Time-honoured Tradition Research Articles

Sofia Khatun’s Silsila: A Genealogy of Foremothers in Print

Between 1922 and 1925, Sofia Khatun, a Muslim woman writer, published over 25 essays in some of Calcutta’s most widely circulated Bengali periodicals. Among these essays, her accounts of women’s position in premodern Greece, Rome, India and Egypt and her speculation on the originary sites of women’s movements are particularly interesting. Khatun here challenges the primacy of western actors and explicitly connects women’s emancipation with the era of Islamization in West Asia and North Africa. While reconfiguring dominant narratives of women’s social and political activism, she seeks foremothers in both obvious and obscure milieux. In doing so, Khatun traces a silsila or chain of predecessors, who are sources of inspiration to herself as well as her contemporary readers. A time-honoured tradition in Islamicate cultures, salasil (plural) usually foreground Sufi pirs (spiritual guides) and transmitters of Hadith (sayings attributed to the Prophet), more often men than women. Khatun reorients this practice to showcase women activists as key players in a male-dominated textual space. The conceptual metaphor of silsila captures her bringing together of Anglo-American suffragists, Arabian sultanas and African women warriors within a single genealogy. Khatun draws on two genres popular in medieval Arabia to enable her eclectic assemblage of foremothers to speak to the concerns of women readers in twentieth-century Bengal. The first, tabaqat, are biographical dictionaries that provide emulative paradigms. The second, a set of belletristic genres encompassed within the term adab, are short prose pieces and precedents to the ‘modern’ essay. Building on the former’s didactic function and the latter’s anecdotal quality, Khatun allows her foremothers to articulate multiple models of gender justice pursued at different times and across transregional spaces. By upholding such pluralistic and heterodox feminist pasts, she pays attention to the intersectional nature of gender inequity and addresses the ‘woman question’ in all its complexity in late colonial Bengal.

Прилагане, адаптиране и важност на иновативния метод саундпейнтинг в предучилищна възраст

Using Soundpainting to enhance and reinforce children's knowledge of holidays and custom can become a teacher's perfect weapon. Giving children the basic concepts of the different holidays and customs, and then giving them freedom of improvisation, makes them direct participants in the educational process in a very casual and even fun way for children. Incorporating Soundpainting in pedagogical situations gives the teacher unlimited possibilities to involve children's active participation in the educational process in an intriguing and impressive way. Having fun and learning-by-doing, children will easily remember the changes in nature, time-honoured traditions and customs, more about professions and their importance in the social way of life, about drawing and creativity. The main point here is that each teaching situation can become an unforgettable moment in which each child feels unique, unleash their creativity while experiencing each skill and knowledge through their own prism and rationality.

An EPA for better Bedside Teaching.

BackgroundBedside teaching (BST), a time‐honoured tradition of clinical teaching which integrates theoretical knowledge and clinical practice, has declined steeply over the last decade. Moreover, many clinician teachers today are not specifically trained in and/or comfortable in delivering effective BST. Resucitating this valuable educational format may require a new approach to preparing teachers and setting the stage for effective BST. Framing BST as an entrustable professional activity (EPA) for teachers may be one strategy to enhance its application and quality.MethodsWe aimed to redefine, describe essential features and effective practices for high‐quality BST, based on clinical teacher participant perspectives through a focus group discussion and open‐ended questionnaires via e‐mail, supplemented by insights from literature.ResultsBased on data collected, we generated a definition of BST and a list of suggested strategies to optimise BST, for example, preparation, safe learning environment, flexible teaching and patient's benefits. A structured EPA description was created based on this definition.ConclusionEffective BST requires skilled clinical teachers who are comfortable and confident in this mode of teaching; framing BST as a teaching EPA could guide faculty development and clinical teacher certification.

Modern trends in landscape design: the return to Eastern traditions?

This paper discusses the analysis of modern landscaping trends. Today’s challenges and environmental issues that reduce landscaping area in large cities force us to search for new landscaping trends. Amid global environmental problems, the popularity of green areas attached to private homes is increasing. Despite avant-garde trends, there is a growing interest in traditional oriental gardens, both Chinese and Japanese, based on the principles of harmony between human and nature. At the same time, the arrangement of modern Chinese-style private gardens in Ukraine and other Post-Soviet territories, without a deep understanding of fundamental methods, including ‘one lake, three mountains’, ‘garden in a garden’, ‘mountains–water’, sets such gardens apart from true Chinese design. By comparing the historical Chinese pavilions and modern Chinese-style arbours, their non-conformity has been proven, and it recommended to arrange modern Chinese-style gardens based on the use of time-honoured traditions.

Out of Time: Time-Travel Tropes Write (through) Climate Change

Out of Time: Time-Travel Tropes Write (through) Climate Change

Establishing Categories in the Design of Rating Scales for MA-in-ELT Theses

This paper focuses on a data-driven method for developing rating scales. The authors describe a project in which a set of analytical scales were developed for the evaluation of MA-in-English Language-Teaching (ELT) theses. An important stage in designing assessment systems is how rating scale categories may be identified, especially in the case of a complex construct, as is determined by requirements of MA theses, and when the categories are not handed down from time-honoured traditions. In this project, there was a conscious effort to make scale development as broadly-based as possible by involving as many of the potential users of the scales as possible. In this article, the authors present insights into some of the key issues that arose during scale development. Although the rating scales are context specific, the steps illustrated here may be useful for those planning to embark on a similar project in their own institutions, as well as for experts involved in assessment in general.

Domestic Science: the recovery of an ichthyosaur skull

In May 2016, Andrew Wass and the author recovered much of an ichthyosaur (ophthalmosaurid) skull from the foreshore of Smallmouth Sands in Weymouth, Dorset, UK. This provided an opportunity to explore the reconstruction of the skull and look into the scientific study of ichthyosaurs. Neither of us are affiliated with any university or museum and this article shows the use of improvisation or educated guess work, facilitated by the internet age of available information; it illustrates 'exploratory' research in the time-honoured tradition of independent local experts.

Collision of Royal Law and local fueros in the process of the Spanish state formation in XVI century on the example of the Antonio Perez case

In this article, the Author uses the concrete case of Antonio Perez, the ex-secretary of the king Philip II of Spain, to demonstrate the course of the Spanish state formation and the integration of the Law and State with its problems and contradictions. The object of this study is to research the mentioned process in theory and in reality, because they are different. In theory, the process of the State formation comes to its end in the epoch of the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella governing. Later, in the epoch of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Spain was the Empire yet. However, in the epoch of Philip II the unity and integrity of the new sate are in danger, because the case of Antonio Peres demonstrates that customary law as fueros, privileges and time-honoured traditions are able to survive the political and legal processes.

Corruption and Factionalism in Contemporary Punjab: An ethnographic account from rural Malwa

AbstractOver the length of its current tenure, Punjab's Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) has sought to become more a socially inclusive party, more responsive to popular demands, and even to improve service delivery and eradicate corruption. However, despite these lofty goals, it has also presided over what people refer to as ‘goonda raj’—a rule of thugs—and has managed to alienate large sections of the population and, in the process, fuelled the rise of the anti-corruption Aam Admi Party in the state. In this article, based on ethnographic fieldwork in rural Malwa, I attempt to shed light on the roots of this contradiction. Is it simply the case, as ordinary people allege, that the SAD's claims are empty and that its members are merely interested in looting the state? Or, alternatively, is it the case that the party merely operates in accordance with Punjab's allegedly time-honoured tradition of rival factions competing to appropriate the spoils of power? I suggest instead that much of the corruption and violence observable at the village level in Punjab has its roots in the antagonistic relationship between the Congress Party and the Shiromani Akali Dal. It is this antagonism that appears to fuel the SAD's highly partisan form of government, and it is partisan government that appears to fuel the corruption and the village-level factional conflict that is documented in this article.

Film Writing Adapted for Game Narrative: Myth or Error?

Film Writing Adapted for Game Narrative: Myth or Error?

FUNDAMENTALISATION OF ECONOMIC EDUCATION: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN FORMATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

The article is dedicated to pedagogical analysis of foreign experience in forming entrepreneurial skills in the students of higher economic institutions given the opportunity to implement its elements into the process of fundamentalisation of national higher economic education. The article draws attention to the most effective educational systems, offering economic vocational training, such as Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Scandinavia, and certainly the United States and Canada. At the same time, it has been noted that an interesting and revealing in the context of preserving national mentality and time-honoured cultural traditions of vocational education is the East region countries – Japan, China and Vietnam. Having based on the empirical research data, there has been found that modern European higher education is gradually being transformed into an educational model in which all relevant tasks and educational components are integrated into the «knowledge triangle» with elements of «education – research – innovation», at the same time the East region countries, adapting the leading European and American models of both higher education in general and business education in particular, take into account time-honoured social traditions and show an example of an optimal system of the professional self-development of the future specialist-economist

Teaching land law — An essay

In 2011, fellow property teachers Penny Carruthers, Natalie Skead and Kate Galloway conducted a valuable and comprehensive survey of the teaching of the compulsory property law unit in Australian law schools. Their published findings provided rich empirical data on our practices,1 and aimed to ‘stimulate discussion and foster the further exploration of the challenges that confront property law teachers in teaching property law in the twenty-first century’.2 This essay takes up that discussion. First, the essay contains observations made and lessons learned over a twenty year career of teaching property and writing curricula, at both undergraduate and postgraduate level, in compulsory subjects and electives, in a large law faculty, in a research-intensive university. Second, it is an attempt to drill down into a specific property curriculum, teaching methods and assessment, fleshing out detail on issues raised by Carruthers, Skead and Galloway’s research. The essay is intended as a conversation with property teachers of all varieties; those of us who have taught the subject for considerable time, but also younger teachers who, in accordance with time-honoured tradition, may have been press-ganged into teaching property as a condition of their employment. No minor challenge.

Requiem for the grand round

The time-honoured tradition of Grand Round is firmly rooted in medical education, but has little evidence for its effectiveness or its impact on patient management. A mode of didactic teaching, Grand Round has lost its appeal in modern medical education with dwindling attendance at Grand Rounds worldwide. Once a platform for eminence-based medicine and a cross fertilisation of medical ideas, emphasis on sub-specialisation and clinical governance, combined with rota, trainee engagement and attendance failures has made Grand Round obsolete. To survive, Grand Round must have evidence for its effectiveness in medical education. It must be able to compete with other forms of teaching and adapt by using technology to reach trainees. Engaging the audience and encouraging participation needs to be woven into the fabric of the modern Grand Round, alongside learning clinical skills and developing clinical reasoning. Understanding the needs of today's trainees and their involvement in formulating the Grand Round programme is vital. Attendance at Grand Round is a recognised measure of its success and will be used in its evaluation. Questions still remain regarding the future of Grand Round. Its survival will depend upon its ability to change with time and reclaim its place as a credible tool to promote learning.

Metaphysical Penetrations: A Parallel English-Arabic Text by Mulla Ṣadrā (review)

Reviewed by: Metaphysical Penetrations: A Parallel English-Arabic Text by Mulla Ṣadrā Ali Paya Metaphysical Penetrations: A Parallel English-Arabic Text by Mulla Ṣadrā, trans. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, ed. and introduced by Ibrahim Kalin, 2014. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, distributed for Brigham Young University), xli + 320 pp. (English/Arabic), $39.95. isbn: 978-0-84252-839-9. A famous philosopher – Karl Popper – once observed that ‘all men and all women are philosophers’. While this observation can hardly be challenged, when it comes to philosophy as a distinct discipline whose aim is the systematic endeavour to explore various aspects of reality by rational means, it seems that only a limited number of cultures can claim to have developed advanced and sophisticated ways of systematic philosophising and possess a variety of well-developed philosophical schools. Philosophy seems to have always been an integral part of the intellectual landscape of Iran whether in her Islamic or pre-Islamic periods. When, due to the dominance of Ash‘ari thought in the Eastern as well as the Western flanks of Muslim lands, philosophy, as a discipline, vanished from Muslims centres of learning, Iranian philosophers, whether Sunni or Shi‘i kept the flame of philosophising alive and continued their intellectual endeavour by producing new and more sophisticated schools of philosophy. Apart from the Peripatetic School with luminaries like Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Nasir al-Din Tusi, among others, Iranians managed to develop entirely new philosophical schools such as the Iluminationist (Ishraqi) School (introduced by Suhrawardi), the School of Isfahan (developed by Mir Damad), the Schools of Shiraz (the first one introduced by Sadr al-Din Dashtaki and the other by Mulla Sadra Shirazi), and School of Khorasan (due to Mulla Hadi Sabzivari). Among modern scholars who have contributed to introducing the achievements of Muslim philosophers to the Western readers, Professor [End Page 529] Seyyed Hossein Nasr deserves special mention. On his own as well as in collaboration with colleagues and students, he has managed to translate many of the works produced by Muslim philosophers since the inception of philosophy among Muslims to the present day. The book under review occupies a special place in his considerable oeuvre. As he explains in his preface, this translation and his annotations are the outcome of a novel project which was carried out for the first time in the West within the confines of an academic setting. Professor Nasr explains that in 1984 at the George Washington University, with the help of ‘a group of advanced and well-qualified students in the field of Islamic philosophy’ he ‘decided to perpetuate [the] time-honoured tradition of dars-i kharij’ by teaching two major texts of Mulla Sadra, who is regarded as one of the greatest Muslim philosophers of all time. The books in question were Kitab al-Hikmah al-‘Arshiyyah, and Kitab al-Masha’ir. As the translator explains, in dars-i kharij, the teacher first reads the text, and then comments upon it. Then students are invited to contribute to the discussions by suggesting their own critical comments, observations, and questions. The book under review is the outcome of this intellectually stimulating process which, in the case of Professor Nasr and his students, went on for a number of years. The book contains the English translation of Kitab al-Masha’ir plus the original Arabic text followed by notes and comments on various aspects of the text. The English translation is edited and annotated by Ibrahim Kalin, who was a member of Professor Nasr’s dars-i kharij sessions and at the time also one of Professor Nasr’s PhD students. The Masha’ir belongs to the period of Sadra’s intellectual and spiritual maturity. He was in his fifties when he finished the book. It provides a clear account of Mulla Sadra’s system of thought in which ‘wujud’ (Being, being, Existence) in itself, and not our conception of it, is the source/originator/creator of everything. It is also the starting point of Sadra’s philosophical deliberations. Sadra has produced a complete metaphysical/epistemological/theosophical system by pondering on wujud itself and its implications. The editor, who is now a professor of Islamic philosophy, in his introduction...

Patient perceptions of bedside teaching rounds

Over recent years the training of medical students and residents has moved away from the bedside. Various authors have cited barriers to bedside teaching, many of which are patient-centred and involve issues such as patient embarrassment and humiliation, and lack of patient cooperation.1 The patient's bedside is where both medical students and residents are introduced to the art of physical diagnosis and where they are able to view the essential components of professionalism and humanism. Bedside teaching rounds also allow medical students and residents to translate basic science into clinical medicine. Yet time spent teaching and learning at the bedside has significantly decreased. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' comfort with bedside teaching, as well as patient perceptions of the educational value of bedside training for both patients and learners. A total of 67 patients, who were admitted to an in-patient medical service at an academic tertiary hospital over a 10-month period during 2009–2010, were selected to take part in weekly physical diagnosis rounds. Within 24 hours of the completion of rounds, a patient questionnaire was administered by a medical student who was unknown to the patient and had not been present during the rounds. The questionnaire addressed three domains: the patient's perceived experience of the rounds; the educational benefit of the rounds, and the doctor's ability to serve as a role model at the bedside. The questionnaire consisted of a series of 10 statements, agreement with which was indicated using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Means and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated. The patients disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statements that the rounds disrupted their morning or made them more upset about their illnesses (mean ± SD: 1.7 ± 1.0 and 1.5 ± 0.5, respectively). Patients agreed or strongly agreed that the rounds gave them opportunities to express their feelings about their illnesses (mean ± SD: 4.2 ± 0.9). Patients agreed or strongly agreed that the rounds were carried out in a way that showed respect for them as people (mean ± SD: 4.4 ± 0.6). Patients agreed or strongly agreed that their involvement in rounds gave them a sense of contributing to the education of doctors (mean ± SD: 4.5 ± 0.5) and demonstrated the importance of teaching physical diagnosis skills (mean ± SD: 4.5 ± 0.5). Lastly, patients agreed or strongly agreed that the attending physician was an excellent role model (mean ± SD: 4.5 ± 0.5). Results from the questionnaire revealed that patients had positive experiences and views of the rounds, felt positively about the educational benefits of bedside physical diagnosis rounds and believed that the attending physician was a positive role model at the bedside. The findings of this study should encourage attending physicians to return to the time-honoured tradition of teaching at the bedside, not only for the educational benefit of students and residents, but also for the potential benefit of patients.

‘Wanderer, kommst du nach Pforta …’: the tension between Classical tradition and the demands of a Nazi elite-school education at Schulpforta and Ilfeld, 1934–45

This paper explores the tensions which arose when Schulpforta, Germany's leading humanistic boarding school, was forcibly turned into a Nazi elite school (a Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalt, or Napola). The time-honoured traditions of Christianity and enlightened humanism previously cultivated at the erstwhile Landesschule zur Pforta (alma mater of Fichte, Ranke and Nietzsche) were swiftly subordinated to the demands of National Socialist ideology. Schulpforta, a former monastic foundation, was radically dechristianised, and the school's Classical curriculum soon served only to emphasise those aspects of Greco-Roman Antiquity which could ‘help the Third Reich achieve its destiny’, portraying the Greeks and Romans as proto-National Socialists, pure Aryan ancestors of the modern German race. The Napola curriculum focused on sport and pre-military training over academic excellence, and contemporary documentary evidence, memoirs and newly obtained eyewitness testimony all suggest that the Napola administration wished to assimilate Pforta with any other Napola. This idea is borne out by comparing the case of Napola Ilfeld, a former Klosterschule (monastery school) with a similar history. By the mid-1940s, Ilfeld had lost almost all connection with its humanistic past. Ultimately, we can see the erosion and Nazification of these schools' Christian and humanistic traditions as exemplifying in microcosm tendencies which were prevalent throughout the Third Reich.

Parody, Performance and Self-Defence: William Hone's Ancient Mysteries Described (1823)

Although unmentioned in most studies of medieval English drama, William Hone, radical publisher and parodist, was first to respond critically to the early mystery plays in a book titled Ancient Mysteries Described , first published at his own press in 1823. Already a national hero famous for three trials and acquittals on charges of seditious blasphemy, Hone had researched the mystery plays in the British Library as part of his official self-defence in arguing the rich, varied and time-honoured tradition of popular parody and its positive effects on society. But beyond the necessities of his legal defence, Hone also found himself operating within new critical territory in relation to the mystery plays. This essay combines close focus on Hone's printed text as well as broader consideration of his effect on the culture of his time as a critic from the lower class in conflict with received authority.

Celebration on ice: double standards following the Canadian women's gold medal victory at the 2010 Winter Olympics

In this paper, we critically examine the moral outcry that greeted the Canadian women's ice hockey celebrations after they won gold at the Vancouver Winter Olympic Games in 2010. Stories of male athletes engaging in similar post game activities abound, but such incidents are rarely criticized or admonished. Celebrating victory with excessive drinking is simply customary in male sporting practices. In fact, such behaviour is usually celebrated as a ‘time-honoured tradition’ within the sporting community. In this paper, we argue that there is a double standard at play that judges women more harshly than men when it comes to the kind of alcohol-related cultural practices commonplace in our society. In conclusion, we argue that if the cultural practices in question, binge drinking and so forth, are morally problematic, then they are equally so for men and women.

Evaluation of the Genotoxic Potential againstH2O2-Radical-Mediated DNA Damage and Acute Oral Toxicity of Standardized Extract ofPolyalthia longifoliaLeaf

Medicinal plants have been used in medicoculturally diverse countries around the world, where it is a part of a time-honoured tradition that is respected even today. Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract has been previously reported as an efficient antioxidant in vitro. Hence, the genotoxic effects of P. longifolia leaf were investigated by using plasmid relation, comet, and Allium cepa assay. In the presence of ∙OH radicals, the DNA in supercoil was start nicked into open circular form, which is the product of the single-stranded cleavage of supercoil DNA and quantified as fragmented separate bands on agarose gel in plasmid relation assay. In the plasmid relation and comet assay, the P. longifolia leaf extract exhibited strong inhibitory effects against H2O2-mediated DNA damage. A dose-dependent increase of chromosome aberrations was also observed in the Allium cepa assay. The abnormalities scored were stickiness, c-mitosis, bridges, and vagrant chromosomes. Micronucleated cells were also observed at the interphase. The results of Allium cepa assay confirmed that the methanol extracts of P. longifolia exerted no significant genotoxic or mitodepressive effects at 100 μg/mL. Thus, this study demonstrated that P. longifolia leaf extract has a beneficial effect against oxidative DNA damage. This experiment is the first report for the protective effect of P. longifolia on DNA damage-induced by hydroxyl radicals. Additionally in acute oral toxicity study, female rats were treated at 5000 mg/kg body weight of P. longifolia leaf extract and observed for signs of toxicity for 14 days. P. longifolia leaf extract did not produce any treatment-related toxic effects in rats.

Editorial: The Paradoxes of Revival

The five articles in this issue all relate in some way to the theme of revival movements in modern world Christianity. They form a selection of the papers given at the twenty-second meeting of the Yale–Edinburgh Group on the History of the Missionary Movement and World Christianity, held at New College, University of Edinburgh, from 28 to 30 June 2012. The theme of the meeting was ‘Religious movements of renewal, revival, and revitalization in the history of missions and world Christianity’. Movements of renewal, revival and revitalisation have formed part of the ebb and flow of the history of the Christian church from its early centuries. As a religion of the Spirit, Christianity invites periodic internal critique from those of its adherents who feel that the dynamism of spiritual zeal has been suppressed by the defenders of good order, structure and time-honoured tradition. As an institution with a vision of the one people of God stretching down the centuries and across the continents, however, the church has often felt itself bound to channel, moderate and even defuse the headstrong and sometimes disruptive impulses of revivalists. Even revival leaders themselves cannot escape the demands of structure and tradition as they seek to conserve the fruits of their movement for the generations to come. Revival movements often present a paradoxical blend of the conservative and the radical. Preoccupied with the life of the Spirit and the pre-eminent demands of obedience to the gospel, they can often appear narrowly pietistic, indifferent to the wider social and political implications of the Christian message and wholly unimpressed by the agendas of Christian nationalists or anti-colonial radicals. And yet they have repeatedly proved to be the source of challenge to the established order. The Spirit falls on all flesh, without distinction of age, gender,