Time Evolution Of Quantum System Research Articles

Open-loop quantum control as a resource for secure communications

Properties of unitary time evolution of quantum systems can be applied to define quantum cryptographic protocols. Dynamics of a qubit can be exploited as a data encryption/decryption procedure by means of timed measurements, implementation of an open-loop control scheme over a qubit increases robustness of a protocol employing this principle.

Single-step propagators for calculation of time evolution in quantum systems with arbitrary interactions

We propose and develop a general method of numerical calculation of the wave function time evolution in a quantum system which is described by Hamiltonian of an arbitrary dimensionality and with arbitrary interactions. For this, we obtain a general n-order single-step propagator in closed-form, which could be used for the numerical solving of the problem with any prescribed accuracy. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach by considering a quantum problem with non-separable time-dependent Hamiltonian: the propagation of an electron in focused electromagnetic field with vortex electric field component.

Zooming in on quantum trajectories

We propose to use the effect of measurements instead of their number to study the time evolution of quantum systems under monitoring. This time redefinition acts like a microscope which blows up the inner details of seemingly instantaneous transitions like quantum jumps. In the simple example of a continuously monitored qubit coupled to a heat bath, we show that this procedure provides well defined and simple evolution equations in an otherwise singular strong monitoring limit. We show that there exists anomalous observable localized on sharp transitions which can only be resolved with our new effective time. We apply our simplified description to study the competition between information extraction and dissipation in the evolution of the linear entropy. Finally, we show that the evolution of the new time as a function of the real time is closely related to a stable Lévy process of index 1/2.

Spectral presheaves as quantum state spaces.

For each quantum system described by an operator algebra [Formula: see text] of physical quantities, we provide a (generalized) state space, notwithstanding the Kochen-Specker theorem. This quantum state space is the spectral presheaf [Formula: see text]. We formulate the time evolution of quantum systems in terms of Hamiltonian flows on this generalized space and explain how the structure of the spectral presheaf [Formula: see text] geometrically mirrors the double role played by self-adjoint operators in quantum theory, as quantum random variables and as generators of time evolution.

Time-evolution of quantum systems via a complex nonlinear Riccati equation. I. Conservative systems with time-independent Hamiltonian

The sensitivity of the evolution of quantum uncertainties to the choice of the initial conditions is shown via a complex nonlinear Riccati equation leading to a reformulation of quantum dynamics. This sensitivity is demonstrated for systems with exact analytic solutions with the form of Gaussian wave packets. In particular, one-dimensional conservative systems with at most quadratic Hamiltonians are studied.

Optimal control of a quantum measurement

Pulses to steer the time evolution of quantum systems can be designed with optimal control theory. In most cases it is the coherent processes that can be controlled and one optimizes the time evolution towards a target unitary process, sometimes also in the presence of non-controllable incoherent processes. Here we show how to extend the GRAPE algorithm in the case where the incoherent processes are controllable and the target time evolution is a non-unitary quantum channel. We perform a gradient search on a fidelity measure based on Choi matrices. We illustrate our algorithm by optimizing a phase qubit measurement pulse. We show how this technique can lead to large measurement contrast close to 99%. We also show, within the validity of our model, that this algorithm can produce short 1.4 ns pulses with 98.2% contrast.

Exact non-Markovian master equations for multiple qubit systems: Quantum-trajectory approach

A wide class of exact master equations for a multiple qubit system can be explicitly constructed by using the corresponding exact non-Markovian quantum state diffusion equations. These exact master equations arise naturally from the quantum decoherence dynamics of qubit system as a quantum memory coupled to a collective colored noisy source. The exact master equations are also important in optimal quantum control, quantum dissipation and quantum thermodynamics. In this paper, we show that the exact non-Markovian master equation for a dissipative N-qubit system can be derived explicitly from the statistical average of the corresponding non-Markovian quantum trajectories. We illustrated our general formulation by an explicit construction of a three-qubit system coupled to a non-Markovian bosonic environment. This multiple qubit master equation offers an accurate time evolution of quantum systems in various domains, and paves a way to investigate the memory effect of an open system in a non-Markovian regime without any approximation.

Fast-forward scaling in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space

Time evolution of quantum systems is accelerated by the fast-forward scaling. We reformulate the method to study systems in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space. For several simple systems, we explicitly construct the acceleration potential. We also use our formulation to accelerate the adiabatic dynamics. Applying the method to the transitionless quantum driving, we find that the fast-forward potential can be understood as a counterdiabatic term.

Density-functional theory, finite-temperature classical maps, and their implications for foundational studies of quantum systems

The advent of the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem in 1964, its extension to finite-T, Kohn-Sham theory, and relativistic extensions provide the well-established formalism of density-functional theory (DFT). This theory enables the calculation of all static properties of quantum systems without the need for an n-body wavefunction ψ. DFT uses the one-body density distribution instead of ψ. The more recent time-dependent formulations of DFT attempt to describe the time evolution of quantum systems without using the time-dependent wavefunction. Although DFT has become the standard tool of condensed-matter computational quantum mechanics, its foundational implications have remained largely unexplored. While all systems require quantum mechanics (QM) at T=0, the pair-distribution functions (PDFs) of such quantum systems have been accurately mapped into classical models at effective finite-T, and using suitable non-local quantum potentials (e.g., to mimic Pauli exclusion effects). These approaches shed light on the quantum → hybrid → classical models, and provide a new way of looking at the existence of non- local correlations without appealing to Bell's theorem. They also provide insights regarding Bohmian mechanics. Furthermore, macroscopic systems even at 1 Kelvin have de Broglie wavelengths in the micro-femtometer range, thereby eliminating macroscopic cat states, and avoiding the need for ad hoc decoherence models.

Dynamical Quantum Phase Transitions in the Transverse-Field Ising Model

A phase transition indicates a sudden change in the properties of a large system. For temperature-driven phase transitions this is related to nonanalytic behavior of the free energy density at the critical temperature: The knowledge of the free energy density in one phase is insufficient to predict the properties of the other phase. In this Letter we show that a close analogue of this behavior can occur in the real time evolution of quantum systems, namely nonanalytic behavior at a critical time. We denote such behavior a dynamical phase transition and explore its properties in the transverse-field Ising model. Specifically, we show that the equilibrium quantum phase transition and the dynamical phase transition in this model are intimately related.

Reexamination of the Runge-Gross action-integral functional

The density-based action-integral functional introduced by Runge and Gross [Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 997 (1984)] in their foundation of time-dependent density-functional theory is reexamined. Based on a simple expansion of the original definition, it becomes apparent that the action-integral functional is a trivial construct and, moreover, nonstationary. It cannot be used to establish equations of motion for the time evolution of quantum systems at the density-function level.

Annihilation operators associated with unstable vacua in non-equilibrium thermo-field dynamics

Out of thermal equilibrium state, the vacuum is unstable and evolves in time. Consequently, the annihilation operators associated with the unstable vacuum depend on time. This dissipative time-evolution of quantum systems can be systematically treated, within the canonical operator formalism referred to as non-equilibrium thermo-eld dynamics. Given is an alternative route to derive the time-dependent annihilation operators within the formalism. As an example, time-dependent annihilation operators for the systems of bosonic and fermionic semi-free elds are derived.

Entropy Scaling and Simulability by Matrix Product States

We investigate the relation between the scaling of block entropies and the efficient simulability by matrix product states (MPSs) and clarify the connection both for von Neumann and Rényi entropies. Most notably, even states obeying a strict area law for the von Neumann entropy are not necessarily approximable by MPSs. We apply these results to illustrate that quantum computers might outperform classical computers in simulating the time evolution of quantum systems, even for completely translational invariant systems subject to a time-independent Hamiltonian.

Time evolution of non-Hermitian quantum systems and generalized master equations

We inquire into the time evolution of quantum systems associated with pseudo-or quasi-Hermitian Hamiltonians. We obtain, in the pseudo-Hermitian case, a generalized Liouville-von Neumann equation for closed systems. We show that quantum systems with quasi-Hermitian Hamiltonians admit the proper interpretation in terms of open quantum system and derive a generalized Lindblad-Kossakowski equation. Finally, we extend such formalism to the study of decaying systems.

Computation of quantum system by second-order matrix symplectic scheme

In this article the work of Vazquez and Zhang Meiqing et al. has been developed in such a way that it can be used to calculate time evolution of quantum system. In Heisenberg picture, operator symplectic schemes have been changed into matrix symplectic schemes by use of the expansion method, the matrix schemes satisfy equal time commutation relation (ETCR) in the matrix form. The second-order matrix scheme is used to calculate one-dimensional nonlinear harmonic oscillator. The calculated result is compared with results obtained by Runge–Kutta scheme. Calculated results show that results computed by ETCR-preserving and symplectic scheme is consistent with physics theory. It also shows that it is rational and effective as well as reliable to use ETCR-preserving symplectic scheme to calculate time evolution of quantum system in Heisenberg picture. It is proved that second-order symplectic scheme has more computing accuracy than does first-order symplectic scheme. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003

Quantum dissipation in unbounded systems.

In recent years trajectory based methodologies have become increasingly popular for evaluating the time evolution of quantum systems. A revival of the de Broglie--Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics has spawned several such techniques for examining quantum dynamics from a hydrodynamic perspective. Using techniques similar to those found in computational fluid dynamics one can construct the wave function of a quantum system at any time from the trajectories of a discrete ensemble of hydrodynamic fluid elements (Bohm particles) which evolve according to nonclassical equations of motion. Until very recently these schemes have been limited to conservative systems. In this paper, we present our methodology for including the effects of a thermal environment into the hydrodynamic formulation of quantum dynamics. We derive hydrodynamic equations of motion from the Caldeira-Leggett master equation for the reduced density matrix and give a brief overview of our computational scheme that incorporates an adaptive Lagrangian mesh. Our applications focus upon the dissipative dynamics of open unbounded quantum systems. Using both the Wigner phase space representation and the linear entropy, we probe the breakdown of the Markov approximation of the bath dynamics at low temperatures. We suggest a criteria for rationalizing the validity of the Markov approximation in open unbound systems and discuss decoherence, energy relaxation, and quantum/classical correspondence in the context of the Bohmian paths.

Time evolution for quantum systems at finite temperature

This paper investigates a new formalism to describe real time evolution of quantum systems at finite temperature. A time correlation function among subsystems will be derived which allows for a probabilistic interpretation. Our derivation is non-perturbative and fully quantized. Various numerical methods used to compute the needed path integrals in complex time were tested and their effectiveness was compared. For checking the formalism we used the harmonic oscillator where the numerical results could be compared with exact solutions. Interesting results were also obtained for a system that presents tunneling. A ring of coupled oscillators was treated in order to try to check self-consistency in the thermodynamic limit. The short time distribution seems to propagate causally in the relativistic case. Our formalism can be extended easily to field theories where it remains to be seen if relevant models will be computable.

Real time correlations at finite temperature for the ising model.

After having developed a method that measures real time evolution of quantum systems at a finite temperature, we present here the simplest field theory where this scheme can be applied to, namely the 1 + 1 Ising model. We will compute the probability that if a given spin is up, some other spin will be up after a time t, the whole system being at temperature T. We can thus study spatial correlations and relaxation times at finite T. The fixed points that enable the continuum real time limit can be easily found for this model. The ultimate aim is to get to understand real time evolution in more complicated field theories, with quantum effects such as tunneling at finite temperature.

Nonperturbative real time propagation at finite temperature

A new formalism will be presented in order to study real time evolution of quantum systems at finite temperature. Probability distributions for time-correlated observables will be studied non-perturbatively and fully quantized. This works for various systems, including ones with tunneling phenomena. We have obtained good results with some computational methods which can be used on models with several degrees of freedom. Thus it looks feasible to study vacuum tunneling in real time for relevant field theories at finite T.

Quasiadiabatic time evolution, avoided level crossings, and Berry’s phase

A nonperturbative theory for quasiadiabatic time evolution in quantum systems is presented. The dynamics of the passage through an avoided level crossing is given by a nonperturbative alternative to the Landau-Zener theory used for diatomic predissociation. The theory provides the theoretical framework for a quantitative understanding of the quantum steps in the hyteresis loops observed very recently in manganese acetate crystals. These steps correspond to avoided level crossings for the associated, fully adiabatic problem. A natural extention of the theory yields quasiadiabatic corrections to Berry's phase.