particles and difficulty in describing the precipitation kinetics of non-spherical particles. In this work a direct particle tracking (DPT) model, which can well handle such issues, has been proposed and implemented. The main aim of this work is to check the validity and accuracy of the DPT model. To this end, the DPT model and two KWN models with different levels of accuracy have been applied to simulate the precipitation kinetics in two Al-Sc alloys. By comparing the numerical results with literature experimental data, it is found that the DPT model can well describe the microstructure evolutions during ageing of the Al-Sc alloys, and it has nearly the same accuracy as the KWN model with the governing equation solved by the high-resolution scheme (HR-KWN model). To reduce the amplitude of the oscillations formed in the particle size distribution (PSD) curves predicted by the DPT model, we need to set a small enough value for the time intervals divided in the nucleation stage.

Fixed‐time adaptive event‐triggered fault‐tolerant control of nonlinear systems with actuator failures

AbstractThe problem of fixed‐time adaptive event‐triggered fault‐tolerant control (FTC) is investigated for a class of nonlinear systems with actuator failures in this paper. Firstly, by utilizing back‐stepping algorithm and the fixed‐time stable criterion, a novel fixed‐time adaptive fault‐tolerant controller and parameter updated laws in forms of nonlinear differential equations are developed to counteract actuator faults and parameter uncertainties in fixed time. Then, the event‐triggered mechanism based on the relative threshold method is applied to the proposed control scheme to save network resources. Furthermore, by the Lyapunov stability theory, it can be proven that all the closed‐loop signals of system remain bounded, and the tracking error converges into a small neighborhood of the origin within fixed time interval. Finally, the simulation examples are shown to verify the feasibility and efficiency of the presented strategy.

Cortical Activation during Swallowing Exercise Tasks: an fNIRS Pilot Study.

This pilot study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine brain activity in selected regions of the left motor and sensory cortex while doing swallowing-related tasks. Specifically, differences in cortical activation during normal saliva swallows, effortful swallows, and tongue pressing were investigated. Nine healthy, right-handed adults (5 female, 4 male; Age: 22-30 years) were recruited. The tasks included were (1) normal saliva swallowing, (2) effortful saliva swallowing, and (3) lingual pressing against the palate. Each task was completed three times in a block, for a total of five blocks. Blocks were randomized and presented with set time intervals using PsychoPy. Motor activity was highest during effortful swallows, followed by normal swallows, and lingual presses. Activation in the sensory region was not significantly different across tasks; however, effortful swallows elicited the highest mean peak activation. Our findings suggest that fNIRS can be a viable imaging method used to examine differences in cortical activity in the context of swallowing. Its applicability in future dysphagia research should be explored.

In Silico Investigation against Inhibitors of Alpha-Amylase Using Structure-based Screening, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Simulations Studies.

Type-II diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder that results from fluctuations in the glucose level leading to hyperglycemia with severe adverse effects increasing worldwide. Alpha-Amylase is the key enzyme involved in the mechanism of glucose formation therefore Alpha-Amylase inhibitors have become a therapeutic target in the development of new leads as they have the potential to suppress glucose levels. Existing drugs targeting Alpha-Amylase highlight major drawbacks in terms of poor absorption rate that causes several gastrointestinal issues. So, this research is aimed to develop novel inhibitors interacting with Alpha-Amylase's active site using structural-based screening, binding pattern analysis, and molecular dynamic simulation. Hence, to search for a potential lead, we analyzed a total of 133 valiolamine derivatives and 535 desoxynojirimycin derivatives that exhibited drug-like properties screened through Lipinski filters. Virtual screening followed by binding interaction analysis we identified ten compounds that exhibited better binding energy scores compared to the standard drugs voglibose and miglitol, used in our study. The docking analysis, ADMET and metabolic site prediction estimated the best top two compounds with good drug profiles. Further, top compounds VG9 and VG15 were promoted to simulation study using the Biovia Discovery study to access the stability at a time interval of 100 ns. MD simulation results revealed that our compound VG9 possesses better conformational stability in the complex to the active site residues of Alpha-Amylase target protein than standard drug voglibose. Thus, our investigation revealed that compound VG9 also exhibits the best pharmacokinetic as well as binding affinity results and could act as a potential lead compound targeting Alpha-Amylase for Type II diabetes.

Comparing Weights According to Weighing Cycles with Nonlinear Drift of the Comparator

Cycle weighing is used by metrologists around the world to eliminate drift in comparator readings when comparing the mass of reference weights. Various types of cycles and their descriptions are given in the International Recommendation on legal metrology OIML R111-1-2004 adopted in the Russian Federation as a national standard. They consider cycles under the assumption of linear drift of comparator readings. The article discusses weighing cycles that eliminate nonlinear drift of the comparator. Drift models are proposed in the form of exponential and multinomial laws, which are characterized by a fast dependence of readings at the beginning of the cycle and a slower one at the end of the cycle. The derivation of formulas for the difference between the mass of the verified and the original standard according to four comparator readings at equal time intervals is given. The formulas consist of two components: the first coincides with the formula for linear drift, and the second plays the role of a correction for the drift deviation from linearity. The formulas are also correct for linear drift, since in this case the second components become zero. Estimates of the differences in the mass of the compared weights, taking into account the nonlinearity of the comparator drift, make it possible to estimate the measurement uncertainty for linear and nonlinear drift and become relevant with a constant increase in weighing accuracy, especially when comparing high-precision mass standards.

Tsunami Waves off the Southeastern Coast of Sakhalin Island Caused by the Eruption of the Hunga–Tonga–Hunga–Ha’apai Volcano on 15 January 2022 According to Observations by Bottom Devices of Waves

The observation of waves (sea level oscillations) in the coastal water area of the southeastern coast of Sakhalin Island was carried out from November 2021 to May 2022 using bottom-mounted high-precision ARW 14 K devices with one second discreteness. The analysis of the obtained time series revealed the presence of anomalous waves in the range of tsunami waves in January 2022. It is shown that the waves detected on 15 January 2022 with periods of 15 minutes–4 hours, significantly standing out above the background, are associated with volcanic tsunami waves. Spectral analysis of the time series showed that the maximum in the spectra of sea level oscillations found after the volcanic eruption is close to the period of the first mode of the shelf seiche. This indicates that incoming tsunami waves excite shelf seiches in the coastal zone and contribute to the generation of longshore and transverse seiches into Mordvinov Bay. Time series analysis made it possible to establish that the spectral density of sea level oscillations for the time interval of the beginning of the eruption of the Hunga–Tonga–Hunga–Ha’apai volcano from 21 December 2021 to 11 January 2022 significantly differs from the spectral density for the time of the Plinian volcanic eruption. An analysis of the statistical characteristics of sea level oscillations performed on two–day series in the range of periods 1 min–4 h for background waves and tsunamis showed an increase in the rms by 3.5 times for a time series containing tsunami waves. It has been established that for background time series containing tsunami waves, the coefficients of asymmetry and kurtosis differ little from“Gaussia” values. This indicates that the arrival of tsunami waves from distant sources does not significantly disrupt the stationarity of the wave field in the observation area.