Growth Time Research Articles

Improving Lake Water Clarity by Cultivation of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)

Research on the use of water hyacinth (WH) to improve the quality of polluted water has been widely reported, but discussions on the ability of WH to clear turbid water are still rare. This research examines the possibility of using WH as a natural clarifier for Lake Bata. Treatments with 3 variations in the percentage of lake closure with WH cultivation (25, 50, and 75%) were applied for 40 days with 3 repetitions. Water quality and turbidity measurements were carried out every 4 days. The data was analyzed descriptively in graphical form to see a model of these changes. It was found that the pollutants Fe, Hg, nitrate, phosphate and ammonia were present in very small and safe quantities, but the water turbidity level did not meet the standards of the Indonesian Minister of Health yet. During the WH growth, the turbidity decreasing follows the equation Y(25) = - 0.114x + 28.52; Y(50) = -0.195x + 29.83; and Y(75) = -0.235x + 30.14 for cover percentages of 25, 50 and 75% respectively, where y for the turbidity (NTU) and x for WH growth time (days). To meet turbidity standards, WH coverage percentages of 25, 50, and 75%, require cultivation periods of 32, 28, and 24 days, respectively.

A 40-year remote sensing analysis of spatiotemporal temperature and rainfall patterns in Senegal

Climate change impacts manifest differently worldwide, with many African countries, including Senegal, being particularly vulnerable. The decline in ground observations and limited access to these observations continue to impede research efforts to understand, plan, and mitigate the current and future impacts of climate change. This occurs at a time of rapid growth in Earth observations (EO) data, methodologies, and computational capabilities, which could potentially augment studies in data-scarce regions. In this study, we utilized satellite remote sensing data leveraging historical EO data using Google Earth Engine to investigate spatio-temporal rainfall and temperature patterns in Senegal from 1981 to 2020. We combined CHIRPS precipitation data and ERA5-Land reanalysis datasets for remote sensing analysis and used the Mann–Kendall and Sen's Slope statistical tests for trend detection. Our results indicate that annual temperatures and precipitation increased by 0.73°C and 18 mm in Senegal from 1981 to 2020. All six of Senegal's agroecological zones showed statistically significant upward precipitation trends. However, the Casamance, Ferlo, Eastern Senegal, Groundnut Basin, and Senegal River Valley regions exhibited statistically significant upward trends in temperature. In the south, the approach to climate change would be centered on the effects of increased rainfall, such as flooding and soil erosion. Conversely, in the drier northern areas such as Podo and Saint Louis, the focus would be on addressing water scarcity and drought conditions. High temperatures in key crop-producing regions, such as Saraya, Goudiry, and Tambacounda in the Eastern Senegal area also threaten crop yields, especially maize, sorghum, millet, and peanuts. By acknowledging and addressing the unique impacts of climate change on various agroecological zones, policymakers and stakeholders can develop and implement customized adaptation strategies that are more successful in fostering resilience and ensuring sustainable agricultural production in the face of a changing climate.

Trends in Psychiatrist-Led Care for Medicare Part B Enrollees

The rising incidence of mental illness in the US underscores the need for timely access to psychiatric care, especially for vulnerable populations such as older adults and individuals with mental and physical disabilities who receive Medicare. To assess changes in the number and proportion of active psychiatrists providing professional services to traditional Medicare Part B enrollees from 2014 to 2022. This repeated cross-sectional study of Medicare Part B enrollees used publicly available data (for January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2022) from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and the Kaiser Family Foundation. Data from all traditional Medicare Part B enrollees in all 50 states and the District of Columbia were analyzed. Primary outcomes included changes in (1) the proportion of active psychiatrists billing traditional Medicare and (2) the number of psychiatrists providing care relative to the number of Medicare Part B enrollees nationally, regionally, and by state. The study population comprised 291 748 472 Medicare Part B enrollee-years (33 042 936 in 2014: 5 800 903 [17.6%] eligible due to disability alone and 27 242 030 [82.4%] eligible due to age). From 2014 to 2022, the number of Medicare Part B enrollees decreased by 3 497 942 enrollee-years (10.6%), while the number of psychiatrists submitting more than 10 claims to Medicare Part B decreased by 3772 (16.8%). The nationwide proportion of professionally active psychiatrists submitting claims to Medicare Part B for professional services during this period declined from 22 409 of 50 416 (44.4%) in 2014 to 18 637 of 56 492 (33.0%) in 2022 (P < .001 on univariable regression). From 2014 to 2022, state-level changes in Medicare Part B-serving psychiatrists per enrollee ranged from a 31.7% increase in Alabama (from 36.5 to 48.1 psychiatrists per 100 000 enrollees) to a 67.8% decrease in Wyoming (from 42.9 to 13.8 psychiatrists per 100 000 enrollees). Every state and district assessed saw a decrease in the percentage of active psychiatrists who billed Medicare Part B for professional services over the study period. In this study of Medicare Part B acceptance among active US psychiatrists, declining acceptance of Medicare Part B for professional services among psychiatrists was observed nationally and across all states. During a time of psychiatrist workforce growth, the number of psychiatrists accepting traditional Medicare decreased, indicating potential challenges in providing equitable access to psychiatric care.

Low-temperature growth of wafer-scale amorphous boron nitride films with low-dielectric-constant and controllable thicknesses.

Amorphous boron nitride (aBN) films, with extremely low relative dielectric constant (κ) and chemical inertness, are excellent insulation and packaging materials for electronic device interconnection. It is of great significance to prepare the low-κ aBN films with controllable thickness, but there are still some limitations to achieve the goal. In this study, we succeed in growing wafer-scale aBN films with specific thicknesses from 1.2 to 4.0 nm by varying the growth time and temperature. The thickness of the films increases linearly with growth time and the crystallinity of BN films is precisely controlled by the growth temperature. The preferred temperature for aBN films ranges from 200 to 400 °C. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope all confirm the amorphous feature. These films are wafer-scale uniformity and have an ultra-flat surface, with excellent thermal stability and corrosion resistance. Particularly, the growth temperature affects the κ value and breakdown voltage of aBN films. The aBN films grown at 200 °C have the lowest κ value of 1.66 at 100 kHz, along with the breakdown field strength of 5.5 MV/cm. We believe that wafer-level aBN films with various thicknesses can bring new opportunities for the development and application of nanoscale electrical devices.

Realization of a 2H–Si microneedle with an ultrafast growth rate of 6.7 × 104 Å·s−1

Abstract Nanomaterials have facilitated the development of innovative technologies in various industries. However, most research has been limited to nanoscale phenomena, and the effects of nanomaterials on microscale crystal growth remain obscure. In this study, we demonstrated a straight 2H–Si microneedle with a longitudinal growth rate of 6.7 × 104 Å·s−1, which could not be explained by conventional crystal growth mechanisms, through AlN nanowires. The AlN nanowires were grown using the hydride vapor-phase epitaxy method, which induced the formation of Al membranes when NH3 supply was ceased. At this time, an elliptical Al membrane was created within 0.166 s, in accordance with the principle of Plateau–Rayleigh instability. The average spacing of the Al membrane was 4 μm, and approximately 10 000 elliptical Al membranes absorbed SiCl almost simultaneously to form a 40 mm 2H–Si microneedle within 100 min of growth time. Therefore, we realized straight 2H–Si microneedles with a growth rate of 6.7 × 104 Å·s−1. Differing from the conventional growth mechanism, this new growth method sheds light on the mechanism by which nanoscale phenomena contribute to the growth of microscale crystals.

SM‐Doped Ferric Molybdate Gives Oxygen Vacancies and Co‐Modified Carbon Nanotubes to Construct High‐Energy Supercapacitors

AbstractIn this paper, nanorods doped with Sm rare earth elements were successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. In view of the formation of oxygen vacancies by replacing Fe3⁺ with Sm3⁺, it was found that the performance was excellent at the doping ratio of 0.5%, and the growth time was 12 h, and the specific capacity was as high as 1902 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and after 700 cycles, there was still 1892 F/g, and the capacitance was guaranteed. The holding rate is 99.1%. When the scanning rate is 10 mV/s, the surface control contributes 56.1% of the current, and when the scan rate is 140 mV/s, the contribution rate of pseudocapacitance behavior control increases to 75%, and the asymmetric device Sm–Fe2(MoO4)3//CNTs is constructed with modified carbon nanotube anode material at a current density of 1 A/g, with a specific capacity of 265 F/g, and the device has been tested for 4000 cycles under the condition of 3 A/g, and the capacitance retention rate is 93.8%. It exhibits a high energy density of 79.3 Wh/kg and a high power density of 760 W/kg. It provides a new idea for the development of supercapacitors.

E-waste landscape on the environment and human health: A bibliometric analysis

Electronic waste (e-waste) has become relevant to the impact on the environment and human health. The mass production of equipment and devices makes them more affordable for consumers and promotes, in exchange, a short time of use and disposal growth. In this regard, the present work conducted a literature mini-review based on bibliometric analysis, using the SCOPUS database to obtain records of research articles from 2019 up to date. The purpose is to grasp an overview of the impact of e-waste on the environment and health. Therefore, the study revealed works that addressed such topics and identified the journals with the most articles published in this period. Moreover, the analysis exhibits the research collaboration among authors, countries, and highly cited authors, highlighting the contribution of developing countries such as Mexico, Brazil, Thailand, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Vietnam and exposing the current trends and future directions to mitigate this worldwide concern. The reviewed works emphasized the relevance of employing sustainable methods and supporting the circular economy at the disposal of e-waste. They also highlighted the need for creating and implementing policy and regulation frameworks, especially in developing countries, in parallel with encouraging corporate and consumer responsibility in e-waste management to raise awareness about eco-friendly practices and promote a greener and healthier future.

Feruloyl-amides as natural antimicrobials for crop and food protection

BackgroundPlants have developed multiple chemical defence responses against pathogen attacks. The main mechanism of defence is based on a rapid transcriptional reprogramming of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes that synthesize specific secondary metabolites. Increasing evidence indicates phenylamides (PAs) as an important group of bioactive compounds in food plants.ResultsWe synthesized a small collection of ferulic acid-derived phenylamides by chemoenzymatic approaches. The compounds were tested against fungal and bacterial pathogens to assess their antimicrobial potential. The treatment with the synthesized phenylamides showed modest inhibition of the fungal growth (up to 25%) and had no significant influence on spore germination, whereas some of the compounds gave a considerable inhibition of Pyricularia oryzae appressorium formation, up to 94%. They also exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against six foodborne bacterial pathogens. Monitoring of six growth parameters (taking into account growth rate, time and absorbance) measured during 24 h incubation showed that the synthesized molecules, assayed at four concentrations between 12.5 and 100 mg/L, produced a stronger average antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive pathogenic strains than against Gram-negative ones.ConclusionsThe obtained results evidenced that the effect of this class of compounds is mainly related to blocking fungal virulence mechanisms, mediated by a significant effect on appressorium maturation, rather than to mycelium growth inhibition. Together with the observed in vitro antibacterial activity against foodborne bacterial pathogens, we conclude that PAs are promising candidates for future developments in the agri-food sector.Graphical

Smuggler, Fighter, Preacher, Spy: Motivational Change and Divergence inside FARC Specialized Fronts

ABSTRACT Does functional specialization of rebel units create motivational divergence within armed groups? This article analyzes motives for enlistment with and defection from four FARC fronts during 2002–2012, using 694 survey responses and 26 in-depth interviews with ex-combatants. Analyzing fronts with different specializations—financing, social control, non-state combat, and propaganda, the study asks whether motives for enlistment changed over time and varied across fronts, and whether there was consistency between motives for enlistment and defection. Motives for enlistment, however, did not change over times of organizational growth and decline. We find some support for functional specialization to attract individuals with a particular motivation, but the oft-claimed greed-motivation of financing units is not supported by the survey data, only anecdotally. Finally, we do not find any systematic consistency between entry and exit motives.

Construction of Self-Cleaning Membrane Integrating Underwater Superoleophobicity, Photocatalysis, and Antibacterial Activity for Water Purification.

The treatment of oily wastewater and oil/water mixtures has received more and more attention. In this study, a Zn-MOF (ZIF-8) decorated polyimide (PI) nanofiber membrane with triple self-cleaning performance was constructed, and the decoration of ZIF-8 on the PI membrane improved the hydrophilicity of the composite membrane, which further enhanced the underwater oil resistance, and the mechanical properties of the membranes improved significantly with the increase of in situ growth time. In addition, the inherent photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of ZIF-8 endowed the membranes with fantastic performance. When the in situ growth time was 24 h, the degradation efficiency for methylene blue was nearly 90% within 60 min under visible light. The ZIF-8@PI membrane has significant antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This triple self-cleaning is an important step forward in both the multifunctional application and sustainable development of materials.

Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen-Substituted Graphdiyne on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Glass Substrates Using a Cu Sandwich Technique.

Hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) is a two-dimensional material with an sp-sp2 carbon skeleton featuring a band gap and a porous structure that enhances ion diffusion. In previous reports, HsGDY growth was limited to metal substrates such as Cu, which then required transfer. Here, we developed a sandwich method that allows HsGDY to be grown directly on the target substrate. In this sandwich method, a Cu sheet is sandwiched between substrates. By optimizing the Cu sheet structure and growth time, we have succeeded in growing uniform, pinhole-free HsGDY films on FTO substrates. Raman peaks at 2217 cm-1 (-C≡C-) and 883 cm-1 (C-H bond) confirm the formation of HsGDY. Deconvoluted XPS spectra provide clear evidence of sp hybridization at 284.3 eV. Additionally, UV-visible spectra reveal that the band gap of HsGDY is 2.6 eV. This method is promising as an easy way to produce high-quality HsGDY films on arbitrary substrates. Preliminary tests demonstrated the potential application of HsGDY as a cathode material in dye-sensitized solar cells, achieving a maximum power conversion efficiency of 4.19%. These findings pave the way for the scalable, low-temperature synthesis of HsGDY films for advanced applications.

Time-Dependent Growth of ZnO Nanowires: Unveiling Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Properties.

This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and functional properties of well-aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) obtained by a two-step hydrothermal method. ZnO NWs were grown on silicon substrates precoated with a ZnO seed layer. The growth process was conducted at 90 °C for different durations (2, 3, and 4 h) to examine the time-dependent evolution of the nanowire properties. A comprehensive characterization of the ZnO NWs was performed using several analytical techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphological progression, specifically tracking changes in length and diameter as a function of the growth time. Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy was employed to determine the optical band gap, while photoluminescence (PL) analysis provided insight into the concentration of structural defects and its evolution as a function of nanowire growth. The photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO NWs was evaluated through the degradation of the organic dye methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation (365 nm). The kinetic of MB degradation was monitored for each growth time, with non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) analysis providing a detailed perspective on the photocatalytic activity over time. The antibacterial properties were tested against Pseudomonas putida, a Gram-negative bacterium, to determine the efficiency of the synthesized ZnO NWs as antimicrobial agents. The release of zinc ions (Zn2+), a key factor in the antibacterial mechanism, was quantified using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis for each sample. By exploration of the relationship between the growth time, nanostructure morphology, and functional properties, this study provides insights into optimizing the synthesis of ZnO NWs for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. These findings contribute to the development of advanced materials for environmental and biomedical applications.

The resistance of some cassava lines/varieties to Sri Lanka cassava mosaic virus in Quang Binh province

Six lines or varieties of cassava, including three potential lines or varieties (HL-KM94, HL-S14, KM505-54) and three lines resistance to the Sri Lanka cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) (HN1, HN5, and HN97), were evaluated in 2022 in Quang Binh province. The aim of this study was to select cassava lines/varieties with high yield, high starch content and resistance to SLCMV disease, suitable for local conditions. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 3 replications. The research results showed that the cassava lines/varieties used in the study had an average germination time of 16.7 - 22.0 days; the average height of the plant was 277.4 - 363.4 cm, and an average growth time of 277.4 - 363.4 cm and the average growth duration was from 272 - 300 days. The average tuber weight ranged from 190 - 850 g/tuber. The skin color of the tuber was from white to light - yellow and the tuber flesh was white (except HN97 which had yellow tuber flesh). Regarding SLCMV, the study showed that 3 cassava lines including HN1, HN5, and HN97 did not show any signs of SLCMV disease at the seedling stage and after 6 months planting, the SLCMV disease appeared at a low average rate of 3.1 - 5.2%. Based on these results, two cassava lines/varieties HN1 and HL-KM94 were selected for their good growth, resistance to SLCMV, and high fresh tuber yield of 48.0 - 54.9 tons/ha. Their harvest index ranged from 64.4 - 67% and they had starch content over 28%.

Molecular beam epitaxial step-edge growth of integrated hetero-structures: Bi2Te3/multi-stepped Sb2Te3 nanoplate

Abstract We report the synthesis of multiple Bi2Te3 shells on multi-stepped Sb2Te3 nanoplates using molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) step-edge growth. For the growth of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 hetero-structures, multi-stepped Sb2Te3 nanoplates with stair-like morphology following layer-by-layer (LBL) growth mode were obtained by optimizing the growth temperature, and the growth of Bi2Te3 on the step-edges of the Sb2Te3 nanoplates was followed. Width of Bi2Te3 on the Sb2Te3 nanoplates was controlled by changing the growth time. Structural properties of the hetero-structures were investigated using aberration-corrected (Cs-corrected) high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), revealing the interface between Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3. In-plane epitaxial relation at the interface was confirmed using fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). Compositional analysis of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 was verified through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to confirm the preferential growth of Bi2Te3 on the step-edges of Sb2Te3. By forming multi-stepped core structure, it would be feasible to create various integrated hetero-structures.&amp;#xD;

Cardiovascular imaging in children with cardiac implantable electronic devices.

The number of children with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) is increasing at a time of rapid growth in cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) and cardiac computed tomography (CT) utilization. The presence of CIEDs poses challenges with respect to imaging safety and quality. A thoughtful approach to cardiovascular imaging in patients with CIEDs begins with an awareness of the clinical indications to determine the most appropriate imaging modality. Understanding device characteristics allows one to ensure that the proper safety measures are taken before and during cardiac MR and cardiac CT examinations. Despite the propensity of CIEDs to cause image artifact, several techniques are available to counteract these artifacts and preserve imaging quality.

Effect of growth dynamics on the structural, photophysical and pseudocapacitance properties of famatinite copper antimony sulphide colloidal nanostructures (including nanosheets).

Facile phase selective synthesis of copper antimony sulphide (CAS) nanostructures is important because of their tunable photoconductive and electrochemical properties. In this study, off-stoichiometric famatinite phase CAS (fCAS) quasi-spherical and quasi-hexagonal colloidal nanostructures (including nanosheets) of sizes, 2.4-18.0 nm were grown under variable conditions of temperature (60-200 °C), time and oleylamine capping ligand concentration using copper(II) acetylacetonate and antimony(III) diethyldithiocarbamate precursors. Data from powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy confirm the tetragonal structure of the famatinite phase. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy data suggest a correlation of particle size, morphology and composition of the off-stoichiometric fCAS nanostructures with growth temperature and time, and oleylamine concentration. The off-stoichiometric Cu3-aSb1+bS4±c (a, b, c - mole fractions) nanostructures being severely copper-deficient and antimony-rich, exhibit shallow-lying acceptor copper vacancy states, deep-lying donor states of antimony interstitials, sulphur vacancies and antimony-copper antisites and shallow-lying acceptor surface trapping states. These electronic states are likely implicated in tunable UV-visible absorption and bandgaps between 2.3 and 2.8 eV, and broad visible-NIR photoluminescence with fast recombination of radiative lifetimes between 0.2 and 6.2 ns, confirmed from absorption, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirm that electrodes of the fCAS nanostructures display slightly variable pseudocapacitance of charge-storage primarily via possible sodium ion intercalation with a high specific capacitance of ∼84 F g-1 obtained at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. Overall, these results show the influence of composition, in particular point defects, phase quality and morphology on the optical and pseudocapacitance properties of fCAS nanostructures, suitable as solar absorbers or electrodes for energy storage devices.

Identification of Legionella by MALDI Biotyper through three preparation methods and an in-house library comparing phylogenetic and hierarchical cluster results

The identification and typing of bacteria are very expensive and time-consuming due to their growth times, and the expertise needed. MALDI-TOF MS represents a fast technique, reproducible with molecular approaches. This technique is still poorly applied in Legionella surveillance with estimation occurring only at the genus level. The aim of this study was to compare three sample preparation methods: direct smear (DS), extended direct smear (EDS), and full extraction (E), using MALDI Biotyper, developing an in-house library. Moreover, Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was compared to mip and rpoB gene sequencing. The dataset was composed of 104 isolates belonging to six Legionella species. The isolates were identified with a sensitivity of 97.11% for DS, 98.08% for EDS, and 95.19% for E. The error rates were 2.88% for DS, 1.92% for EDS, and 4.90% for E, with no significant differences among them. The HCA confirmed the relationship among the isolates reported in the phylogenetic trees. An improvement in sensitivity was obtained using an in-house library. The results suggest the use of a fast and inexpensive DS method, combined with instrument and in-house library for routine Legionella surveillance. HCA analysis could be useful for screening isolates, before undertaking expensive and time-laborious molecular techniques.

Tailored Polymer-Inorganic Bilayer SEI with Proton Holder Feature for Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries.

Conventional SEIin aqueous Zn-ion batteries mainly acts as a physical barrier to prevent HER, which is prone to structural deterioration stemming from uneven Zn deposition at high current densities. Herein, we propose an in-situ structural design of polymer-inorganic bilayer SEI with a proton holder feature by aniline-modulated electrolytes. The inner ZnF2 with high stiffness and strength effectively suppresses Zn dendrites. And the outer PANI regulates the current distribution and delays the Sand's time of dendrites growth. The =N- in PANI is capable of reversible proton holder, thereby inhibiting HER. With this bilayer SEI, the Zn anode achieves an impressive cycle life of 126 h under 40 mA cm-2 & 40 mAh cm-2 (DOD=70.8%), solving the bottleneck of single-layer inorganic SEI that could not be cycled under these conditions. The Zn||NaVO pouch battery with bilayer SEI exhibits a high capacity of 1.2 Ah and a cycle life of 350 h with 78% capacity retention. At -30°C, the battery delivers a capacity of 335 mAh and a cycle life of 507 h with 72% capacity retention. Our findings offer profound insights into the design of SEI with tailored structure and functionality, paving the way for the next generation of advanced batteries.

Tailored Polymer‐Inorganic Bilayer SEI with Proton Holder Feature for Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries

Conventional SEI in aqueous Zn‐ion batteries mainly acts as a physical barrier to prevent HER, which is prone to structural deterioration stemming from uneven Zn deposition at high current densities. Herein, we propose an in‐situ structural design of polymer‐inorganic bilayer SEI with a proton holder feature by aniline‐modulated electrolytes. The inner ZnF2 with high stiffness and strength effectively suppresses Zn dendrites. And the outer PANI regulates the current distribution and delays the Sand's time of dendrites growth. The =N‐ in PANI is capable of reversible proton holder, thereby inhibiting HER. With this bilayer SEI, the Zn anode achieves an impressive cycle life of 126 h under 40 mA cm‐2 &amp; 40 mAh cm‐2 (DOD=70.8%), solving the bottleneck of single‐layer inorganic SEI that could not be cycled under these conditions. The Zn||NaVO pouch battery with bilayer SEI exhibits a high capacity of 1.2 Ah and a cycle life of 350 h with 78% capacity retention. At ‐30°C, the battery delivers a capacity of 335 mAh and a cycle life of 507 h with 72% capacity retention. Our findings offer profound insights into the design of SEI with tailored structure and functionality, paving the way for the next generation of advanced batteries.

Temperature and pressure dependence of the fluorescence spectrum of high-pressure synthetic corundum-type Ga2O3:Cr3+, structural stability, and crystal growth under high pressure

The pressure dependence of the R1 and R2 peaks of the fluorescence spectra of high-pressure-synthesized corundum-type Ga2O3:Cr3+ was measured up to 50 GPa using a diamond anvil cell pressurized at room temperature in an argon medium. The temperature dependence of the R1 and R2 peaks was measured at low temperatures under ambient pressure from 303 to 83 K. From the measurement results, the pressure scale and low-temperature scale were determined using R1 and R2. X-ray diffraction experiments at high pressure, which were performed to confirm the effective range of the pressure scale, showed that the corundum structure undergoes a phase transition to a Rh2O3(II)-type structure at 54–65 GPa; this pressure scale is, thus, valid up to approximately 50 GPa. We also investigated the crystal growth time to optimize the crystal size of Ga2O3:Cr3+ for diamond anvil cell experiments.