Time In May Research Articles

Evaluation of tall fescue as a low radiocesium-uptake grass species to replace orchardgrass in Japan

Grasslands in Tohoku and North Kanto, Japan were contaminated with radiocesium released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant in March 2011. The dominant pasture species in the permanent grasslands of these areas is orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Two field studies were conducted to determine the potential of a low radiocesium-uptake forage grass to replace orchardgrass for remediation of contaminated grasslands. From 2012 to 2014, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) showed lower 137Cs uptake than orchardgrass under harvesting condition. The annual mean 137Cs activity concentration and transfer factor in tall fescue were half of those in orchardgrass. There was no significant difference in the 137Cs activity concentration among the five cultivars of tall fescue at the third harvest in 2012. From 2016 to 2019, another field study was conducted in a pasture with tall fescue and orchardgrass introduced by overseeding under heavy grazing pressure after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Tall fescue and orchardgrass were collected in May, July, and September from four paddocks before rotational grazing. Three grasses that were originally present, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), were collected each time that tall fescue and orchardgrass were sampled in 2016–2017. They were also collected at the sampling time in May of 2018 and 2019. Tall fescue showed a consistently lower transfer factor than orchardgrass during the four years. Tall fescue had the lowest transfer factor compared with the three originally grown plant species. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan recommends an exchangeable K2O content of 0.3–0.4 g kg−1 in soil (0–15 cm depth) to keep the 137Cs activity concentration in forage grass below the provisional tolerance level for feed. The soil exchangeable K2O content in both field studies was lower than this. Tall fescue is considered a low radiocesium-uptake grass and a potential replacement for orchardgrass in Japan. The use of tall fescue might reduce the amount of potassium fertilizer needed in contaminated grasslands.

قبول تکنولوجیا منصات الاختبارات الإلکترونیة بمادة علوم الأنسجة لدى طلاب السنة الأولى فی کلیة الطب البیطرى بجامعة جنوب الوادی : دراسة حالة على نماذج جوجل

Application of technology became a part of histology teaching and examination. For years, the 1ST year students used to do a traditional examination (Pen-paper tests) in the Histology subject twice a year (January and May). Google form quiz as a method of electronic test was introduced to the 1st year students at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University for the first time in May 2019. The level of students' acceptance of the new approach was evaluated using s questionnaire based on technology acceptance model. Analysis of the students' responses revealed a high acceptance rate to E-test cloud platform. Factors affecting the student acceptance rate were Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Behavioural Intension and Actual Use. It is recommended to apply the Google form quiz as an official and accepted E-test platform at the South Valley university. Furthermore, the faculty members and students should be trained to use this new approach in the examination

Effect of Planting Time and Cassava Variety to MOCAF (Modified Cassava Flour) Quality Level

The more significant demand for flour requires alternative substitute materials from local products, one of which is mocaf flour derived from cassava. The quality of mocaf flour is primarily determined by the quality of cassava. Constraints faced in the supply of mocaf flour, are influenced by the availability of cassava. On the other hand, the quality of mocaf flour is also determined by the quality of cassava produced. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the content and physical properties of mocaf flour produced from differences in planting time and cassava varieties. This research was compiled using a factorial completely randomized design. There were 12 treatment combinations with 3 replications, with the first factor being cassava varieties, including varieties of Bamban, Gambyong, Gatotkaca and Kirik. The second factor is planting time, which is May, June and July. The total number of treatments was 36 treatment units. The results showed that cassava varieties with planting time in May, June and July produced mocaf flour with the content and physical properties in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Gatot varieties with planning time in May, June and July possess the best quality compared to other varieties.

“This is not a doctors thing, it is witchcraft” - A case report of acute psychosis concomitant to primary hyperparathyroidism

IntroductionPrimary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), usually caused by a parathyroid adenoma, is characterized by a pathologically high secretion of parathyroid hormone and consequent hypercalcemia. PHPT has a high prevalence among elderly patients and might be responsible for neuropsychiatric symptoms.ObjectivesWe aim to report the rare manifestation of acute psychosis accompanying a PHPT diagnosis, and to discuss the neurobiological relationship between hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcaemia and neuropsychiatric symptoms.MethodsWe present a clinical case based on patient’s history and clinical data, along with a literature review on PHPT neuropsychiatric symptons.ResultsWe present the case of a 68-year-old man diagnosed with PHPT in November 2019. He was brought up to psychiatric evaluation for the first time in May 2020 upon behavioral changes (aggressiveness and bizarre rituals). The patient described the sensation of burns scattered throughout the body since January 2020, felling anxious and frightened, sleeping poorly and progressive social isolation. He presented delusional ideas of mystical and paranoid content. No significant cognitive impairments were found. The patient’s psychosis was partially responsive to atypical antipsychotics. He’s waiting for surgery. Hypercalcaemia might manifest as mood disorders, cognitive changes and rarely as acute psychosis. Although there is not yet a clear mechanism to explain it, high calcium levels seem to cause neurotoxicity and neurotransmission dysfunction. Restoration of normal calcium levels tend to resolve neuropsychiatric symptoms, but in PHPT parathyroidectomy is usually recommended.ConclusionsNeuropsychiatric symptoms are responsible for great disability, and demand an organic in-depth investigation. A multidisciplinary team approach must always be considered in the management of such conditions.

Hell in the Cave: Falling down to find the light

When it comes to Hell, nothing is more appropriate than thinking about the Divine Comedy. In fact, this internationally famous poem by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri portrays the most popular and famous Hell in Western culture. From its very beginning, this poem has been performed in public readings and spread throughout the world and adapted in many ways. In the second half of the nineteenth century, a new tradition of shows paved the way for the many others that followed during the twentieth century, especially in relation to the various anniversaries of the birth and death of the poet. From the sixties and seventies, thanks to the theories and practices of New Theatre, the staging of Dante was given a second life: new techniques as well as new spaces were made available to the performers. The contemporary scene of the twenty-first century has developed from these multiple instances and now faces a new contribution, from social media. This article analyses a specific performance of Dante’s Inferno called Hell in the Cave. This show, performed for the first time in May 2011, gathers the audience and leads it deep inside the earth -- like a ‘second Dante’ -- using the geological site of Castellana Caves near Bari in Italy. The perfect setting of the caves offers a unique and immersive experience to the audience, who are also asked to take an active part in the infernal story. This vision of Hell combines drama, music and acrobatic dance with a singular setting in order to provide the most authentic impression of sin and damnation. This captivating performance testifies to a new kind of approach to performing Hell, especially related to Dante’s staging tradition.

Evaluation on Assimilation Application of Yunhai-2 Occultation Data in Regional Numerical Weather Prediction Model

Based on the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model and GSI (Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system) three-dimensional variational assimilation system, regional assimilation and prediction experiments for China’s autonomic Yunhai-2 occultation data were performed for the first time in May 2019. The results of the experiments demonstrated that after assimilating Yunhai-2 occultation data, the improvement for the wind and temperature fields is mainly reflected in the middle and later stages of the forecast, while the improvement for the humidity field is witnessed through the entire forecast period. The results also showed that the improvement degree of the wind, temperature, and humidity fields tends to be consistent with the extension of forecast time. It was found that the improvement for the wind and temperature fields is mainly reflected in the middle layer of the model, while the improvement for the water vapor mixing ratio is mainly reflected in the middle and lower layers of the model. Thus, assimilating Yunhai-2 occultation data can reasonably adjust the potential height, humidity, temperature, and wind fields in the model, thereby improving the precipitation forecast results.

A hybrid deep learning and NLP based system to predict the spread of Covid-19 and unexpected side effects on people

The aim of this paper is to deeply analyze the unexpected side effects of people during the Covid-19 pandemic using the RNN based NLP sentiment analysis model. The normalized correlation values that is obtained by computing the cases values between the people behavior extracted and covid-19 reported case also has values close to 1 million by the end of June 2020 provided in dataset. In this research work, with more time, we would like to continue from the results we have achieved by training the RNN with NLP based sentiment analysis model for more extended periods of time for predicting the behavior of people during Covid-19 pandemic with 76.71% of accuracy which is high as compared to the CNN, such as days or weeks, in order to see how results can improve. The advancement in this field created an urge in me to research more on the techniques and methodologies developed for covid-19 extraction. During the outbreak of an epidemic, it is of immense interest to monitor the effects of containment measures and forecast of outbreak including epidemic peak affecting the behavior of people. To confront the change in behavior, a simple RNN based NLP sentiment analysis model is used to simulate the number of affected patients of Coronavirus disease. Our initial problem formulation involved investigating the ideal conditions and preprocessing for working with a specific NLP task: predicting the behavior during the specific time of May 20 – June 20 in 2020 for all four traits of common people during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Effects of different planting density, leaf position and leaf age on growth and quality of Artemisia argyi var. argyi 'Qiai'

In order to guide the standardized planting and scientific harvesting of Artemisia argyi var. argyi 'Qiai', effects of diffe-rent planting density, leaf position and leaf age on the growth and quality of A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' were studied in this paper. The results showed that appropriate sparse planting could increase stem diameter, compact leaf spacing, increase the leaf size, reduce the rate of withered leaves and increase the number of effective leaves. Dense planting can significantly increase the yield of A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' per Mu(1 Mu≈667 m~2) and the output rate of moxa, but reduce the yield per plant and the number of effective leaves. With the decrease of leaf position and the increase of leaf age, the leaf size and the weight of one hundred leaves increased at first and then decreased, the density of non-glandular hair field of the lower epidermis and the output rate of moxa decreased. With the increase of planting density, the contents of eucalyptus oleoresin, camphor, α-platyclone, and cyanidin decreased gradually, the contents of chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C in the leaves of A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' increased gradually, while the contents of borneol, bornyl acetate and isozelanin increased at first and then decreased significantly. With the decrease of leaf position and the increase of leaf age, the contents of volatile oil, phenolic acid and flavonoid in A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' decreased gradually. PCA analysis can divide the leaf quality characteristics of A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' into two parts: the middle and upper 10-30 days leaf age, the middle and lower 40-50 days above leaf age. Based on the above factors, the planting density of 28 000 plants/Mu(row spacing of 10 cm×20 cm) can be selected for cultivation of A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' rhizome, and the effective plants in the field are about 142 800 plants/Mu. In terms of harvesting, it is suggested that the A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' should be harvested on "March 3 rd" and "May 5 th" of the lunar calendar. If it is the traditionally harvested at one time in May, the A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' should be divided into two parts: the middle and upper leaves, the middle and lower leaves, so as to achieve high quality and high price of A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' leaves and improve the economic benefits of A. argyi var. argyi 'Qiai' planting.

First simultaneous and synchronized split-liver transplantation involving two recipients and three surgeons in Costa Rica: A case report

BackgroundCosta Rica has a public health system based on social security, and its transplant program has limited resources. Therefore, when a whole liver is surgically split for transplantation, only one of the obtained grafts can be transplanted. In Costa Rica, there are only three surgeons with expertise and surgical training in liver transplantation with living-donor and split-liver transplantation (SLT) for both pediatric and adult patients. To overcome the existing limitations and the low organ donation rate, a strategy designed to maximize the use of split grafts for liver transplantation was created. This strategy involves the performance of two simultaneous and synchronized SLTs in parallel at two different hospitals. MethodsThis strategy was performed for the first time in May 2018. Simultaneously and synchronously, two SLTs were performed for a woman and a female infant; both patients underwent operations at the same time by only three transplant surgeons in two different hospitals. ResultsThis strategy allowed the performance of two SLTs without compromising the cold ischemia time (CIT) or reperfusion. The infant and woman had a CIT time of 4.5 and 6.0 h, respectively. At 16 months postoperatively, both patients had excellent quality of life and graft function. ConclusionThis first experience with the herein-described surgical and logistical strategy, although successful, requires institutional and governmental support so that the outcomes can be improved to maximize the benefit and opportunity of access for patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation in health systems of third-world countries with limited resources.

P0059CLINICAL AND IMAGING FEATURES OF A NOVEL DNAJB11 MUTATION COMPARED TO PKD1-PKD2 ADULT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE (ADPKD). TWO DIFFERENT DISEASES?

Abstract Background and Aims ADPKD is characterized by the progressive development of bulky renal cysts, often resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Among this group 85% of cases recognize a genetic mutation concerning PKD1/PKD2 genes (ADPKD). Among the remaining 15% of ADPKD patients, DNAJB11 mutations (DNAJB11-PKD) has been recently recognized. [Cornec-Le Gall E, Olson RJ, Beesse W t al. Monoallelic Mutations to DNAJB11 Cause Atypical Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Am Journ Hum Gen 2018, 102:832-844.] DNAJB11 encodes a co-chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also called ERdj3. It is part of the HSP40 protein family and plays a central role in both intracellular and extracellular proteomic homeostasis (proteostasis). In the intracellular compartment it acts as a co-chaperone in the pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in which it binds misfolded proteins which have to be secreted and activates BiP an HSP70 of ER whose function is to correct the misfolding. In our Nephrology Unit we collected the largest cohort of patients with a new stop codon mutation (p.Arg34*) of DNAJB11. All patients are relatives of different ranks and were born in a small village in the mountains of the Parma province.In this study we compare clinical features of DNAJB11-PKD with ADPKD to define differences between the two groups. Method We identified retrospectively from outpatient and dialysis databases of the Nephrology Unit of Parma patients carrying pArg34* DNAJB11 or PKD1-PKD2 mutations. We collected the clinical features and the available diagnostic imaging of all identified patients. Results We collected 19 patients with DNAJB11-PKD and 37 with ADPKD. The clinical characteristics are reported in Figure 1 . Our DNAJB11-PKD cohort vs ADPKD presented significantly a normal renal size (median value 10.5cm vs 16cm respectively) and smaller cysts size (median value 2cm vs 5cm respectively). Interestingly 5/19 DNAJB11 patients had type 2 diabetes vs no cases in the ADPKD group (p<0.05). ADPKD patients presented ESRD about 10 years before DNAJB11-PKD and renal survival resulted significantly worse (Figure 2).We revised also the previous diagnosis of our DNAJB11-PKD patients; 3/19 DNAJB11-PKD cases were diagnosed as having ADPKD. The remaining were classified as medullary sponge kidney disease (7/19), diabetic nephropathy (3/19) or nephroangiosclerosis (6/19). Conclusion DNAJB11 mutations were reported as a cause of ADPKD for the first time in May 2018 by Cornec-Le-Gall and colleagues. In their study were reported 7 different mutations in 23 patients and they identified 2/23 patients with type II diabetes. We here report the larger single DNAJB11 mutation cohort in the literature and compared it with genetic proven ADPKD. We documented differences in pathognomonic clinical features of ADPKD like renal survival, enlarged kidneys and bulky cysts. Moreover about 30% of DNAJB11-PKD patients present Type II diabetes that would be related to altered proteostasis in the ER. Since DNAJB11-PKD appears to differ in relevant aspects from well known ADPKD, it would be less confusing to classify DNAJB11-PKD indipendently from ADPKD.

Study of Pricing Bubbles formation process in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE): Applying of Markov Switching Method

The pricing bubble is one of the issues facing the capital markets, which occurs at different stages in the capital markets and with its emergence and fall, many changes occur in the capital markets and the situation of investors. This article seeks to investigate the bubble formation and its fall in the Tehran Stock Exchange using the State-Space Model of the Markov Switching Method. To investigate this issue, the space-state system, two models of Wu [22], Campbell & Shiller [4, 5] have been used, which in one case considers bubble formation and in the other case bubble falling.The studied data were from April 2011 to September 2018 and on a daily basis, which was extracted from the archives of the Tehran Stock Exchange.The stock market has witnessed the bubble formation process a total of 19 times in the period under review, so that in 2011, 4 times, in May, December, February and March in 2012, 5 times in May, July, October, November and February price bubble occurred. Also, in 2013, a price bubble occurred 4 times, which included the months of May, July (2 times), and January. This sequence for 2014, including once in March and in 2015, occurred twice in April and February. In 2016 and 2017, the price bubble did not occur, and in 2018, in June, July and August, there were 3 price bubbles so far.

Determined Seasonal Variation of Polar Jet Streams over Baghdad City for period 2012-2014

Analysis of the jet stream is diagnostic over Baghdad for period studies 2012 to 2014 using Radiosonde data and synoptic charts. The source of data is Iraq Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS). Similar way for weather forecasts to identify areas, forecasters show that area has good predictability under jet stream case. The jet stream is happening clearly realized under the climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and geopotential height for upper layer. Two levels 300hPa and 500hPa is the best way to determine the current jet. Maximum frequency of jet stream happened in April and July in 500hPa that equal 13 times and in 300hPa happened 14 times in May. This study showed that the occurrence of cases of the jet stream is becoming increasingly volatile and decreasingly during 2012 and gradually increased in 2014 where that recorded in 2014.

음향을 이용한 추자도 바다목장 해역의 계절별 어군의 분포 조사

The purpose of this research is to investigate the distribution of seasonal fish schools in Chujado Marine Ranch Area. Acoustic surveys were conducted three times in May, August, and November 2019. The results of the survey were a low fish density in May and November while the highest density was recorded in August. In May and November, there were no fish schools, and small number of individual fish appeared. In August, a large fish schools was formed throughout the depths of the surveyed sea. The water temperature was the highest in August compared to May and November. It was found that the fish schools changes according to the time of day or night, the seasonal environment, water temperature, and the submarine topography. Regular and systematic investigation is necessary to construct a marine ranch suitable for the target sea area.

Population of oil palm pollinator insect (Elaeidobius kamerunicus faust.) at PTP Nusantara VIII Cisalak Baru, Rangkasbitung-Banten

The role of Elaeidobius kamerunicus in oil palm plantations in recent times is questioned related to the decline in oil palm productivity. The research aim is to study the E. kamerunicus beetle population and the factors that influence it. The study was carried out in the oil palm plantation PTP Nusantara VIII Cisalak Baru, Rangkasbitung-Banten. The beetle population were calculated on 3 spikelets at the base, middle, and end of an anthesis flower bunch of oil palm plant samples aged 13 and 5 years using purposive sampling method. Observation were carried out 3 times in May, September and November 2015. Morphological observation of beetle E.Kamerunicus was carried out in Balittro laboratory. The results showed that the population of E. kamerunicus in the study area was quite abundant and fluctuated. The average population of E. kamerunicus in oil palm plantation in May, September and November, are 15.168, 6.139, and 37.575 insect/ha in plantations aged 13 years, and 11.205, 7.534, and 49.209 insect / ha in oil palm plantation aged 5 years with the higest population occur in November. The fluctuation seem influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, the present of rats as natural enemy, and the number of spikelet.

Termination of puberty in out-of-season male Atlantic salmon smolts

Environmental conditions are known to contribute to the phenotypic plasticity in the age of sexual maturation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Here, we report on an observation of out-of-season male Atlantic salmon initiating puberty as pre-smolts (jacks) but failing to complete maturation as post-smolts. Jacks were identified based on elevated plasma 11-ketotestosterone (range, 3–12 ng/ml) and the occurrence of type B spermatogonia in January 2017. However, these males failed to show running milt as post-smolts at the expected time in May 2017. Subsequently, 6 out of the 21 (32%) suspected “terminated jacks” went on to become grilse, whereas only 1 of the 22 (5%) males that showed no signs of initiating puberty in January became grilse in December 2017. Therefore, “terminated” jacks were more likely to mature as grilse than the males that remained immature. Why these pubertal pre-smolt males did not complete maturation is unclear but could be related to the transfer of fish from conditions of warm water and long days, risk factors for early maturation, to conditions of cold water and short days, which are expected to delay the age of maturation. We provide a description of the conditions under which male Atlantic salmon appear to have terminated the process of sexual maturation.

Recharge of River Water to Karst Aquifer Determined by Hydrogeochemistry and Stable Isotopes

The Jinan Karst Spring System in Shandong province, China, has suffered to maintain groundwater level and spring flowing for decades. Recharge of river water to karst aquifer in Jinan is important for the outflowing of four large karst springs in the city center. Field investigations were conducted for two times in May and October, 2015, respectively and water samples were collected for hydrogeochemical and isotopic measurements. Results showed that (a) the water type was predominantly Ca-HCO3-SO4 for karst groundwater, and Ca-Mg-SO4 for river water; (b) the concentration of HCO3− and NO3− in karst groundwater were higher than that in river water, in contrast, the concentration of SO42− and K+ in karst groundwater were lower than that in river water; (c) the δ2H and δ18O values with average of −51.2‰ and −6.6‰ for river water is more enriched than the values in groundwater samples (−59.1‰ and −8.3‰), in that river experienced evaporation in the upstream reservoir; (d) Based on the distribution pattern of δ18O, groundwater near river bank was found to be recharged from river water and found a preferential flow path in karst aquifer situated from Dongkema to Manzizhuang near the river bank. This study provides useful information for understanding of the hydraulic connection between river water and karst aquifer, and benefit the protection and management of water resources.

Morphofunctional Characteristics of the Ovaries of Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Kuchurgan Reservoir (Cooling Water Body of the Moldavian Regional Power Plant)

The results of studies of the reproductive system in sexually mature pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Centrarchidae) females during spawning in the Kuchurgan Reservoir (liman), the cooling water body of the Moldavian Regional Power Plant, are presented. Asynchronous development of germ cells in the ovary is characteristic of this invasive species. The females spawn three times in May–July, and the relative gonad weight decreases with each generation, so that the gonadоsomatic index before the second and third spawning is sequentially reduced. This is confirmed by the decrease of the weight of eggs and the relative gonad weight during the formation of the second and third egg cell portions within a specific breeding season. Females with severe impairments of gonad development were identified.

Anomalous phenomena in DC–ULF geomagnetic daily variation registered three days before the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan <i>M</i><sub>S</sub> 8.0 earthquake

The hourly data of the vertical Z and the horizontal H components of 37 ground–based DC–ULF geomagnetic stations are examined during 20 April–12 May 2008. On 9 May 2008, three days before the Wenchuan MS 8.0 shock, anomalies — a double low-point and a decreased amplitude — are registered on the curves of the Z component at 25 stations in a large-scale area surrounding the Wenchuan epicentral area. The H component shows none of the double low-point phenomenon but does exhibit a reduced magnitude at the same time. The geomagnetic index Kp is also examined and indicates that the anomalies appear at a solar quiet period. The appearing time shift (Tzs) between the first low-point on May 9 and the minimum point occurring time of May 1–5, 2008 is also checked. The results show that Tzs is on the order of 1–2 hours earlier or later than usual and there is a 2–6 hours’ gap between these two low-points. However, there is still a transition area which includes the epicenter where Tzs = 0. Variation amplitude examined on vertical Z increases as the distance from the epicenter decreases. An Earth–air–ionosphere model has been employed to investigate a possible mechanism of this phenomenon and positive results have been unexpectedly attained. All these above-related results tend to prove that the variations of the Z and H on May 9, 2008 during the solar quiet period are probably associated with the forthcoming Wenchuan MS 8.0 earthquake.

The Diversity of Macroscopic Fungi Species of The Wallacea in The Arboretum of BP2LHK Manado

Fungi have a vital role in ecological processes, as an indicator of health of an ecosystem, it is not only has the potency for medicine and food but also variety of unexplored potential. Arboretum has high potential for biological conservation including fungi species, so information on its diversity and potency are very important for the basis of its management. The purpose of this research was to explore the diversity of species and the potential of macroscopic fungi in the BP2LHK Manado Arboretum. Observations were conducted 8 times in May, June, and September 2016 using a cruise and an opportunistic method. The infromation of growth media, light intensity, and temperature were collected as a supporting data. The result showed that arboretum stored 48 species of macroscopic fungi with different characteristics. 39 species were identified, divided into 2 divisions, 6 classes, 9 orders, and 17 families, while the remaining 9 species were unidentified.. The results showed that the diversity of macroscopic species habitat were dominated by 31 species grown on necromass, 11 species grown on litter and 6 species grown on soil. Based on its potential, there were 2 species of toxic fungi, 1 species of edible and medicinal fungus, 2 species of edible fungi, 5 species with medicinal fungi, 19 species were not edible, and 19 species with unknown benefits.

The Diversity of Macroscopic Fungi Species of The Wallacea in The Arboretum of BP2LHK Manado

Fungi have a vital role in ecological processes, a s an indicator of health of an ecosystem, it is not only has the poten cy for medicine and food but also variety of unexplored potential. Arboretum has high potential for biological conservation including fungi species, so information on its diversity and poten cy are very important for the basis of its management . The purpose of this research was to explore the diversity of species and the potential of macroscopic fungi in the BP2LHK Manado Arboretum. O bservations were conducted 8 times in May, June, and September 2016 using a cruise and an opportunistic method . The infromation of growth media, light intensity, and temperature were collected as a supporting data . The result showed that arboretum stored 48 species of macroscopic fungi with different characteristics . 39 species were identified, divided into 2 divisions, 6 classes, 9 orders, and 17 families, while the remaining 9 species were unidentified. . The results showed that the diversity of macroscopic species habitat were dominated by 31 species grown on necromass , 11 species grown on litter and 6 species grown on soil. Based on its potential, there were 2 species of toxic fungi, 1 species of edible and medicinal fungus, 2 species of edible fungi , 5 species with medicinal fungi, 1 9 species were not edible, and 19 species with unknown benefits. Keyword: arboretum, diversity, macroscopic fungi, Manado