Immobilization Time Research Articles

Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration associated with Integrated Crop–Livestock–Forestry (ICLF) systems

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the Agriculture, Forest, and Other Land Use sector account for 23% of net global anthropogenic emissions. However, effective conservation agriculture practices can sequester carbon (C) up to 1 m in soil depth and vegetation biomass. Integrated Crop–Livestock–Forestry (ICLF) systems attempt to ensure sustainable agricultural production by combining various agricultural, livestock, and forestry production systems. This bibliographic review aims to present and discuss ICLF systems and their advantages and disadvantages compared with conventional systems, achieving a better understanding of the sources and sinks of GHGs (CH4, N2O, and CO2). Integrated systems exist in tropical and temperate climates with different practices, arrangements, designs, and modalities. Intercropping species with different root structures provides more ecological interactions that enhance biodiversity, soil quality, and C sequestration while reducing GHG emissions. Yet, ICLF systems are complex and require technical assistance and support for being implemented, besides an extensive initial investment that increases the cost of operation. A relevant carbon sink in ICLF systems is carbon from tree biomass, where the wood can be used for various purposes. Timber for sawmills and general construction has a longer C immobilization time. Methane from enteric fermentation is the greatest contributor to GHG emissions in livestock and ICLF systems. Nitrous oxide is released primarily from synthetic fertilizers (when applied), manure deposited on pastures, and the decomposition of plant residues. Carbon dioxide is emitted to a lesser extent from the application of lime and urea. Many studies do not include all compartments in the C balance and often focus on only one GHG or compartment of C. Accordingly, more studies on the sources and sinks of C and their potential to offset GHG emissions in terms of CO2 equivalent are urged.

Amperometric bienzymatic biosensor in flow injection analysis system for determination of aspartame in foods.

An amperometric bienzymatic biosensor was developed for the determination of aspartame in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system, consisting of two enzyme reactor columns packed with immobilized α-chymotrypsin (CHY) and alcohol oxidase (AOX) beads and a hydrogen peroxide electrode, connected in series. The CHY and AOX were separately immobilized on glutaraldehyde (GA)-activated beads through covalent bonding. The biosensor fabrication and operational conditions were optimized. The optimal fabrication conditions were: 2% GA with 120min activation time; and 250 U/mL CHY and 100 U/mL AOX, with 180min enzyme immobilization time. The optimal operational conditions were a flow rate of 0.5mL/min and pH 8.0 at room temperature. The developed biosensor showed linearity over the aspartame concentration range 0.01-1.2mM, with a detection limit of 0.005mM. The developed biosensor was satisfactorily applied for detecting aspartame in beverage samples without any excessive pretreatments.

All-Inside Versus Outside-in Repair of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Peripheral Tears

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) peripheral tears with persistent wrist pain can be treated with arthroscopic surgical repair owing to vascularization of the peripheral region. The safety and efficacy of all-inside repair has been shown in prior case series. The purpose of this study was to compare two methods of arthroscopic peripheral TFCC repair: all-inside vertical mattress and outside-in horizontal mattress. A 5-year retrospective review was performed on patients treated from 2016 to 2021 with wrist arthroscopy and TFCC repair for Palmer 1B tears. Patients with ulnar extrinsic ligament repair, distal radioulnar joint instability, concomitant ulnar shortening osteotomy, and extensor carpi ulnaris instability were excluded. Patient therapy and office visit records were reviewed. Outcomes including Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH); range of motion; grip strength; immobilization time; complications; and need for revision procedures were compared. Fifty-two patients were included in the study, 32 in the outside-in group and 20 in the all-inside group. The average follow-up length was 24.8 weeks, with similar range of motion and strength in both groups. The average postoperative QuickDASH score was 13 in the outside-in group and 9 in the all-inside group at 43.5 months, compared with the preoperative QuickDASH scores of 47 and 50, respectively. Mean immobilization time was longer for outside-in than for all-inside (5.25 vs 2.0 weeks, respectively). All-inside arthroscopic peripheral TFCC repair showed range of motion, grip strength, complications, revisions, and postoperative improvement in QuickDASH scores similar to those with the outside-in technique. Therapeutic IV; retrospective comparative study.

Remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater by biochar-based immobilized bacteria

It is essential to research the technology for effective remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater because the petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of groundwater is becoming more and more serious. The petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria screened in this experiment were identified as Pseudomonas spp. by 16 S rDNA sequencing. Using wheat straw biochar as the carrier, a highly stable immobilized bacteria integrating adsorption and degradation was prepared by microbial immobilization technology. The results of scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the microorganisms were adsorbed on the biochar. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon by immobilized bacteria conformed to the second-order kinetic model. For the manufacture of immobilized bacteria, the following immobilization parameters worked best: immobilization pH of 7 and immobilization time of 24 h. Finally, the produced immobilized bacteria were added to four groundwater samples with various initial concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon, and it was found that all of the petroleum hydrocarbon degradations were above 95%. The study can serve as a useful resource for groundwater petroleum hydrocarbon remediation technology since the immobilized bacteria can successfully adapt to the groundwater petroleum hydrocarbon environment and significantly reduce the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon.

3D printed polylactide scaffolding for laccase immobilization to improve enzyme stability and estrogen removal from wastewater

This study reports a biocatalytic system of immobilized laccase and 3D printed open-structure biopolymer scaffoldings. The scaffoldings were computer-designed and 3D printed using polylactide (PLA) filament. The immobilization of laccase onto the 3D printed PLA scaffolds were optimized with regard to pH, enzyme concentration, and immobilization time. Laccase immobilization resulted in a small reduction in reactivity (in terms of Michaelis constant and maximum reaction rate) but led to significant improvement in chemical and thermal stability. After 20 days of storage, the immobilized and free laccase showed 80% and 35% retention of the initial enzymatic activity, respectively. The immobilized laccase on 3D printed PLA scaffolds achieved 10% improvement in the removal of estrogens from real wastewater as compared to free laccase and showed the significant reusability potential. Results here are promising but also highlight the need for further study to improve enzymatic activity and reusability.

Cobalt immobilization performance and mechanism analysis of low carbon belite calcium sulfoaluminate cement

Cementitious materials are well acknowledged as one of the most adaptable materials for immobilizing heavy metals. Belite calcium sulfoaluminate cement (BCSA), one of the low-carbon alternative binders to cement with superior properties regarding chemical resistance and mechanical properties, is found with a desirable capability for waste immobilization. In this study, BCSA was used for Co(II) immobilization with a dosage of up to 2.5% by weight of BCSA. The results showed that Co(II) could promote the hydration of BCSA pastes, specifically accelerated the hydration of ye’elimite. More hydration products could be generated in the Co(II)-doped BCSA pastes, leading to the construction of a denser microstructure. The compressive strength of BCSA pastes would be slightly improved when BCSA was used for Co(II) immobilization, and the electrical resistivity would decrease. In terms of Co(II) immobilization, BCSA cement exhibited a desirable capacity for Co(II) immobilization. The majority of the Co(II) could be immobilized within the first 100 min of mixing BCSA with Co(II) solutions. The immobilization degrees of Co(II) in hardened BCSA pastes could approach about 99.99% after 7d. The acquired results indicated that BCSA cement is effective for Co(II) immobilization. Therefore, BCSA has a low-carbon advantage with superior strength development over time and prospective capacity of heavy metals immobilization.

The effect of ethanol solvent on thermostability and esterification activity of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase on celite

Lipase is an enzyme commonly applied as a catalyst in the food industry, the synthesis of bioplastics, and the production of biodiesel. Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is one of the widely used lipases due to its high selectivity and activity. However, high operating temperatures can denature enzymes, affecting enzyme activity due to structural changes. An enzyme can be immobilized on a supporting matrix to improve stability. Ethanol as an immobilization solvent may also increase the thermostability and esterification activity. This study examines the effect of ethanol solvent on the thermostability of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase. Immobilization was carried out on the Celite-545 matrix in buffer/ethanol solution. Different operating conditions such as enzyme concentrations, immobilization temperatures, immobilization time, and immobilization pH were observed. The immobilized enzyme activity was determined by esterification reaction using butyric acid and 1-butanol as substrates and isooctane as reaction medium. The results showed that immobilization increased the esterification activity by 76% at 37°C. Thermostability of immobilized enzyme was also enhanced by 29-51%, depending on the esterification temperature.

Covalent bonding immobilization of a Bacillus licheniformis protease on chitosan and its application in protein hydrolysis

Enzyme immobilization makes its structure more rigid and insoluble, increasing its stability. This can be done by forming a covalent bond between the enzyme and an inert, insoluble, and preferably low-cost support. Proteases are widely applied in protein hydrolysis; however, most studies focus on the use of proteases in free form. In this work, for the first time, a commercial alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis (Protezyn APP 3000) was immobilized by covalent bonding on chitosan modified by glutaraldehyde and ethylenediamine; the immobilized enzyme was applied in the hydrolysis of different proteins sources. The best immobilization conditions observed were as follows: 5% (m/v) chitosan support modified by 5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde diluted in water, immobilization solution with the enzyme diluted in water, and 2 h as immobilization time. Under these conditions, the amount of immobilized enzyme was 69.9%, the efficiency was 33.6% and effectiveness was 48.3%. The biochemical characterization showed that the immobilized enzyme exhibited maximum catalytic activity at the same pH and temperature as the free enzyme (pH 9 and 60 °C); however, the immobilization process extended the optimal temperature range of enzyme activity (50–70 °C). When reused, the immobilized enzyme retained 47.08% of its initial activity after three cycles. The immobilized enzyme showed promise in hydrolyzing casein, hemoglobin, and soy proteins and was more efficient on gelatin than the free enzyme. Therefore, the immobilization performed showed promise in stabilizing a commercial protease that is being studied for the first time and can be optimized to improve the process parameters.

Weekend warrior exercise model for protection from chronic mild stress‑induced depression and ongoing cognitive impairment.

We aim to investigate the role and biological mechanisms of the weekend warrior (WW) exercise model on depression‑induced rats in comparison to the continuous exercise (CE) model. Sedentary, WW, and CE rats were subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS) procedure. CMS and exercise protocols continued for six weeks. Anhedonia was evaluated by sucrose preference, depressive behavior by Porsolt, cognitive functions by object recognition and passive avoidance, and anxiety levels by open field and elevated plus maze. After behavioral assessments, brain tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and GSH content, tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), IL‑1β, cortisol and brain‑derived neurotrophic factor levels and histological damage was assessed. CMS‑induced depression‑like outcomes with increases in anhedonia and decreases in cognitive measures that are rescued with both exercise models. The increased immobilization time in the Porsolt test was decreased with only WW. Exercise also normalized the suppression of antioxidant capacity and MPO increase induced by CMS in both exercise models. MDA levels also declined with both exercise models. Anxiety‑like behavior, cortisol levels, and histological damage scores were exacerbated with depression and improved by both exercise models. TNF‑α levels were depleted with both exercise models, and IL‑6 only with WW. WW was as protective as CE in CMS‑induced depression‑like cognitive and behavioral changes via suppressing inflammatory processes and improving antioxidant capacity.

Clinical results of lumbar sympathetic blocks in lower limb complex regional pain syndrome using infrared thermography as a support tool.

To describe the clinical outcomes for a group of complex regional pain syndrome patients using infrared thermography as an intraprocedural support tool when undertaking fluoroscopy-guided lumbar sympathetic blocks. 27 patients with lower limb complex regional pain syndrome accompanied by severe pain and persistent functional impairment. A series of three fluoroscopic-guided lumbar sympathetic blocks with local anesthetic and corticoids using infrared thermography as an intraprocedural support tool were performed. Clinical variables were collected at baseline, prior to each block, and one, three, and six months after blocks in a standardized checklist assessing each of the clinical categories of complex regional pain syndrome stipulated in the Budapest criteria. 23.75% of the blocks required more than one chance to achieve the desired thermal pattern and therefore to be considered as successful. A decrease in pain measured on a visual analogic scale was observed at all time points compared to pre-blockade data, but only 37% of the cases were categorized as responders, representing a ≥ 30% decrease in VAS, with the disappearance of pain at rest. An improvement of most of the clinical variables recorded was observed, such as tingling, edema, perception of thermal asymmetry, difference in coloring and sweating. There was a significant decrease of neuropathic pain and improvement of functional limitation. Logistic regression analysis showed the main variable to explain the probability of being a responder was immobilization time (odds ratio of 0.89). A series of fluoroscopy-guided lumbar sympathetic blocks controlled by infrared thermography in the treatment of lower limb CRPS showed a responder rate of 37%.

Lipase enzyme immobilized over magnetic titanium graphene oxide as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil

This research used titanium oxide-coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped graphene oxide (MTiGO) and modified with Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) enzyme. The MTiGO@CALB nanocomposite is a novel biocatalyst for transesterifying triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from waste cooking oil. tThe physicochemical characteristics of the proposed biocatalyst were determined via FTIR, VSM, XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The maximum immobilization efficiencies and activity recovery of immobilized enzymes were obtained at 89% and 75% in the following operating condition: lipase concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, pH of 7.0, immobilization temperature of 35 °C, and immobilization time of 4 h. Various effective parameters on biodiesel were stated, and according to the revealed data, the maximum yield of biodiesel via the transesterification process was achieved at 92%, at a reaction temperature of 45 °C, catalyst quantity of 4 wt%, aa reaction duration of 40 h, and methanol to molar oil ratio of 5:1 These findings indicated that the provided bio-nanocomposite has a high potential for producing biodiesel as an efficient heterogeneous biocatalyst.

Limits of the thermal tolerance of two lentic crustaceans: The role of lactate dehydrogenase.

Limits of thermal tolerance in animal life is dependent on energy supply. Accordingly, the lowered ATP production capacity in ectotherms at high temperatures, which arises from a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand and the consequent switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, affects the thermal resistance of these animals. The anaerobic ATP production capacity depends on the functional properties of the enzymes that reduce pyruvate. Thus, the present study focused on the role of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of two daphnid species for anaerobic energy production at warm temperatures and the implications for their specific heat tolerances. Daphnia magna showed a higher thermal limit (indicated by immobilization time at 37°C) than Daphnia pulex, and in both species, this limit increased with rising acclimation temperature. In contrast to D. pulex, D. magna accumulated significant amounts of lactate at higher ambient temperatures. The intensity of anaerobic metabolism was also affected by acclimation temperature. Studying the functional enzyme properties revealed altered maximal reaction rates and substrate inhibitions of the LDH suites of the two daphnid species. D. magna LDH showed a significantly lower substrate inhibition than D. pulex LDH. The LDH isoform composition and the temperature-induced changes differed between both species. The detected qualitative modulations of the LDH suites may have resulted from differential isoform expression and different maturation processes. The species-specific LDH characteristics imply a higher anaerobic energy production at warm temperatures in D. magna, which likely contributes to the higher heat tolerance of this species.

Spondylodiscitis in Geriatric Patients: What Are the Issues?

Review article. A review of literature on the treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis in geriatric patients was performed with the aim to give an overview about these special patients and a recommendation on necessary diagnostics as well as conservative and operative treatment options. A systematic computerized literature search was done by the spondylodiscitis working group of the German Society for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery. Spondylodiscitis has an increasing incidence by age with a peak at 75years or older. The 1-year mortality without an appropriate treatment is with 15 to 20% extremely high. Pathogen detection is the essential diagnostic step and the basis for a sufficient antibiotic treatment. Geriatric patients have initially less elevated inflammatory parameters. Compared to younger patients. They have a longer length of hospital stay and take longer for CRP normalization. Even the outcome between conservative and operative treatment is comparable after one year. Patients with spinal instability, immobilizing pain, epidural abscess, and newly emerged neurological deficits should be considered for operative treatment. The treatment of geriatric patients with pyogenic spondylodiscitis must take into account that these patients usually have multiple comorbidities. The main goals are resistance-based antibiotics and the shortest possible time of immobilization of the patient.

Microglial activation mediates maternal separation-induced depressive-like behavior in rats: A neurodevelopmental depression model

: Maternal Separation (MS) is an early life stress which has been associated with neurological, behavioral, chemical and endocrinological changes in adult life in rats and both short term and long-term mental health disturbances, notably depression in human. This study was planned as a neurodevelopmental depression model, to investigate the possible role of the NLRP3 pathway. : Rat pups were separated from their mothers on their second postnatal day (PND) for 4 hours and were placed back in their home cage every day for 21 days. On PND23 they were randomly assigned to either the MS or the MS + imipramine group (receiving 30 mg/kg/day i.p. imipramine for 15 days). Depression-like behaviors were assessed by open field, sucrose preference, forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests. Prefrontal cortex regions were dissected to evaluate NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 mRNA expressions. : Significant decrease of total activity, sucrose preference as an anhedonia indicator, longer immobilization time in the forced swim test, increased time and the number of entries into the closed arms in elevated plus maze were found in the MS group compared to Control group, and these effects were reversed by imipramine treatment. NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 mRNA expressions were increased with MS and this increase was suppressed with imipramine treatment. : MS causes depressive-like behaviors in rats and these behavioral changes may be related to the NLRP3 pathway. Imipramine treatment can prevent not only depression-like behaviors, but also neuroinflammation by suppressing NLRP3-mediated mechanisms in the neurodevelopmental depression process.

Low acyl gellan gum immobilized Lactobacillus bulgaricus T15 produce d-lactic acid from non-detoxified corn stover hydrolysate

Straw biorefinery offers economical and sustainable production of chemicals. The merits of cell immobilization technology have become the key technology to meet d-lactic acid production from non- detoxified corn stover. In this paper, Low acyl gellan gum (LA-GAGR) was employed first time for Lactobacillus bulgaricus T15 immobilization and applied in d-lactic acid (D-LA) production from non-detoxified corn stover hydrolysate. Compared with the conventional calcium alginate (E404), LA-GAGR has a hencky stress of 82.09 kPa and excellent tolerance to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), ferulic acid (FA), and vanillin. These features make LA-GAGR immobilized T15 work for 50 days via cell-recycle fermentation with D-LA yield of 2.77 ± 0.27 g/L h, while E404 immobilized T15 can only work for 30 days. The production of D-LA from non-detoxified corn stover hydrolysate with LA-GAGR immobilized T15 was also higher than that of free T15 fermentation and E404 immobilized T15 fermentation. In conclusion, LA-GAGR is an excellent cell immobilization material with great potential for industrial application in straw biorefinery industry.Graphical

Effects of time of bed rest on vascular complications after cardiac catheterization in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPediatric cardiac catheterization, which is performed by accessing the femoral vessel, requires immobilization and bed rest for 4–6 h to prevent vascular complications. Studies in adults suggest that the immobilization time for the same access can be safely reduced to approximately 2 h after catheterization. However, it is unclear whether bed-rest time can be safely decreased after catheterization in children. ObjectiveTo assess the effects of bed-rest duration on bleeding, vascular complications, pain level, and the use of additional sedatives after transfemoral cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart disease. MethodsThis study was an open-label, randomized, controlled, posttest-only design, including 86 children who underwent cardiac catheterization. Children were allocated to receive either 2 h of bed rest (n = 42) in the experimental group or 4 h of bed rest (n = 42) in the control group following catheterization. ResultsThe mean age of children was 3.93 (±3.82) years in the experimental group and 5.63 (±3.97) years in the control group. There was no difference in site bleeding incidence (P = 0.214), vascular complication score (P = 0.082), pain level (P = 0.445), or additional sedation use (P = 1.000) between the two groups. ConclusionsThere were no significant hemostatic complications after 2 h of bed rest following pediatric catheterization; therefore, 2 h of bed rest was as safe as 4 h of bed rest. (Trial registration: KCT0007737).

Isocyanide-based multi-component reactions for carrier-free and carrier-bound covalent immobilization of enzymes.

Strategies for the covalent immobilization of enzymes depend on the type of functional group selected to perform the coupling reaction, and on the relative importance of selectivity, loading capacity, immobilization time and activity/stability of the resulting immobilized preparation. However, no single strategy is applicable for all covalent immobilization methods or can meet all these criteria, exemplifying the challenge of introducing a versatile process broadly compatible with the residues on the surface of proteins and the functional groups of common linkers. Here, we describe the use of isocyanide-based multi-component reactions for the carrier-bound and carrier-free covalent immobilization of enzymes. Isocyanide-based multi-component reactions can accept a wide variety of functional groups such as epoxy, acid, amine and aldehyde, as well as many commercially available bi-functional linkers, and are therefore suitable for either covalent coupling of enzymes on a solid support or intermolecular cross-linking of enzymes. In this strategy, an isocyanide is directly added to the reaction medium, the enzyme supplies either the exposed amine or carboxylic acid groups, and the support (in carrier-bound immobilization) or the bi-functional cross-linking agent (in carrier-free immobilization) provides another reactive functional group. The protocol offers operational simplicity, high efficiency and a notable reduction in time over alternative strategies, and can be performed by users with expertise in chemistry or biology. The immobilization reactions typically require 1-24 h.

Immobilization of alpha-amylase (Termamyl® 2X) in Duolite® A-568 resin

The immobilization process of the enzyme α-amylase, Termamyl® 2X, in ion exchange resin, Duolite® A-568, was studied. First, a Central Composite Design (CCD) evaluated the influence of pH, immobilization time, and enzyme concentration on the activity of the immobilized enzyme (IA) and recovered activity (RA). A second CCD evaluated the influence of glutaraldehyde concentration and the crosslinking time on the responses IA, RA, and immobilization efficiency (Ef). At pH 4.82, 15 min of immobilization time, and an enzyme concentration of 0.878% v/v, the first CCD revealed a better result for IA (77.70U/g of support) than the one obtained from immobilization by crosslinking (35.66U/g of support). At the same time, RA was very similar for both enzyme immobilization processes. The crosslinked immobilized enzyme showed optimal activity at pH 7 and the addition of glutaraldehyde was not so significant for the immobilized biocatalyst.

Hydrolysis of Food Waste with Immobilized Biofilm as a Pretreatment Method for the Enhancement of Biogas Production

The present study shows the opportunity of using biofilm in the hydrolysis step of food waste (FW) to increase biogas production. Therefore, screened biofilm-producing microorganisms were adopted to facilitate the biodegradation of organic compounds (OCs) and enhance the volume of biogas production. The biofilm-producing microorganisms were first immobilized on a granular activated carbon (GAC) surface, and the optimum values of immobilization time, mass of the GAC surface, and size of the microbial inoculums were found using the statistical methods of one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and the response surface methodology (RSM) using a face-centered central composite design (FCCCD). Based on the results, 48 h of incubation, 8 g of GAC, and 1 mL of inoculum were the optimum conditions when shaken at 37 °C and 150 rpm. Different biofilm amounts (328 mg, 492 mg, 656 mg, 820 mg, and 984 mg) were used in hydrolysis flasks operated in batch mode to increase the degradation of the OCs. The optimal level of the hydrolysis degradation was on day 3 and at 328 mg of biofilm; the total solid (TS) content was decreased from 115 gL−1 to 79 gL−1 (31%), and the TCOD was decreased from 85.33 gL−1 to 54.50 gL−1 (36%).

Evaluation of Anesthetic and Cardiorespiratory Effects after Intramuscular Administration of Three Different Doses of Telazol® in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Marmosets' small body size makes anesthesia challenging. Ideally, small volumes of drugs should be administered intramuscularly (i.m.). In addition, dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia are desirable properties for sedatives and anesthetics in marmosets. Telazol® (tiletamine and zolazepam) is highly concentrated, allowing the use of small injection volumes and dose-dependent sedation and anesthesia. A randomized, blinded study with crossover design in ten healthy adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was performed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of three doses of i.m. Telazol® (respectively, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg). Depth of anesthesia, cardiorespiratory effects, and induction, immobilization, and recovery times were determined. A significant difference was observed in immobilization time between 5 and 15 mg/kg of Telazol®. In addition, 15 mg/kg of Telazol® resulted in increased recovery times compared to 5 mg/kg. The cardiorespiratory effects during the first 45 min of immobilization were within clinically acceptable limits. The pedal withdrawal reflex was the best indicator of the anesthetic depth.